Unit-1

Internet
• Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the web.

• It uses standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of computer users worldwide.

• At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or exchanging information and data between
computers across the world.

• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

• IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a

• The actual working of the internet takes place with the help of clients and servers.
• Here the client is a laptop that is directly connected to the internet and servers are the computers
connected indirectly to the Internet and they are having all the websites stored in those large
computers.
• These servers are connected to the internet with the help of ISP (Internet Service Providers) and
will be identified with the IP address.
• Internet is called a network as it creates a network by connecting computers and servers across
the world using routers, switches and telephone lines, and other communication devices and
channels. So, it can be considered a global network of physical cables such as copper telephone
wires, fiber optic cables, tv cables, etc.
Evolution of Internet
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
• The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency
Network (ARPANET).
• ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
• Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.
• Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
• In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different countries
and thus became known as Internet.
• By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW,
browsers, scripting languages etc., Internet provided a medium to publish and access
information over the web.
Anatomy of the Internet
• The term 'Internet' includes both the hardware (satellites, cable, routing devices and computers) and the software
(programs and network protocols) that enable computers to communicate with each other.
• When information is sent across the Internet, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP: the networking-language
computers use when communicating over the Internet) first breaks the information up into packets of data.
• The client computer sends those packets to the local network, Internet service provider (ISP), or online service.
From here, the packets travel through many levels of networks, computers, and communications lines until they
reach their final destinations. Many types of hardware help the packets on their way. These are:
• Hubs, which link groups of computers together and let them intercommunicate through multiple ports
Bridges, which link local area networks (LANs) with each another.
Gateways, which act like bridges, but also convey data between dissimilar networks.
Repeaters, which amplify the data at intervals so that the signal doesn't weaken.
Routers, which ensure packets of data arrive at their proper destination across different technologies, media, and
frame formats.
Servers, which deliver web pages and other services as requested.
Client computers, which make the initial request for Internet services, and run applications to handle those
services.
Cables and/or satellite communications, which make the hardware connections.
Basic Terminology of Internet:
• Internet
• World Wide Web:
The worldwide web is a collection of all the web pages, web documents that you can see on the
Internet by searching their URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) on the Internet.
For example, www.piet.co.in is a URL of the PIET website and all the content of this site like web
pages and all the web documents are stored on the worldwide web. Or in other words, the world
wide web is an information retrieval service of the web
• Host (Network)
A Network Host is usually a computer or any device that connects to a computer network. It
provides information and facilities to other computers and their users. In addition, you can use the
term host when there’s two or more computer system that connects through a modem or other
internet connection channels.
Terminology CONT!!
•Domain Name
This is a friendly naming system for giving addresses to web pages and servers. It is a description of a
computer’s location on the Internet. Usually, a dot separates a domain name, for example, www.google.com
In addition, Domain Names are part of the DNS (Domain Name System, a database of domain names and
their corresponding IP addresses). Also, a domain name follows certain rules and algorithms in the DNS.
•Web Browser .
A web browser or browser is a software program that can access websites. Popular web browsers include
Google Chrome, Apple’s Safari, Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.Moreover, web browsers allow ou to
surf, search any information from various websites on the internet.
• IP Address
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique set of numbers assigned to a computing device that uses the
internet protocol. Also, IP address identifies a device location on the Internet communication network.
IP Address

Furthermore, it allows a system to be acknowledged by other systems.

A Homepage is the main page of a particular website. Usually, this is the first page you see when you open a website.
Additionally, a home page can have one of several different filenames.

•URL

URL or short for “Universal Resource Locator.” From the name itself, it provides a way of locating a resource on the web. It
also serves as a method of retrieving location on a computer network.

•Search Engine

Search Engine is a software system that works to search information on the World Wide Web. Common examples of online
search engines are Google, Yahoo, and Bing. These programs allow you to search keywords and phrases to locate
information on the Internet.
Difference between Worldwide Web and Internet

• All the web pages and web documents are stored there on the World wide web and to find all that stuff you will
have a specific URL for each website. Whereas the internet is a global network of computers that is accessed by
the World wide web.

