COMPLEX VARIABLES

Introduction
Complex numbers
Consider the equations
x 2 1 0
x 2 3 0
x 2 10 x 40 0

There is no real number x which satisfies these equations. To get solutions of these
equations the set of complex numbers was introduced.
Definition:- A complex number z is of the form z = x+iy where x and y are real
1

numbers and i =
. Here x is called the real part and y is called imaginary part
of the complex number z . These are denoted by x = Re z and y = Im z.
Equality:- To complex numbers Z1 = x1+i y1 and Z2 = x2+iy2 are said to be equal if
x1=x2, y1=y2
Addition:- Let

Z1 x1 iy1 , Z 2 x2 iy2 then Z1 Z 2 (x1 x2 ) i ( y1 y2 )

Multiplication:- Let

Z1 x1 iy1 , Z 2 x2 iy2 then Z1Z 2 (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) i ( x1 y2 x2 y1 )

z x iy

Complex plane:- We can represent

in the XY-plane. X-axis is called the
real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. We can plot z = (x,y) as the
point P with co- ordinates x, y. The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are
represented is called the complex plane or Argand diagram.
Division:Z

Let

z1
z2

where

Z1 x1 iy1 , Z 2 x2 iy2

Complex conjugate:- Let

of z.

z x iy

then

then Z=
z x iy

x1 x2 y1 y2
x y x y
i 2 21 12 2
2
2
x2 y2
x2 y2

is called the complex conjugate

Polar form of complex numbers:r | z | x 2 y 2 , tan 1

y
x

z x iy

Where

and is called the Argument of

rei

then

is called the Modulus of

denoted by

|z|

denoted by arg Z.

The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are represented is called the complex
plane or Argand diagram.
Curves and Regions in the complex plane:Equation of a circle C with center at z = a and radius r is given by
| z a | r

denotes the interior of the circle (open circular disk or neighborhood of

the point a of radius r) and

| z a | r

denotes the exterior of the circle.

The region between two concentric circles of radii

by

r1 | z a | r2 .

form

c : | z a | r.

r1

and

r2 , (r2 r1 )

is represented

Such a region is called open annulus. A closed annulus is of the

r1 | z a | r2 . | Z | 1
z x iy

is called unit circle. The upper half plane we mean the

set of points
such that y > 0. Similarly y < 0 defines the lower half plane,
x > 0 defines the right half plane and x < 0 defines the left half plane.
Set:- A set of points in the complex plane we mean a collection of finitely or
infinitely many points.
Open set:- A set S is said to be open if every point of S has a neighborhood
consisting only of points of S.
Ex: Open circular disk
Closed set:- A set S is called closed if its complement is open.
Ex: Closed circular disk
Bounded set:- A set is called bounded if all of its points lie within a circle of
sufficiently large radius.

For example, the points inside a rectangle form a bounded set. The points on a
straight line do not form a bounded set.
Connected set:- An open set S is said to be connected if any two of its points can
be joined by a polygonal line of finitely many line segments , all of whose points
belong to S.
Domain:- An open connected set is called a domain.

COMPLEX FUNCTION
Definition:- Let S be a set of complex numbers. If to each complex number z in S
there corresponds a unique complex number w according to some rule then w is
w f (z)

called a complex function of z and we write

. Z is called a complex
w f ( z ) u iv
u Re w, v Im w.
variable. If
then
The set D is called the domain of
f and set of all

w f (z)

where

zD

is called the range of f.

Limit of a function
A function

f ( z)

is said to have the limit as z approaches z0 and if for every

positive real number

| f ( z ) l |

for all

however small it may be, we can find a

z z0

where

| z z0 |

such that

lim f ( z ) l.

. This is written as

z z0

Remark:(1) Here z may approach z0 from any direction in the complex plane
(2) We say limit exists if it is unique and finite.
lim f ( z ) f ( z0 ).

Continuity:- A function f(z) is said to be continuous at z = z0 if

Example:-Consider the function f(z) given below

z z0

z2,
0,

F ( z)

zi
z i

lim f ( z ) i 2 1
z i

f (i ) 0
lim f ( z ) f (i )
z i

Therefore it is not continuous function.

