Reading and Writing Module 1

27 QUESTIONS

The following text is adapted from Mary Seacole's 1857 autobiography Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole
in Many Lands.

That journey across the lsthmus [of Panama], insignificant in distance as it was, was by no means an easy one.
It seemed as if nature had determined to throw every conceivable obstacle in the way of those who should
seek to join the two great oceans of the world.

As used in the text, what does the word “conceivable" most nearly mean?

A) Imaginable

B) Obvious

C) Reasonable

D) Dependable

The following text is adapted from john Matheus's 1926 short story, “Mr.Bradford Teaches Sunday School."
Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.

The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver and hung like
festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead. The pine green was resplendent.
The bald cypresses spread themselves along the watercourses while the willows wept as they always did. Mr.
Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

As used in the text, what does the word “display" most nearly mean?

A) Reproduction

B) Concealment

C) Pretentiousness

D) Exhibition

Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as Theodore William Richards in 1914.
But sometimes the Nobel Committee wants to reward work attributed to two or three individuals, in which
case, the award is given ______. For instance, in 2020, Jennifer Doudna was among those awarded for “the
development of a method for genome editing.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) retroactively

B) jointly

C) ceremoniously

D) reluctantly

4
The following text is adapted from the 1895 poem “Ojistoh" by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Kanienkahagen
(Mohawk) writer also known as Tekahionwake.

I am Ojistoh, I am she, the wife

Of him whose name breathes bravery and life

And courage to the tribe who calls him chief.

I am Ojistoh, his white star, and he

Is land, and lake, and sky --- and soul to me.

As used in the text, what does the word “breathes" most nearly mean?

A) Imparts

B) Renounces

C) Assents

D) Absorbs

The swordfish can swim very fast-up to 97 kilometers per hour (km/hr) --- but it is significantly slower than
the golden eagle, which can fly at speeds up to 320 km/hr. The difference between these speeds is largely
______ of the fact that the features that make flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the features
suitable for swimming through water.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) a consequence

B) an objective

C) a repudiation

D) an explanation

Though john Crowley, author of Engine Summer, is perhaps not as well known as the most commercially
successful American writers of the past fifty years, influential figures have championed his work, including the
poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his afterword to Crowley's book Little, Big, Bloom
praises the novel's adroit blend of what playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes
--- while Schiller thought works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental
(seeking to develop ideas), Little, Big demonstrates that a work can be both.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To argue that all writing must be classified as belonging to one of two categories

B) To compare the work of a writer with the work of a poet who admired him

C) To explain what inspired an author to write a particular work

D) To present a reason why a literary critic is impressed by a certain novel

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to
study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with
conservation efforts, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect.
This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how
butterfly color relates to flower choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community
members in northwestern Arkansas.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) It introduces the topic of a scientific study, describes the study's importance, and then presents the
study's results.

B) It argues for a new approach to scientific research, comments on the public's opinion about the
approach, and then describes how that approach was applied in a certain study.

C) It identifies a particular approach to research, lists some benefits of that approach, and then mentions a
study in which that approach was used.

D) It describes the development of a type of scientific collaboration, shows how that type of collaboration
has been used in a particular field of study, and then suggests future collaborative projects.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K, Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the
Dog).

We [people] are creatures of the sun. We love light and life. That is why we crowd into the towns and cities,
and the country grows more and more deserted every year. In the sunlight --- in the daytime, when Nature is
alive and busy all around us, we like the open hill-sides and the deep woods well enough: but in the night,
when our Mother Earth has gone to sleep, and left us waking, oh! the world seems so lonesome, and we get
frightened, like children in a silent house, Then we sit and sob, and long for the gas-lit streets, and the sound
of human voices, and the answering throb of human life.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To convey that crowded areas can cause people to experience feelings of sadness

B) To caution people not to be so quick to dismiss the natural beauty that can be found in rural areas

C) To illustrate the idea that most people tend to prefer hillsides in the country to certain aspects of towns
and cities

D) To address common traits that motivate many people to choose to live in urban environments

“Tomato" is an example of a loanword that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted
by another. The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant.
Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's
original form is tomatl. “Maize" is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this
case, the original source was Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for the corn plant
is mahis.

The author makes which point about the Spanish language?

A) It has borrowed words from Indigenous languages and contributed words to them.

B) Its contribution to English vocabulary roughly equals the collective contribution by Indigenous
languages.

C) It has served as a medium through which Indigenous languages have influenced English.

D) It adopted Nahuatl and Taino words in approximately equal numbers.

10

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Panama City, Panama, and
Fortaleza, Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 318 respondents from Panama City, 53.5%
indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 938 respondents from Fortaleza, 35.7% indicated using city
parks. Given that the percentage of Panama City respondents who reported having access to other desired
amenities near parks was much lower than that reported by Fortaleza respondents, the difference in park use
can't be explained by Panama City residents having more access to desired nonpark amenities near parks.
Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?