• World wide web is a service whereas the internet is an infrastructure.

• World wide web is a subset of the internet whereas the internet is the superset of the world wide web.

• World wide web is software-oriented whereas the internet is hardware- oriented.

• World wide web uses HTTP whereas the internet uses IP addresses.

• The Internet can be considered as a Library whereas all the kinds of stuff like books from different topics
present over there can be considered as World wide web.
Advantages of Internet:

• Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss some of the
advantages of Internet.
• Communication is also one of the most used applications of the Internet because today it is very easy to talk
through the Internet and today almost everyone is communicating with each other through the Internet.
There are various apps available on the web that uses Internet as a medium for communication.
One can find various social networking sites such as:
• Facebook
• Twitter
• Job Search:
In today's digital world it is very easy to find the job of your choice, yes you have read it right. Today you can
easily find jobs related to your skills through the internet and give a direct interview to HR.
• Online Shopping:
Everything is possible in today's era, in earlier times people could not even imagine that without going to the
market, anything could be bought, but in today's time, it is possible. We and you know that we can buy
anything without going to the market without going to the shop.
• Stock marketing
Today many people are earning a lot of money from the stock market, today people know which stock to invest in and when to sell which
stock so that more money can be earned.
• Travel
But if you have to travel using Internet, you have no need to worry, because you can get all the information about your journey through the
internet.
• Research
Research means to do deep research about a subject or to know everything about that subject. Doing research is no small task, it takes a lot of
time and effort to do research about anything through it.
• E-Commerce
E-commerce means putting your shop online and selling any of your items online. By doing this, your business becomes local to global, that
is, you can sell your goods to the people of other cities as well.You can do your shop online through the internet, but you must have an
internet connection to sell your goods online.
• Online Payments
You can pay any bill through an online payment. For example, electricity bill, mobile bill, telephone bill, water bill, cylinder bill, movie bill,
hotel bill, restaurant bill, shopping bill, etc.
• Social Networking
Social networking is also a good platform, through which you talk to people. Today millions of people around
the world are using social networking sites. Through social networking sites, you can make connections with
friends, family, classmates, customers, and clients.
• Entertainment
If you are getting bored alone, then there is no need for you to worry, because today you can be entertained
through the medium of the internet.Today there are many such internet applications that can entertain you. You
can watch anything on these entertainment applications. Like - Movies, Web series, Cartoons, Serials, Cricket,
News, Comedy, etc.
Disadvantages
However, Internet has proved to be a powerful source of information in almost every field,
yet there exists many disadvantages discussed below:
• There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address, credit card number.
Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such information. One should use credit cards only
through authenticated sites.

• Another disadvantage is the Spamming. Spamming corresponds to the unwanted e-mails in bulk. These
e-mails serve no purpose and lead to obstruction of entire system.

• Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus attacks may cause your
system to crash or your important data may get deleted.

• There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information. This leads to misconception
among many people.
Information Architect and its role:

• Information Architect is the individual who organizes the patterns inherent in data, making the complex clear;
or
a person who creates the structure or map of information which allows others to find their personal paths to
knowledge.
• Generally, information architecture means developing a better presentation for given data.
• Many information architects have experience in writing or design.
• The role of an information architect in a given project can be broad, and these professionals may work with
multiple departments to make sure that the presentation of information to the audience is as good as it can
be.
That's the main job of the information architect, who:

 Clarifies the mission and vision for the site, balancing the needs of its sponsoring organization and the
needs of its audiences.
 Determines what content and functionality the site will contain.
 Specifies how users will find information in the site by defining its organization, navigation, labeling, and
searching systems.
• Maps out how the site will accommodate change and growth over time
Collaboration and Communication:

• The information architect must communicate effectively with the web site development team. This is
challenging, since an information architecture is highly abstract and intangible. Besides communicating the
architecture verbally, documents (such as blueprint diagrams) must be created in ways that can be understood
by the rest of the team regardless of their own disciplinary backgrounds.
• However, most projects will require expertise in marketing, information architecture, graphic design, writing
and editing, programming, and project management.
• Marketing The marketing team focuses on the intended purposes and audiences for the web site.
• Information Architecture The information architects focus on the design of organization, indexing,
labeling, and navigation systems to support browsing and searching throughout the web site.
• Graphic Design The designers are responsible for the graphic design and page layout that defines the graphic
identity or look of the web site.
• Editorial Editors focus on the use of language throughout the web site. Their tasks may involve
proofreading and editing copy etc.
• Technical The technical designers and programmers are responsible for server administration and the
development or integration of site production tools and web site applications.
CONT!!

Project Management The project manager keeps the project on schedule and within budget. He or she
facilitates communication between the other teams and the clients or internal stakeholders. The success of
a website design and production project depends on successful communication and collaboration between
these specialized team members. A linear, black-box, throw-it-over-the-wall methodology just won't
work. Everyone needs to understand the goals, perspectives, and approaches of the other members of the
team. For example, while the marketing specialist may lead the audience analysis process, he or she
needs to anticipate the types of questions about the audience that the specialists will have. Otherwise,
each will need to start from scratch in learning about that audience, wasting substantial time and
resources
Organizing Information:
• As information architects,organize information so that people can find the right answers to their questions.
• Our aim is to apply organization and labeling systems that make sense to users.
• The Web provides us with a wonderfully flexible environment in which to organize. We can apply multiple
organization systems to the same content and avoid physical limitations of the print world.
• So why are many large websites so difficult to navigate? Why can't the people who design these sites make it
easy to find information? These common questions focus attention on the very real challenge of organizing
information.
• Organizational Challenges are there:
• Ambiguity :
Classification systems are built upon the foundation of language, and language is often ambiguous.
• Heterogeneity :
Heterogeneity refers to an object or collection of objects composed of unrelated or unlike parts.
• Differences in Perspectives:
Websites are designed for multiple users, and all users will have different perspectives or ways of understanding
the information. Their levels of familiarity with your company and your website will vary.
Organizing Web Sites and Intranets

• The organization of information in web sites and intranets is a major factor in determining success, and yet many
web development teams fails to do so.
• Organization systems are composed of organization schemes and organization structures.
• An organization scheme defines the shared characteristics of content items.
• An organization structure defines the types of relationships between content items and groups.
• Organization is closely related to navigation, labeling, and indexing.
• Organization Schemes :
• We navigate through organization schemes every day. Phone books, supermarkets, and television programming
guides all use organization schemes to facilitate access. Some schemes are easy to use. We rarely have difficulty
finding a friend's phone number in the alphabetical organization scheme.Organization schemes divide information
into well-defined and mutually exclusive sections.
 Alphabetical
 Chronological
• Geographical
• Organization Structures:
• The structure of information defines the primary ways in which users can navigate.
• Major organization structures that apply to website and intranet architectures include the hierarchy, the
database-oriented model, and hypertext.
 The hierarchy: A top-down approach
Because hierarchies provide a simple and familiar way to organize information, they are usually a good place to
start the information architecture process. The top-down approach allows you to quickly get a handle on the
scope of the web site.
• The relational database model: A bottom-up approach
Databases can be designed to support time-saving features such as global search and replace and data
validation.Finally, databases enable you to repurpose the same content in multiple forms and formats for
different audiences.
• However, the database model has limitations. The records must follow rigid rules. Within a particular record
type, each record must have the same fields, and within each field, the formatting rules must be applied
consistently across records.
• For these reasons, the database model is best applied to subsites or collections of structured, homogeneous
information within a broader web site.
• For example, staff directories, news release archives, and product catalogs are excellent candidates for the
database model