Differentiability:- A function f(z)is said to be differentiable at a point z = z0 if
lim

Vz 0

f ( z Vz ) f ( z0 )
Vz

exists and is denoted by

Example1:- Find the derivative of

f ( z) z

f '( z0 )

( z Vz )2 z 2
2z
Vz 0
Vz

f '( z ) lim

Example2:- Let

f (z) z

f ( z Vz ) f ( z ) z Vz z

Vz
z
( x Vx ) i ( y Vy ) ( x iy ) Vx iVy

Vx iVy
Vx iVy
Vx iVy
lim
1
Vx 0 Vx iVy
Vx iVy
lim
1
V y 0 Vx iVy

Therefore

f (z) z

is not differentiable.

Neighborhood:- A neighborhood of a point z0 in the complex plane is the set of all

points z such that

| z z0 | ,

where

is a small positive real number.

z0 x0 y0

Geometrical meaning:- If

| z z0 | ( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2

. Then

| z z0 | ( x x0 ) ( y y0 ) 2 2
2

Therefore

and radius

which is a circle with centre (x0, yo)

Geometrically a neighborhood of a point z is the set of all points

inside the circle having z0 as the centre and

as the radius.

Analytic Functions:
Definition: A function f (z) is said to be analytic in a region R if f (z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of R.
A function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point
analytic in a neighborhood of
neighborhood of

z0

z0

z z0

in R if f (z) is

or f(z) has derivative exists at every point in a

1, z , z 2

Examples: 1)
,.. and more generally polynomials are all analytic in the
entire complex plane.

2) The function f (z) =

1
1 z

is analytic everywhere in the complex plane

except at z=1.
z

3) , ,

are not analytic anywhere in the complex plane.

Note: Analytic function is also called a regular function or holomorphic function.

Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for a function
f (z) = u(x , y) + iv(x , y) to be analytic for every z in a region R are

(i)
(ii)

u
x

u v
,
y x

v
y

,
and
are continuous in R;
Its real and imaginary parts satisfy Cauchy-Riemann Equations

u v

x y

Proof: (

Vz 0

Then
Vz 0

f ( z Vz ) f ( z )
Vz

----------- (1) exists where

along real axis. Then

Vx 0,Vy 0

u ( x Vx, y ) iv( x Vx, y ) u iv

Vx 0
Vx

Therefore
Vz 0

along imaginary axis, then

v u
i
f ( z ) y y

Vz Vx iVy

f ' ( z ) lim

Let

) Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic at a point z = x+iy.

f ' ( z ) lim

Let

and

u v

y
x

Vy 0 Vx 0

u v
i
x
x

----- (2)

'

Therefore

----------- (3)

Since f (z) is analytic, both the values of

u v
i
x
x

same and hence

u v

x y

f ' ( z)

given by (2) and (3) must be the

v u
i
y
y

and

u v

y
x

Which are called Cauchy- Riemann (C-R) equations.

()

Suppose f (z) = u+iv having partial derivatives

u u , v v
x y x y

and

u v u v

x y y
x

Then by Taylors theorem for function of two variables,

f ( z Vz ) u ( x Vx, y Vy ) iv ( x Vx, y Vy )

u ( x, y )

u
u
v
v
Vx Vy ..... i[v ( x, y ) Vx Vy .....]
x
y
x
y

f (z) (

u v
u v
i )Vx ( i )Vy
x
x
y
y

u v
v u
i
Vx ( i )Vy
f ( z Vz ) f ( z ) x
x
x x

=(

u v
u v
i
Vx iVy ( i )
x
x
x
x

=(
f ' ( z)

lim
Vz 0

u v
i
x
x (Vx iVy )

f ( z Vz ) f ( z )
Vz

u v
i
x
x

Therefore f (z) is analytic in R.

Examples: (1) Show that
Solution:

f ( z ) e z

f ( z ) e ( x iy ) e x .e iy
e x (cos y i sin y )

u e x cos y, v e x sin y
u
v
e x cos y; e x cos y
x
y
u
v
e x sin y; e x sin y
y
x

f '( z ) e x cos y ie x sin y

e x (cos y i sin y )

e x e iy

is analytic everywhere. Find

f ' ( z)

=
(2)
(3)

e ( x iy ) e z

f ( z) z 2
f ( z) z

is analytic function.
is nowhere analytic.

(4) Show that

Proof:

f ( z ) log z

f ( z ) log r i

is analytic everywhere except at z=0.

1
y
log( x 2 y 2 ) i tan 1
2
x

x iy
x iy

2
2
x y
( x iy )( x iy )

f ' ( z)

Therefore C-R Equations are satisfied.