A) Even though the study found that parks in Fortaleza are more likely to be close to other amenities than
parks in Panama City are, Panama City has more amenities overall than Fortaleza does.

B) The study's findings suggest that an increase in the number of amenities near city parks would likely
increase park use in Panama City but not in Fortaleza.

C) The study's finding that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Panama City than in Fortaleza is
partly due to the greater prevalence of parks in Panama City.

D) Although the study found that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Panama City than in
Fortaleza, that difference isn't due to greater access to amenities near parks in Panama City.

11

In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the prevalence of broken-
wing display --- a defensive behavior observed in Haematopus longirostris (pied oystercatcher) and many
other species --- throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the display in 285 species across 52 families
suggests the behavior likely evolved independently multiple times, prompting the team to consider ecological
and life-history characteristics with hypothesized associations to the behavior's emergence, including traits
related to reproduction investment and future reproduction potential. Based on their review of those traits,
the team concluded that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the conclusion?

A) capacity for multiple broods, number of parental incubators, and incubation duration are equally
associated with the use of broken-wing display.

B) incubation duration and capacity for multiple broods are more strongly associated with the use of
broken-wing display than the number of parental incubators is.

C) broken-wing display is most often observed in species with less opportunity to reproduce in a year due
to longer incubation periods.

D) among species with more than one parental incubator, the use of broken-wing display is associated with
greater incubation duration.

12

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size, by detecting the
vortices, fish can determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar
Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using models of three head shapes narrow (low ratio of width to length),
intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length) showed that for medium-sized vortices, fish with wide
heads would be least able to distinguish between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second
research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, wider-headed fish will be less likely
than narrower-headed fish to detect obstructions.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the second research team's hypothesis?

A) A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that
some specimens of dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) which has a relatively narrow head, bumped into
the obstructions more often than other specimens of the same fish did.

B) A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the
wider-headed bristle mouth (Chaetostoma yurubiense) bumped into obstructions more often than the
narrower-headed dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) did.

C) A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the
narrower-headed dusky smooth-hound (Musteluscanis) bumped into the obstructions just as often as the
wider-headed bristle mouth (Chaetostoma yurubiense) did.

D) A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the
bristle mouth (Chaetostomta yurubiense), which has a relatively wide head, bumped into more than half of
the obstructions.

13

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one portion of the novel, Toomer establishes a contrast between the
narrator's attitude toward life and the attitude of the narrator's love interest, Avey, writing, ______

Which quotation from Cane most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) “Avey was as silent as those great trees whose tops we looked down upon. She has always been like that.
At least, to me."

B) “A band in one of the buildings a fair distance off was playing a march. I wished they would stop. Their
playing was like a tin spoon in one's mouth."

C) “[Avey would] smile appreciation, but it was an impersonal smile, never for me.”

D) “As time went on, lAvey's] indifference to things began to pique me; I was ambitious. I left lour small
hometown] earlier than she did."

14

As exemplified by Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and Lakota songs about gathering mouse
beans, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some instances is maintained
only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada,
collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam
gardens the people implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on
archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in
the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure --- a
finding that demonstrates that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining characteristic of the

music of certain Indigenous peoples.

B) the Kwakwaka'wakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of clam gardens in songs if their
efforts have not produced significantly larger clams.

C) the clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwaka'wakw people in the past likely were a different
species than the clams found in those areas today.

D) effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the ecological knowledge
preserved in Indigenous songs.
15

Pigments give paints and dyes their color, Ocher is a mineral-based pigment used to make several colors,
including red. Red ocher gets its color from iron oxide. Pigments can also be plant-based; plant-based
pigments contain a high level of carbon. In a 2023 study, archaeologists tested the red pigment on decorated
beads made by members of the Natufian culture approximately 15,000 years ago. The test showed that the
pigment found on several beads contained no iron but had a high level of carbon. This finding led the
researchers to conclude that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the Natufian beadmakers used plant-based pigments rather than ocher to decorate some of the beads
examined in the study.

B) the pigments used by the Natufian beadmakers likely came from plants because ocher was difficult to
find.

C) the Natufian beadmakers preferred to use plant-based pigments because they are much brighter than
mineral-based pigments are.

D) the Natufan beads examined in the study are the oldest surviving examples of the use of plant-based
pigments for decorating beads.

