Chapter 4: Complex Analytic Functions

and Complex Integrals

Review of Complex numbers
• A complex number 𝑧 is an ordered pair 𝑥, 𝑦 of real
numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦. It is written as
𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
• 𝑥 is the real part of 𝑧, denoted by 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 is
the imaginary part of 𝑧, it is denoted by 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦.
• Two complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑤 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
are equal if and only if 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦1 .
• 𝑖 = (0,1) is called the imaginary unit and 𝑖 2 = −1.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of complex numbers
• Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 . then
a) 𝑧1 ± 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 ± 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦1 ± 𝑦2
b) 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1
𝑧1 𝑥1 𝑥2 +𝑦1 𝑦2 +𝑖 𝑥2 𝑦1 −𝑥1 𝑦2
c) = , 𝑧2 ≠ 0
𝑧2 𝑥22 +𝑦22
• Exercise: Let 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 − 𝑖.
𝑧1 𝑧2
Then fin 𝑧1 ± 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 𝑧2 , and .
𝑧2 𝑧1
• Complex Plane: is the 𝑥𝑦-plane in which the
complex numbers are represented.
• Complex conjugate, Modulus and Argument
• If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then
the conjugate of 𝑧 denoted by 𝑧 is 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
the modulus of 𝑧 denoted by 𝑧 is 𝑧 =
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
the argument of 𝑧 denoted by arg 𝑧 is
−1 𝑦
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = tan ,𝑥 ≠0
𝑥
• From polar form 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃,
𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 . the complex number 𝑧 can be
expressed by polar form as
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
• If 𝜃 = arg 𝑧 is between – 𝜋 and 𝜋, then 𝜃 is called
principal argument and denoted by 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧.
𝜋
𝑖
Example: 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 = 2𝑒 4 and
𝜋
𝑧 = 3 + 3 3𝑖 = 6𝑒 𝑖 3
Analytic Functions
• The concept of complex function is different
from real function. For example 𝑧 = 1
represent a unit circle centered at the origin in
the complex plane, 𝑧 − 𝑎 = 𝜌 represent a
circle with radius 𝜌 and center at 𝑧0 = 𝑎. So,
• 𝑧 − 𝑎 < 𝜌 is an open circular disk centered
at 𝑧0 = 𝑎 with radius 𝜌 and
• 𝑧 − 𝑎 ≤ 𝜌 is a closed circular disk centered
at 𝑧0 = 𝑎 with radius 𝜌.
• Definition: A set 𝐷 is called open set if every
point of 𝐷 has neighborhood consisting entirely
of points that belong to 𝐷.
• A set 𝐷 is called connected if any two of its points
can be joined by a chain of finitely many straight
line segments all of whose points belong to 𝐷.
• An open and connected set is called a domain.
• Definition: If 𝐷 is a set of complex numbers , the
function 𝑓(𝑧) defined on 𝐷 is a rule that assign to
every 𝑧 in 𝐷 a unique complex number 𝑤, called
the value of 𝑓 at 𝑧. we write this as
𝑤=𝑓 𝑧
• Here 𝑧 is the complex variable ( it varies in 𝐷)
and 𝐷 is called the domain of 𝑓 and the set of
all values of 𝑓(𝑧) is called the range of 𝑓.
• Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 − 4 is a complex
function defined for all 𝑧. So,
𝐷𝑜𝑚 𝑓 =whole complex plane= ℂ.
• When 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧), since 𝑤 is a complex
number, it can be put in the form 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
and also 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 ⟺ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 =
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
• This shows that a complex function 𝑓(𝑧) is equivalent to a
pair of real functions 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) both of which
depends on the two real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦.
• For example if 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 − 4, then
𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
2
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 4
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑖𝑦 − 4
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑖𝑦 − 4
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 + 𝑖(2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦)

⟹ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 and
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦
Example: If 𝑓 𝑧 = 2𝑖𝑧 + 6𝑧, find 𝑢 and 𝑣and 𝑓 1 − 2𝑖 .

Solution: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 2𝑖𝑧 + 6𝑧 = 2𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 6 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
= 2𝑖𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑥 − 6𝑖𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑖 2𝑥 − 6𝑦

Therefore, 𝑢 = 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥 − 6𝑦.

And, 𝑓 1 − 2𝑖 = 6 1 − 2 −2 + 𝑖 2 1 − 6 −2
= 6 + 4 + 𝑖 2 + 12
= 10 + 14𝑖
Limit and Continuity, and derivatives of complex
functions
• Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to have the
limit 𝐿 as 𝑧 approaches a point 𝑧0 , written as
lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝐿
𝑧→𝑧0
• If 𝑓 is defined in the neighborhood of
𝑧0 (except possibly at 𝑧0 itself) and if the values
of 𝑓(𝑧) are “close” to 𝐿 for all 𝑧 “close” to 𝑧0
from every direction in the complex plane.
i.e. lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝐿 ⟺ ∀ 𝜀 > 0 ∃ 𝛿 > 0 such
𝑧→𝑧0
that if 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝛿 then 𝑓 𝑧 − 𝐿 < 𝜀.
• Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be
continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if
o𝑓(𝑧0 ) is defined and
o lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑧0 ).
𝑧→𝑧0
• A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be continuous in a
domain if it is continuous at every point of the
domain.
Example: All complex polynomial functions are
continuous functions. A functions 𝑓 𝑧 = sin 𝑧
and 𝑔 𝑧 = cos 𝑧 are also continuous functions.
• Definition: The derivative of a complex function 𝑓
at 𝑧0 denoted by 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 is defined as
′
𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
provided that this limit exists. If 𝑓′(𝑧0 ) exists, we say
𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 .
Examples
• The function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 + 1 is differentiable
everywhere in the complex plane.
• The function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 is differentiable
everywhere in the complex plane.
• The function 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 is not differentiable
everywhere in the complex plane.
Because for any 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖𝑦0 ,
′
𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑧 − 𝑧0
= lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
1 along path 𝑥 = 𝑥0 (𝑦 → 𝑦0 )
=
−1 along path 𝑦 = 𝑦0 (𝑥 → 𝑥0 )
showing that 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 does not exists.
• Definition: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be
analytic in a domain 𝐷 if 𝑓(𝑧) is defined and
differentiable at all points of 𝐷.
• The function 𝑓 is analytic at a point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 in
𝐷 if 𝑓 is analytic in the neighborhood of 𝑧0 .
• Also by an analytic function we mean a
function that is analytic in some domain. A
more modern term for analytic in 𝐷 is
holomorphic in 𝐷.
Example: All polynomial functions, exponential
functions, rational functions (in their domain) are
analytic functions.
• 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 1 is analytic in ℂ.
• 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic in ℂ.
𝑧−1
• 𝑓 𝑧 = is analytic in its domain 𝐷 = ℂ\*±𝑖+ .
𝑧 2 +1
• 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 is not analytic everywhere in ℂ.
Cauchy-Reimann Equations
Given a complex function
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑤 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 .
Then 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in 𝐷 if and only if the first
partial derivatives of 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy the two
Cauchy-Reimann Equations:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
everywhere in 𝐷.
• Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 is
analytic for all 𝑧. Since, 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 and
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦. from which 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 2𝑥 and
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 = −2𝑦.
• Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 is not analytic for
all 𝑧. B/c, 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑦. From
which 𝑢𝑥 = 1, 𝑣𝑦 = −1, 𝑢𝑦 = 0 , 𝑣𝑥 = 0. Since
one of the Cauchy-Reimann Equations is not
satisfied; 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 , 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 is not analytic for
all 𝑧.
• Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic. Because
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
⟹ 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 and 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦
⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 and
𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

• Since 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy Cauchy-Reimann Equations 𝑓 is

analytic for all 𝑧.
• If we use the polar form 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ,
then
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑟, 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃
and the Cauchy-Reimann Equations are:
1 1
𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑢𝜃
𝑟 𝑟
Example: If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 3 , then find the Cauchy-
Reimann Equations in polar form:
Solution:
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 3 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 3
= 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 3 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
So, 𝑢 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 3 and 𝑣 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃.
And
𝑢𝑟 = cos 𝜃 , 𝑢𝜃 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃 &
𝑣𝑟 = sin 𝜃 , 𝑣𝜃 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃.
Hence the Cauchy-Reimann Equations are
1 1
𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 = cos 𝜃 & 𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑢𝜃 = sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟
Laplace Equations
• If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 is analytic in a domain
𝐷, then both 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy Laplace Equations:
𝛻 2 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝛻 2 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0
in 𝐷 and have continuous second order partial
derivatives in 𝐷.
• The solutions of Laplace equation having continuous
second order partial derivatives are called harmonic
functions.
• Hence the real and imaginary parts of an analytic
function are harmonic functions.
• If two harmonic functions 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy Cauchy-Reimann
Equations in 𝐷, then 𝑢 and 𝑣 are the real and imaginary parts
of some analytic function 𝑓 in 𝐷 and 𝑣 is called the harmonic
conjugate function of 𝑢 in 𝐷.
• Example: Verify that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 is harmonic function
in the whole complex plane and find the harmonic conjugate
function 𝑣 of 𝑢.

• Solution: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑢𝑦 =

− 2𝑦 − 1, 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = −2. Since 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 2 − 2 = 0 , the
function 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 satisfy Laplace equation.
Also from Cauchy-Reimann Equations
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 & 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥
𝑣𝑦 = 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑔 𝑥
for some function 𝑔. But
𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦 ⟹ 2𝑦 + 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 1
⟹ 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 1
⟹𝑔 𝑥 =𝑥+𝑐
for some constant 𝑐. Therefore, the harmonic
conjugate of 𝑢 is 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑐.
and the corresponding analytic function 𝑓 is

𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑖 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑐

= 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑖𝑐

2
= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖𝑐

= 𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑖𝑐

= 𝑧2 + 𝑖 𝑧 + 𝑐
• Note the followings
1
 cos 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
2
1
 sin 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑧
2𝑖
𝑑
 cos 𝑧 = − sin 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑
 sin 𝑧 = cos 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑
 tan 𝑧 = sec 2 𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑖𝑧
 𝑒 = cos 𝑧 + 𝑖 sin 𝑧
The End