(5) Show that

f ( z ) sin z

is analytic everywhere and find

f ' ( z)

Proof: sinz = sin(x+iy) = sinx cosiy + cosx siniy

= sinx coshy + icosx sinhy
Hence u = sinx coshy and v = cosx sinhy
u
x

= cosxcoshy ;

v
y

= cosxcoshy ;

u
sin x sinh y
y

v
sin x sinh y
x

Since C-R equations are satisfied , f(z)= sinz is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane . Therefore

f ' ( z)

= cosz

(6) Show that f (z) = coshz is analytic and find

Proof:

f ' ( z)

e z e z e x [cos y i sin y ] e x [cos y i sin y ]

cosh z

2
2

cos y cosh x i sin y sinh x

Therefore

f ' ( z ) sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y sinh z

(7) If f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is analytic, prove that the family of curves u(x, y) =
is orthogonal to the family of curves v(x, y) =
c1 and c2

c2

c1

for every arbitrary constants

Proof: The slope of the tangent to the family of curves u(x, y) =c1is obtained by
differentiating u(x, y) =

dy
dx

=-

u
x m
1
u
y

c1

Similarly for v(x, y) = ,

Therefore

=-

u dy
y dx

= 0,

---------------- (1)
c2

dy
dx

w.r.t. x ;

u
x

v
x m
2
v
y

v
x

v dy
y dx

=0, implies

---------------- (2)

m1.m2 1

Hence the two family of curves are orthogonal to each other.

Harmonic function: A function A(x, y) is said to be a harmonic function if it
2 A 0 i.e.,

satisfies the Laplaces equation

2 A 2 A

0
x 2 y 2

Theorem: If f (z) = u+iv is analytic, then u and v are u and v are harmonic.
Proof: Since f (z) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.

u v

x y

------------- (1) and

u v

y
x

--------------- (2)

Diff. (1) w.r.to x and (2) w.r.to y;

2u 2 u

0
x 2 y 2

Similarly,

which implies that u is harmonic.

2v 2v

0
x 2 y 2

which implies v is harmonic.

Note: (1) If f (z) is analytic, then u is called the conjugate harmonic function of v
and vice versa.
(2)u and v are harmonic does not implies that f (z) = u+iv is analytic.

C-R equations in polar form:

Let
So

x r cos , y r sin

. Then

f ( z ) u iv f (rei ) (1)

Diff. partially w.r.to r and ;

u v
i f ' (rei )ei (2)
r
r
u
v
i
f ' (rei )irei (3)

1 u 1 v

f ' ( rei )ei (4)

r r

From (2) and (4), we get

z x iy rei

u v
1 u 1 v
i i

r
r
r r

Therefore

u 1 v u
v

;
r
r r
r

f ' ( z ) e i (

And

[since C-R equations]

u v
i )
r
r

Result:
f ( z ) u iv

If
is analytic where
equation in polar form).

z rei

then

2 u 1 u 1 2 u

0
r 2 r r r 2 2

(Laplace

Proof:

We have

u 1 v

r r

and

u
v
r

2u
1 v 1 2 v

r 2
r 2 r r
2u
2v

r
2
r

Thus

1 v 1 2v 1 u 1
2v
2

( r
)0
r r r r r r 2
r

Milne-Thomsons method:
Given a harmonic function u(x,y) to determine an analytic function

f ( z ) u x ( x, y ) iv x ( x, y ) u x ( x, y ) iu y ( x, y )

f(z)= u(x,y)+I v(x,y), we have

x Re z

C-R equations. Since

f ( z ) u x (

zz zz
zz zz
,
) iu y (
,
)
2
2i
2
2i

In particular for z =
Hence

zz
zz
and y Im z
2
2i

, we have

, we have

This holds for all z and

f ( z ) u x ( z, 0) iu y ( z , 0)

by

f ( z ) u x ( z ,0) iu y ( z , 0) dz c

Properties of analytic functions:

i.

If

f ( z)

and

g ( z)

are analytic functions then

f g , fg

f /g

are analytic if

g ( z) 0
f ( z)

ii.

If
is analytic then its continuous. (analytic
continuity)

Problems:
Let

f ( z ) u iv

be an analytic function, then S.T

2
2

) | f ( z ) |2 4 | f '( z ) |2
x 2 y 2

| f ( z ) |) 2 ( | f ( z ) |) 2 | f '( z ) |2
x
y

2
2

)log | f ( z ) | 0
x 2 y 2

1.
2.