16

Works by Rafael Soriano and Rupert Garcia were featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's
exhibition Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art. This 2013 exhibition celebrated the diverse
achievements ______ artists of Latin American descent.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) of;

B) of:

C) of,

D) of

17

On December 2, 1992, the space shuttle Discovery blasted off into space, commencing Mission ______ seven
days and seven hours, the mission ended when the shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) STS-53, lasting

B) STS-53, it lasted

C) STS-53 lasting

D) STS-53. Lasting

18

Trade was vital to the Srivijaya Empire, which reigned in Southeast Asia from around 600 CE to 1200 CE. Its
people _____ tin, medicines, and wood to sell to neighboring societies. In exchange, they received valuable
items, such as spices, silk, and porcelain.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) are producing

B) produce

C) produced
D) will produce

19

The Globe Theatre in London is a reconstruction of the famed venue where many of Shakespeare's plays were
first performed. In 1613, a prop cannon ______ during a performance and ignited the Globe's thatched roof.
No one was hurt, but in two hours the original Globe was gone.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) has malfunctioned

B) malfunctioned

C) will malfunction

D) malfunctions

20

The human shoulder contains the infraspinatus, a skeletal muscle that is attached to the ______ this muscle
plays a role in rotating the upper arm.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) scapula,

B) scapula;

C) scapula

D) scapula that

21

As a leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the late 1800s, Ann Quinby of ______ an important
role in the campaign to secure voting rights for US women.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Kentucky. Played

B) Kentucky: played

C) Kentucky; played

D) Kentucky played

22

Famous for its four-degree tilt, the leaning Garisenda Tower is a popular attraction in Bologna's city center.
However, measurements taken in 2023 showed that the tower was rotating in a concerning way. ______ city
officials closed the area around the tower so experts could explore solutions to stabilize the historical twelfth-
century structure.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In comparison,

B) As a result,

C) For example,

D) Similarly,

23

When languages are no longer spoken, they are considered extinct. ______ the Umbrian language went extinct
around the first century BCE, though it was once widely spoken in parts of central Italy.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) Therefore,

B) Admittedly,

C) For example,

D) In conclusion,

24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.

- Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.

- This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.

- Ur and Columbia were supercontinents.

- Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.

- Columbia formed about 1.8 billion years ago.

The student wants to specify when Ur formed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Ur was a supercontinent, a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.

B) The supercontinent Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.

C) Long ago, the Earth was home to supercontinents like Ur and Columbia.

D) Over hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinent cycle results in supercontinents forming and
breaking apart.

25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at science museums all over the world.

- Many dinosaur fossil specimens are given nicknames.

- The Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station in Malta, Montana, houses a dinosaur fossil specimen
nicknamed Roberta.

- Roberta lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years ago.

- It is a member of the genus Brachylophosaurus.

The student wants to provide an example of a dinosaur fossil specimen's nickname. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Nicknames are given to many dinosaur fossil specimens, including one housed at a museum in Malta,
Montana.

B) Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at museums all over the world, and many of these specimens are
given nicknames.

C) Roberta is the nickname of a Brachylophosaurus fossil specimen housed at the Great Plains Dinosaur
Museum and Field Station in Malta, Montana.

D) A Brachylophosaurus fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65
million years ago, is housed at the Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station.

26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given for “major contributions of lasting importance to
computing."

- Manuel Blum won the award in 1995 for contributions to the foundations of computational complexity
theory.

- Raj Reddy won the award in 1994 for pioneering the development of large-scale artificial intelligence
systems.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which Manuel Blum and Raj Reddy won the A.M, Turing Award,
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Manuel Blum and Raj Reddy both won the A.M. Turing Award, which is given for "major contributions of
lasting importance to computing.”

B) Raj Reddy won the A.M, Turing Award in 1994: Manuel Blum won it later, in 1995.

C) In 1995, Manuel Blum won the A.M, Turing Award for contributions to the foundations of computational
complexity theory.

D) It was in 1994 that Raj Reddy won the A.M. Turing Award.

27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.

- Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.

- Catherine A. Moore was the lighthouse keeper at Black Rock Harbor Light in Connecticut.

- She held this position from 1817 to 1878.

- Laura J. Hecox was the lighthouse keeper at Santa Cruz Light in California.

- She held this position from 1883 to 1917.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the two lighthouse keepers began their careers. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Catherine A, Moore's career as a lighthouse keeper ended in 1878, whereas Laura J. Hecox's ended in
1917.

B) Laura J. Hecox began her career as a lighthouse keeper years after Catherine A. Moore did.

C) From 1817 to 1878, the nighttime waters of Connecticut were more navigable thanks to lighthouse
keepers Laura J. Hecox and Catherine A. Moore.

D) Before automation, lighthouse keepers like Catherine A. Moore and Laura J. Hecox were crucial to
ensuring safe navigation for watercraft.

Reading and Writing Module 2

27 QUESTIONS

Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed in the 2010s
suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western Europe, partly due to limited
data availability. Researchers would later ______ this shortcoming after gaining new access to banking records
located in nations in Asia, such as China, and Eastern Europe, such as Hungary.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) mitigate

B) presuppose

C) validate

D) categorize

One popular theory of the origin of the Moon, the “big whack," posits that a protoplanet called Theia collided
with Earth, flinging debris into orbit that eventually coalesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia was ______,
but researcher Qian Yuan and colleagues now claim to have identified pieces of the protoplanet in the
lowermost section of Earth's mantle.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) notional

B) spurious

C) veritable

D) desultory

Political blogs with conspicuous ideological alignments became an integral component of US media in the
early 2000s. While some commentators lauded this development, asserting that such blogs had a welcome
transparency missing from traditional news, less ______ observers countered that such blogs tended to
ideological extremes that exacerbated political polarization to problematic levels.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) misanthropic

B) earnest

C) sanguine

D) recalcitrant

During Rome's republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries were predominantly owned
by wealthy individuals who tightly controlled access to their book collections. The first public library became
available in Rome in 28 BCE and was soon followed by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern
scholar Fabio Fernandes notes, however, these two traditions aren't as distinct as they seem, as both the
emperor and the private library owners viewed their libraries as extensions of their personal patronage, just
on vastly differing scales.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To give a brief overview of public access to libraries throughout Rome's republican period

B) To contend that early imperial leaders in Rome wielded too much influence over libraries

C) To assert that private and early public libraries in ancient Rome had an essential similarity

D) To call into question the notion that private Roman libraries disappeared during the first century BCE

The following text is from George Marion McClellan's 1895 poem “Eternity."

My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry

For Ocean's breast and covering of the sky.

Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,

Just let me drift far out from toil and care,

Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound.

Which mingled with the winds that gently bear

Me on between a peaceful sea and sky,

To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To convey the speaker's longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility

B) To contrast the demands of the speaker's everyday life with the serenity of being rocked to sleep by the
ocean

C) To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker's desire to escape ongoing hardship by gliding on the
ocean

D) To justify the speaker's qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet destination

Text 1

In parts of the Northwest Territories, Canada, the rough-legged hawk is a major predator of the collared
lemming. Researcher Alice Kenney and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on collared
lemmings was temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a
foundational ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2

Robert D. Hayes and colleagues found that excluding wolves from a site in Yukon, Canada, where they
typically prey on Dall sheep had no significant effect on Dall sheep abundance. Many other predation relief
studies show an increase in prey abundance, but those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey,
like birds, lemmings, and rabbits, rather than large, slowly reproducing prey, like Dall sheep, which could
account for the difference between those results and Hayes and colleagues results.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about the "principle"
mentioned in Text 1?

A) It has some evidential support, but it should not be regarded as universally applicable.

B) It has been challenged by some studies, but the findings of those studies have not been widely accepted.

C) It may be true for some predators but only because those predators share certain physical
characteristics.

D) It is plausible, but many of the studies that support it have methodological flaws.

Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, conform
to the model perfected by American musician Laura Les: bold synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and
electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is hardly uniform: Venezuelan recording artist Arca
incorporates Latin rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part
by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.

Which statement about Arca is best supported by the text?

A) While some of her recordings conform to the model perfected by Laura Les, others reject it outright.

B) She developed her unique sound without being influenced by other artists on Spotify's hyperpop playlist.
C) Her music diverges from the typical hyperpop sound but doesn't abandon it.

D) Her inclusion on Spotify's hyperpop playlist inspired established artists to embrace stylistic
experimentation.

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, which he
putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their
own economic interests. Note “putatively": as Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only
once in his economic writings --- to make a narrow point about the then-dominant economic theory of
mercantilism --- and it was largely ignored until some twentieth-century economists eager to secure an
intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully-fledged paradigm.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A) Some twentieth-century economists gave Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand a significance it does
not have in Smith's work, but it is nevertheless a useful model of how individuals produce aggregate
benefits by pursuing their own economic interests.

B) Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand has been interpreted as a model of how individuals acting in their
own interest produce aggregate benefits, but it was intended as a subtle critique of the economic theory of
mercantilism.

C) The reputation of Smith's metaphor of the invisible hand is not due to the importance of the metaphor
in Smith's work but rather to the promotion of the metaphor by some later economists for their own ends.

D) Although Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, the metaphor was largely ignored until
economists in the twentieth century came to realize that the metaphor was a robust model that anticipated
their own views.

Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple
Green. In the book, the authors describe how restorative sleep can be for young people, writing, ______

Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) “Let us, dear reader, remember the punishment of idle curiosity, as taught in the true and affecting
history [named] "Blue Beard; and, striving to be content with the facts in the case, seek not to lift the veil,
which the sensibility of truelove, and feminine delicacy, have alike conspired to draw."

B) “Then let no one turn with too much [fussiness] from the simple story of the humble Elleanor, though it
may contain few, or none, of the thrilling charms of poetry and passion."

C) “Blessed are the slumbers of the innocent! They are kindlier than balm, and they refresh and gladden the
spirit of childhood, like ministerings from a better world.”

D) “Home is home, to the lowly as well as the great; and no rank, or color, destroys its sacred character, its
power over the mind, and the affections."

10

Early Earth is thought to have been characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, in which the upper
lithosphere (the outer rocky layer) was essentially immobile and there was no interaction between the
lithosphere and the underlying mantle. Researchers investigated the timing of the transition from a stagnant
lid regime to a tectonic plate regime, in which the lithosphere is fractured into dynamic plates that in turn
allow lithospheric and mantle material to mix. Examining chemical data from lithospheric and mantle-derived
rocks ranging from 285 million to 3.8 billion years old, the researchers dated the transition to 3.2 billion years
ago.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' conclusion?
A) There is a positive correlation between the age of lithospheric rocks and their chemical similarity to
mantle-derived rocks, and that correlation increases significantly in strength at around 3.2 billion years old.

B) Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2 billion years contain some material that is not found in older
mantle-derived rocks but is found in older and contemporaneous lithospheric rocks.

C) Mantle-derived rocks older than 3.2 billion years show significantly more compositional diversity than
lithospheric rocks older than 3.2 billion years do

D) Among rocks known to be older than 3.2 billion years, significantly more are mantle derived than
lithospheric, but the opposite is true for the rocks younger than 3.2 billion years.

11

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a
person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4(very much). They then recruited
participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the
correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming
participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings, the data in the graph indicate the
model predicted that ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?

A) P6's rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.

B) P6's ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would differ from one another.

C) P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

D) P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.

12

Scholars are increasingly exploring the communication and preservation of ecological knowledge through
Indigenous songs (e.g., Kazakh songs about water and foraging quality and those of the O'odham people
about desert plants). In one study, ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. received insight from Kwaxsistalla
Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, into songs referencing the people's use
of terraced gardens in intertidal zones along the Pacific Northwest coast for the cultivation of clams for
consumption. Archaeological evidence of significant increases in clam size and abundance in that area
concurrent with the documented past implementation of the method described in the songs supports the
conclusion that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) non-Indigenous people around the Pacific Northwest coast adopted the practice developed by the
Kwakwaka'wakw people after observing its efficacy.
B) the practice used by ancestors of modern Kwakwaka'wakw people not only effectively maintained a food
source but also promoted its robustness.

C) there is greater corroboration in the archaeological record of ecological practices described in

Kwakwaka'wakw songs than of those described in Kazakh and O'odham songs.

D) although contemporary Kwakwaka'wakw people have a deep understanding of and appreciation for the
fishing and farming practices used by their ancestors, they no longer implement those methods.

13

For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chicano art collective Asco taped members Patssi Valdez and Humberto
Sandoval to an outdoor wall in East Los Angeles. The work is manifestly a commentary on constraint, but
many critics focus on Valdez and the social constraints women faced at the time, which is understandable but
leaves the presence of Valdez's male collaborator Sandoval unexplained. We should instead consider that in
1974, the art establishment's recognition of Chicano artists was (and had long been) restricted to
sociohistorical muralists, leaving nonmuralist Chicano artists --- like Asco's members --- struggling to even
exhibit their work; attending to this context opens an interpretation that accounts for all the evidence,
allowing us to conclude that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) while Valdez's presence in Instant Mural represents the social constraints placed on women at the time,
Sandoval's presence represents Chicano muralists' frustration at their lack of recognition by the art
establishment.

B) Instant Mural is best understood not as a critique of the social constraints placed on women but rather
as a critique of sociohistorical muralists' depictions of Chicano culture.

C) the main subject of Instant Mural is female Chicano artists' experience of being doubly constrained by
gender-role expectations and the marginalization of certain types of art.

D) Instant Mural is a reflection on the constraining aesthetic expectations placed on Chicano artists in
general rather than on the social constraints placed on women specifically.

14

Despite the fact that what is now know as the Cassegrain reflector was first constructed by Bonaventura
Cavalieri, the telescope is named after the seventeenth-century French astronomer Laurent Cassegrain. One
might assume cases like this, where a discovery or concept is not named after the first person who discovered
it, to be ______ they are counted among a litany of examples of Stigler's law.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) rare, on the contrary,

B) rare, on the contrary;

C) rare on the contrary,

D) rare; on the contrary,

15

Included in Black Refractions: Highlights from The Studio Museum in Harlem, a 2019 group exhibition at the
Museum of the African Diaspora in San Francisco, California, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best
known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images of African American women with text fragments.
Her work challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and ______ she is credited with expanding
the horizons of conceptual photographic art.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) memory, and

B) memory and
C) memory,

D) memory

16

Moussa Ould Ebnou is a novelist from Boutilimit, Mauritania, who has earned international acclaim in recent
years. Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and drama, are less likely to be recognized beyond their
nations borders, but many are still well ______ Koulsy Lamko, for example, is a celebrated playwright from
Chad.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) known,

B) known:

C) known and

D) known

17

Recent analysis of 2010 BL4 --- an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune ---
has determined its color to be gray, suggesting an icy composition. Such interpretations are ultimately _____
the object's gray coloration may be an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects
rather than evidence of its physical makeup.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) speculative, though;

B) speculative, though,

C) speculative; though

D) speculative, though

18

In the list “Splendid Things" from Sei shonagon's Pillow Book, the author delights in grape-colored fabric,
wisteria vines around a tree, and a snow-covered garden. So shrewd an observer is Shonagon, a lady-in-
waiting to Empress Teishi, that her book's musings on tenth-century Japanese courtly life ______ readers a
thousand years later.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) has fascinated