3.
Solution:

Differentiability

f ( z ) u iv

Let

| f ( z ) |2 u 2 v 2
f '( z )

u v
i
x x

| f '( z ) |2 (

u 2 v 2
v
u
) ( ) ( )2 ( )2
x
x
y
y

u
v
2u
2v
x
x
x
2

u 2
2u
v 2
2v

2(
)

2
u

2(
)

2
v
x 2
x
x 2
x
x 2

Similarly

2 | f '( z ) |2
2
2 | f '( z ) |2
y 2

Adding we get

4. Show that
of V
Solution:

2
2

) | f ( z ) |2 4 | f '( z ) |2
x 2 y 2

V ( x, y ) sin x sinh y

Vx cos x sinh y;Vy sin x cosh y;

Vxx sin x sinh y;Vyy sin x cosh y;
Vxx Vyy 0 V ( x, y )

Vx

u
cos x sinh y
y

is harmonic

is harmonic. Find the harmonic conjugate

u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y g ( x)
u
v
sin x cosh y g '( x)
x
y

Thus

u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y C

5. Find the analytic function

f ( z ) u iv

where

u e ( x cos y y sin y ) 2sin x sinh y x 3 xy 2 y

x

Solution:
u x e x (cos y x cos y y sin y ) 2cos x sinh y 3x 2 3 y 2
u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
vx u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
f '( z ) u x ivx e z (1 z ) 3z 2 i (2sin z 1)

Thus

f ( z ) ze z z 3 2i cos z iz C

u xy

6. If
then find v and hence f(z)
Solution:
u v

y
x y

v ( x, y )

y2
g ( x)
2

v
g '( x ) x
x
x2
g ( x) C
2
dv

v
v
dx dy
x
y
u
u
dx dy
y
x
xdx ydy

x2 y2
v ( x, y ) C
2
2
x2 y2
z2
f ( z ) xy i ( C ) i ( C )
2 2
2

Exercises:
7. Show that

1
u log( x 2 y 2 )
2

is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic

function and the corresponding analytic function

f ( z ) u iv

u v e x (cos y sin y )

f ( z ) u iv

8. Find the analytic function

. Given that
9. Find the analytic function f(z) as a function of z, given that the sum of its
real and imaginary part is
10. Find the analytic function
i.
ii.

1
u (cos sin )
r
cos 2
u
,r 0
r2
v r sin

iii.

cos
r

x 3 y 3 3xy ( x y )
f ( z ) u iv

iv.
v.
vi.

such that
1
v (r )sin
r

u r 2 cos 2 r sin
v r 2 cos 2 r cos 2

Solution:
i.

Given that

1
u (cos sin )
r

1
1 v
(cos sin )
2
r
r
1
v (cos sin )
r
1
v(r , ) (cos sin ) g (r )
r
v 1
1
2 (sin cos ) g '( r ) (sin cos )
r r
r

ur

v x2 y2

11. Let

x
x y2
2

. Find u and hence

12.Find an analytic function f(z) s.t

Solution:
Let

f '( z ) U iV

, then

f ( z ) u iv

Re f '( z ) 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2

U 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2

U x Vy 6 x
U y Vx 4 6 y Vx 4 6 y (*)
V ( x, y ) 6 xy g ( x) (1)
Vx 6 y g '( x )
from(*) g '( x ) 4
g ( x) 4 x C
V ( x, y ) 6 xy 4 x C

Therefore

f '( z ) 3 x 2 4 y 3 y 2 i (6 xy 4 x C )

By Milne Thomson method

On integration
But

f '( z ) 3 z 2 i(4 z C )

f ( z ) z 3 i (2 z 2 Cz ) C 1

f (1 i ) 0

f (1 i ) (1 i )3 i (2(1 i) 2 C (1 i)) C1 0
1 i 3i 3 i (4i C Ci ) C1 0
2i 2 4i 2 Ci C C1 0

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

2C 0
C 2

6 C C1 0
C1 4

f ( z ) z 3 i(2 z 2 2 z ) 4 z 3 4 2i( z 2 z )

Therefore

and

f (1 i ) 0

13. Find f(z) if

Solution:
ux e x

y2

( sin 2 xy )(2 y) (2 x)e x

u x v y 2e x
uy ex

u e x y cos 2 xy

y2

y2

cos 2 xy

( y sin 2 xy x cos 2 xy )

( sin 2 xy )(2 x) (2 y )e x

y2

cos 2 xy

u y 2e x y ( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy ) vx
v x 2e x

y2

( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy )
2

f '( z ) u x ivx e x y (2 y sin 2 xy 2 x cos 2 xy 2 x sin 2 xy 2 y cos 2 xy )

Therefore
By M.T rule
f '( z ) 2 ze z

f ( z ) 2 ze z dz 2et
2

On integrating
14.