B) fascinate

C) is fascinating

D) fascinates

19

The present-day city of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, was the capital of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic,
one of many nominally autonomous republics within the Soviet Union. Each of these republics ______
established along ethnolinguistic lines: most residents of the Tajik Republic spoke Persian, for example.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) have been

B) are

C) was

D) were
20

When, in 2017, Cambridge University students Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided they wanted to develop a
musical together, one of their goals was for their female actor friends to have good parts to play. ______ they
created the show Six, a retelling of the history of King Henry Vlll's wives in which each of the six queens has a
starring role.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) To that end,

B) In summary,

C) For example,

D) In other words,

21

The prime meridian, the global indicator of zero degrees longitude established in 1884, was originally
determined using astronomically derived coordinates. ______ as decades passed, new calculations would reveal
increasingly precise coordinates, yet the prime meridian remained unchanged; it wasn't until the 1980s that,
spurred by improved geodetic data, the prime meridian was officially moved --- roughly one hundred meters
east.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Specifically,

B) Again and again,

C) Granted,

D) To that end,

22

- Minor planets are astronomical objects that orbit the Sun but are neither planetsnor comets.

- Astronomer Jane Luu has discovered many minor planets in her career.

- Alongside colleagues David c. Jewitt and Chadwick Trujillo, she discovered the minor planet (19308) 1996
T066 on 0ctober 12, 1996.

- Alongside colleagues David c. Jewitt, Chadwick Trujillo, and David j. Tholen, she discovered the minor planet
(24978)1998 1151 on April 28, 1998.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the discovery of
(19308)1996 T066 to an audience already familiar with Jane Luu?

A) First there was the discovery of(19308) 1996 T066 on October 12, 1996, and then on April 28, 1998, Jane
Luu discovered yet another minor planet with the help of her colleagues David C, Jewitt, Chadwick Trujillo,
and David j. Tholen.

B) Astronomer Jane Luu helped discover not only the minor planet (19308) 1996 T066 on October 12, 1996,
but also (24978) 1998 Hj151 on April 28, 1998.

C) Jane Luu is an astronomer famous for her discovery of many minor planets in our solar system, including
(19308)1996 T066.

D) On October 12, 1996, Jane Luu and her colleagues David C. Jewitt and ChadwickTrujillo made the
exciting discovery of the minor planet (19308) 1996 T066.

23

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Samoil M. Bilenky is a Russian particle physicist.

- Particle physicists study subatomic particles.

- Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.

- Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.

- Bilenky is known for his research on neutrino oscillations.

The student wants to provide an example of a particle physicist whose research focuses on neutrinos. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle that particle physicists are still trying to understand.

B) Particle physicist Samoil M. Bilenky is known for his research on neutrino oscillations.

C) The research done on neutrino oscillations exemplifies the work particle physicists do to advance our
understanding of subatomic particles.

D) By studying neutrino oscillations to name just one example particle physicists can learn more about
neutrinos.

24

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents

- Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.

- This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.

- Ur was a supercontinent that formed about 3.1 billion years ago.

- Columbia was a supercontinent that formed about 1.8 billion years ago.

The student wants to emphasize the order in which the supercontinents were formed. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The supercontinent Columbia formed long after the supercontinent Ur.

B) Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago but eventually broke apart.

C) Forming and breaking apart over hundreds of millions of years, supercontinents are made up of most or
all of Earth's continents.

D) Ur and Columbia were both supercontinents, single landmasses made up of most or all of Earth's
continents.

25

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Catharsis, Conversion, Traumata is a 1986 sculpture by American artist Joseph Kosuth.

- It consists of a blue neon sign that spells out the title phrase.

- Harvest Moon is a 2013 sculpture by British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood.

- It consists of a yellow neon sign that forms an abstract moon shape.

- Neon signs became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in popularity in the 1960s.

- Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Molded into an evocative phrase in Catharsis, Conversion, Traumata (1986), an abstract form in Harvest
Moon (2013), and an advertising tool in decades past, neon lighting has a number of different applications.
B) While the sculptures share a common material, one spells out a phrase while the other is decidedly more
abstract.

C) Kosuth's sculpture was made in 1986 and Dawood's in 2013, both well after the advertising heyday of
neon signs had passed.

D) American artist Joseph Kosuth's and British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood's sculptures have employed
neon signs in different ways, demonstrating the versatility of the popular material.

26

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- Pattern analysis and contextual analysis are two approaches to art criticism.

- Pattern analysis examines the repetition of visual elements in an artwork.

- Such an analysis of Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans might consider how the painting's repetition of
images of soup cans emphasizes the excesses of consumer culture.

- Contextual analysis considers the historical and cultural contexts of an artwork's time.

- Such an analysis of Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon might consider how the painting's portrayal
of fragmented human figures challenged conventions of beauty during a time of cultural upheaval (early
twentieth century).

The student wants to present contextual analysis to an audience unfamiliar with the concept. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A pattern analysis of Campbell's Soup Cans might consider how the painting's repetition of images of
soup cans emphasizes the excesses of consumer culture.

B) Les Demoiselles d’Avignon's portrayal of fragmented human figures challenged conventions of beauty
during a time of cultural upheaval (early twentieth century).

C) An approach to art criticism, contextual analysis considers the historical and cultural contexts of an
artwork's time.

D) Pattern analysis differs from contextual analysis in that pattern analysis examines the repetition of visual
elements in an artwork.

27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

- A river's stream length is the length of a line that follows along the river path.

- A river's valley length is the length of a straight line drawn from the beginning of the river to the end.

- The river's curviness, or sinuosity, is the ratio of the river's stream length to its valley length.

- Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1-1.5 times longer than their valley length, and high-sinuosity
rivers have a stream length 1.5 or more times longer than their valley length.

- The Embarras River in Canada has high sinuosity.

- The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.

The student wants to compare the curviness of the two rivers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The high-sinuosity Luni River in India is curvier than the low-sinuosity Embarras River in Canada.

B) The Embarras River's ratio of stream length to valley length, also known as sinuosity, is greater than that
of the Luni River.

C) By comparing the stream lengths of the Embarras and Luni rivers to their valley lengths, one can
calculate their curviness, or sinuosity.
D) In both the Embarras and the Luni rivers, curviness is determined by comparing stream length to valley
length.

Math Module 1
22 QUESTIONS

Line r in the xy-plane has a slope of -8 and passes through the point (0, 60). Which equation defines line r?

A) y = - 8x + 60

B) y = - 8x + 52

C) y = - 8x - 52

D) y = - 8x - 60

A)

B)

C)

D)

A car travels at a speed of at least 40 miles per hour but no more than 65 miles per hour for a certain part of a
trip. Which inequality represents this situation, where x is the speed of the car, in miles per hour, on this part
of the trip?

A) x ≥ 40

B) x ≥ 65

C) 40 ≤x≤ 65

D) x ≤ 105

The ratio of k to p is constant. If k = 4, then p= 3. What is the value of k when p= 24?

h(x) = x + b
For the linear function h, b is a constant and h(0)= 26. What is the value of b?

A) (1/17) x

B)

C) 17 x

D)

A) - 6

B) – (1/6)

C) 1/6

D) 6

10

What is the slope of the graph of 48x-6y = - 32 in the xy-plane?

A) - 8

B) – (3/2)

C) 3/2

D) 8

11

-5(v-8)(v-2)(v+9)=0

What value of v is a solution to the given equation?

A) - 5

B) - 2

C) 8

D) 9

12

Scientists collected fallen acorns that each housed a colony of the ant species P.ohioensis and analyzed each
colony's structure. For any of these colonies, if the colony has a worker ants, the equation y=0.67x+ 2.6, where
20 ≤ x ≤ 110, gives the predicted number of larvae, y, in the colony. If one of these colonies has 53 worker
ants, which of the following is closest to the predicted number of larvae in the colony?

A) 173

B) 75

C) 56

D) 38

13

In triangle DEF, the measure of angle D is 40° and the measure of angle E is 95°.In triangle RST, the measure
of angle R is 40° and the measure of angle S is 95°. Which of the following additional pieces of information is
needed to determine whether triangle DEF is similar to triangle RST?

A) The measure of angle F

B) The measure of angle T

C) The measure of angle F and the measure of angle T

D) No additional information is needed.

14

If -7(13-5x) + 3 = - 8 (13-5x)+ 21, what is the value of 13-5x?

15

A) The toy car's minimum height was 5 inches above the ground.

B) The toy car's minimum height was 4 inches above the ground.

C) The toy car's height was 5 inches above the ground when it started moving.

D) The toy car's height was 4 inches above the ground when it started moving

16

A) 2

B) 370
C) 740

D) 30,000

17

A bin contains a mixture of T-shirts for two sports teams. The table shows the number of T-shirts in the bin,
classified by size and sports team. One T-shirt from the bin will be selected at random. What is the probability
of selecting a T-shirt that is medium, given that the T shirt is a Flames T-shirt?

A) 0.20

B) 0.22

C) 0.39

D) 0.50

18

The measure of angle R is 5π/6 radians. The measure of angle T is 7π/12 radians greater than the measure of
angle R. What is the measure of angle T, in degrees?

A) 105

B) 150

C) 255

D) 510

19

A)

B)

C)

D)

20

The expression 0.33x represents the result of decreasing a positive quantity x by what percent?
A) 6.7%

B) 67%

C) 3.3%

D) 33%

21

According to a US law, ramps for use by the general public must form an angle with level ground such that
tanθ ≤ 1/12. If the ramp in the figure conforms to this law and has a height of 28.4 inches, what is the least
possible value of x, in inches?

22

The edge length, in inches, of cube Y is 3/64 the edge length, in inches, of cube X. The surface area, in square
inches, of cube Y is n times the surface area, in square inches, of cube X. What is the value of n?