2
dt
et C e z C
2

u v ( x y )( x 2 4 xy y 2 )

Solution:
u x vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )
x 2 4 xy y 2 2 x 2 4 xy 2 xy 4 y 2
3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

u y vy x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(4 x 2 y )
x 2 4 xy y 2 4 x 2 2 xy 4 xy 2 y 2

But

3 x 2 3 y 2 6 xy

ux vy

and

u y v x

u x u y 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

Therefore

u y u x 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

Adding, we get

2u y 6 x 2 6 y 2 u y 3 x 2 3 y 2

Substituting, We get

2u x 12 xy u x 6 xy

Therefore
From (*)

6 x2 y
u ( x, y )
g ( y)
2
u y 3x 2 g '( y )

g '( y ) 3 y 2

On integration, we get
Therefore
Now

g ( y) y3 C

u ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y y 3 C

v x 3 4 x 2 y y 2 x x 2 y 4 y 2 x y 3 3x 2 y y 3 C

x3 3 y 2 x C

v 3xy x 3 C
2

Therefore

f ( z ) u iv 3x 2 y y 3 C i (3xy 2 x 3 C )

=
Or

ux 6 xy

iz 3 C

u y 3 x 2 3 y 2 vx

f ' ( z ) u x ivx 6 xy i (3 y 2 3x 2 )

0 i ( 3 z 2 )
f ( z ) iz 3 c

3)

u v e x (cos y sin y )
u x vx e x (cos y sin y ) u y u x e x cos y e x sin y
u y v y e x ( sin y cos y ) u y u x e x cos y e x sin y

Adding,

2u y 2e x sin y

Subtract,

2u x 2e x cos y

u y e x sin y

But

u x e x cos y

f ' ( z ) u x ivx

u x iu y e x cos y ie x sin y

e x [cos y i sin y ]

e x .eiy e x iy e z
f ( z) ez c

4)

u v ( x y )( x 2 4 xy y 2 )
u x vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )

3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2 u x u y
u y v y 3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2 u y u x

Adding,

2u x 6( x 2 y 2 )
u x 3x 2 3 y 2

f ' ( z ) u x ivx 3 x 2 3 y 2 i 6 xy

3z 2

f ( z) z3 c

5)

1
u (cos sin )
r

2u y 12 xy
u y 6 xy vx

ur

1
(cos sin )
r2

1
ur v
r

and

1
u ( sin cos )
r

and

1
vr u
r

1 1
1
vr [ (sin cos )] 2 (sin cos )
r r
r
f ' ( z ) e i [ur ivr ] e i

1
[ (cos i sin ) i (cos i sin )]
r2

e i

1
(sin cos i sin i cos )
r2

1 i
1
(1 i )
i
e
[
i

1]
e

(1

i
)

r2
r 2 e 2i
z2

1
(1 i )
f ( z ) (1 i )( ) c
c
z
z

v r sin

6)
vr sin

cos
r

cos
1
u
2
r
r

v r cos

sin
rur
r

u (r , ) r cos

ur r cos

sin
g (r )
r

sin
g ' (r )
r2

u rvr r sin

and

and

cos
r

1
sin
ur v cos 2
r
r

g ' (r ) 0

g (r ) c

u (r , ) r cos

f ( z ) r cos

sin
r

sin
cos
i[ r sin
]
r
r

i
r[cos i sin ] [cos i sin ]
r
i
i
i
rei e i rei i z
r
re
z
u

cos 2
,r 0
r2

ur

2 cos 2 1
v
r3
r

7)

v rur

2 cos 2
r2

v(r , )

2 sin 2
g (r )
r2 2

vr

1 2sin 2
2sin 2
vr [
]
2
r
r
r3

2
sin 2 g ' (r )
3
r

v( r , )

sin 2
c
r2

f ( z ) u iv

8)

1
1
(cos 2 i sin 2 ) 2
2
r
z

u r 2 cos 2 r sin

2sin 2
1
[ u vr ]
2
r
r

g ' (r ) 0

g (r ) c

1
ur 2r cos 2 sin v
r

u 2r 2 sin 2 r cos rvr

v 2r 2 cos 2 r sin

vr 2 sin 2 cos

v (r , ) r 2 sin 2 r cos g (r )
vr 2r sin 2 cos g ' ( r )

g ' (r ) 0
g (r ) c

v(r , ) r 2 sin 2 r cos c

f ( z ) u iv r 2 (cos 2 i sin 2 ) ir (cos i sin ) ic
r 2ei 2 irei ic

z 2 i ( z c)