A) 9 / 4096

B) 27 / 2048

C) 3/ 64

D) 9 /32

Math Module 2
22 QUESTIONS

The value of y is 8 more than twice the value of x. Which equation represents y in terms of x ？
A) y=10x+2

B) y=2x+8

C) y=10x+8

D) y=8x+2

To purchase a used car at a total price of 11,000 dollars, a onetime down payment is required, and then fixed
monthly payments are made for the remaining amount owed for the car. The equation 11,000=2,200+ 200t
represents this situation, where t is the number of fixed monthly payments that are made. Which of the
following is the best interpretation of 200 in this context?
A) The amount, in dollars, of the down payment

B) The amount, in dollars, of each fixed monthly payment

C) The total amount, in dollars, paid for the car after t fixed monthly payments

D) The total number of fixed monthly payments

Line k is defined by y= 3x - 2. Line j is parallel to line k in the xy-plane and passes through the point (0, 1).
Which equation defines line j?

A) y = x - 2

B) y = 3x + 1

C) y = - x - 2

D) y = - 3x + 1

How many solutions does the equation 5x +3= 5x have?

A) Zero

B) Exactly one

C) Exactly two

D) Infinitely many

A model predicts that the population of a certain town was 5,000 in 2008. The model also predicts that each
year for the next 5 years, the population p increased by 4% of the previous year's population. Which equation
best represents this model, where x is the number of years after 2008, for x ≤ 5?

A)

B)

C)

D)

A park rents beach umbrellas to visitors. The park earns revenue of $15 for each beach umbrella they rent for
the day. On Wednesday, the park earned $435 in profit from renting beach umbrellas after paying daily
expenses of $150. How many beach umbrellas did the park rent on Wednesday? (profit=total revenue - total
expenses)

A) 19

B) 29

C) 38

D) 39

7
A)

B)

C)

D)

A hemisphere is half of a sphere. If a hemisphere has a radius of 83 inches, which of the following is closest to
the volume, in cubic inches, of this hemisphere?

A) 14,400

B) 57,700

C) 898,200

D) 1,197,500

10

The function h is defined by h(x) = (x+p) (x-4)(2x-6), where p is a constant. In the xy-plane, the graph of y=
h(x) passes through the point (-6, 0). What is the value of h(0)?

A) 144

B) 1

C) - 6

D) - 72

11

If x ≥- 8 represents all solutions to the inequality ax - 18 ≤ 14, where a is a constant, what is the greatest
possible value of a?

12

5(3x) + 4(8y) = 16

-5(3x) + 4(8y) = 16

The solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is the value of 3x + 8y?

A) 0.5

B) 0.8

C) 4
D) 16

13

For the positive quantities h, j, and k, 35% of h is equivalent to 49% of j, and j is equivalent to 45% of k. What
percentage of k is h? (Disregard the % sign when entering your answer. For example, if your answer is 39%,
enter 39)

14

15

For the function f, for every increase of 2 in the value of x, the value of f(x) increases by a factor of c, where c is
a constant. Which of the following equivalent forms of function f displays the value of c as the base or the
coefficient?

A)

B)

C)

D)

16

17
The graph of line g is shown in the xy-plane. Line k is defined by 165x + py= w, where p and w are constants.
If line k is graphed in this xy-plane, resulting in the graph of a system of two linear equations, the system of
two linear equations will have infinitely many solutions. What is the value of p+w?

18

Each of the following frequency tables represents a data set. Which of these frequency tables represents the
data set with the smallest standard deviation?

A)

B)
C)

D)

19

In the xy-plane, the graph of the given equation is a circle. If this circle is inscribed in a square, what is the
perimeter of the square?

A) 20

B) 40

C) 80

D) 320

20

7x + 5y = 2

The given equation is one equation in a system of two linear equations. If the system of equations has at least
one solution, which of the following equations could be the other equation in the system?

1.10.5x + 7.5y = 3

Il.10.5x – 7.5y = 3

A) I only

B) II only

C) I and II

D) Neither I nor II

21
A) - 10

B) - 5

C) 6

D) 7

22

An object's speed is increasing at a rate of 2.7 meters per second squared. What is this rate, in miles per
minute squared, rounded to the nearest tenth? (Use 1 mile = 1,609 meters.)

A) 0.1

B) 6

C) 72.4

D) 595.9

Reading and Writing Module 1 Answers

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. D
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. D
22. B
23. A
24. B
25. C
26. B
27. B

Reading and Writing Module 2 Answers

1. A
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. D
15. A
16. B
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. B
26. C
27. B

Math Module 1 Answers

1. A
2. D
3. 43
4. C
5. 32
6. 26
7. B
8. A
9. 15
10. D
11. C
12. D
13. D
14. 18
15. A
16. B
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. 340.8
22. A

Math Module 2 Answers

1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. 25515
10. A
11. -4
12. C
13. 63
14. -45
15. D
16. 240
17. 300
18. A
19. C
20. C
21. A
22. B