9)

1
v (r )sin
r
vr (1

1
)sin
r2

u rvr
1
(r )sin
r

1
v (r ) cos
r
1
ur v
r
(1

1
) cos
r2

1
u (r , ) (r ) cos g (r )
r
ur (1

1
) cos g ' ( r )
2
r

g ' (r ) 0, g (r ) c

1
1
f ( z ) u iv (r ) cos c i (r )sin
r
r
1
r (cos i sin ) (cos i sin ) c
r
1
rei e i c
r
1
z c
z

10)

u v x 3 y 3 3xy ( x y ) x 3 y 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2
u x vx 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

and

u x u y 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

u y v y 3 y 2 3 x 2 6 xy
u y u x 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2

f ( z) z3 c
u

11)

1
log( x 2 y 2 )
2

ux

1 1
x
2x 2
vy
2
2
2x y
x y2

uy

y
vx
x y2
2

f ' ( z ) u x ivx

v ( x, y )

x iy
z 1
2
2
2
x y
z
z

dy tan 1
2
x y

y
g ( x)
x

vx

1 y

y
1
2
g ' ( x)
2
2
x y
x

x c

v( x, y ) tan 1 y

v x2 y2

12)
vx 2 x

x
x y2
2

( x2 y 2 ) 2 x2
y 2 x2

2
x

u y
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2

( x 2 y 2 )0 2 xy
2 xy
v y 2 y
2y 2
ux
2
2 2
(x y )
( x y 2 ) 2

f ' ( z ) u x ivx

0 i (2 z ) z 4

z
2

f ( z) i z 2 1 c

13) Show that differentiability implies continuity but the converse is not true.
Solution: Let
derivative at
f ' ( a) lim

i.e,

z a

f (z)

za

be a differentiable function at

f ( z ) f (a)
za

, if

f ( a)

exists

za

and

f ' (a )

be its

lim f ( z ) lim{ f ( z ) f ( a) f ( a)}

z a

Consider

za

lim f ( z ) lim
z a

z a

f ( z ) f (a )
( z a ) lim f ( a)
z a
za

f ' (a) lim( z a) f ( a)

z a

f (a )
f ( z)

is continuous at

Differentiability

Consider

f (z) z

za

Continuity

then

f (0) 0

lim f ( z ) lim z 0 lim ( x iy )

Now

z a

f ( z)

But

z 0

x , y 0

is continuous at

f ( z) z

z0

is not differentiable.

Continuity

Differentiability

Hence the above.

14)

f ( z) z n

Put

z rei

Then,

f ( z ) r n ein r n (cos n i sin n )

u r n cos n

and

v r n sin n

u
nr n 1 cos n
r

and

v
nr n 1 sin n
r

and

CR Equations are,

u
nr n sin n

v
nr n cos n

u 1 v

r r

and

v
1 u

r
r

v
u
i e i
r
r

f ' (z)

(nr n 1 cos n inr n 1 sin n )e i

nr n 1 (cos n i sin n )e i
nr n 1ein e i
nr n 1e i ( n 1)

n(rei ) n1 nz n 1

15)

f ( z ) cosh z

f ' ( z ) sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y

e x e x
e x e x
cos y i
sin y
2
2

e x cos y i sinh y e x (cos y i sinh y )

2

e x eiy e x e iy e z e z

sinh z
2
2

are satisfied.

Problems:

1. Find

f ( z)

where

sin2 x
cosh 2 y cos 2 x

u (cosh 2 y cos 2 x)(2cos 2 x) sin 2 x (2 sin 2 x )

x
(cosh 2 y cos 2 x) 2

Sol:

2cosh2 ycos 2 x
(cosh2 y cos 2 x) 2

u
2 sinh 2 ysin 2 x

y (cosh 2 y cos 2 x ) 2

Since

f (z)

f ( z)

Therefore

u u
i
x
x
f ( z )

By MT method,
Integrating we get,
u

2. Given

is analytic and satisfy CR equations.

2(cosh2 ycos 2 x 1 isin2 xsinh2 y

(cosh 2 y cos 2 x ) 2

2(cos 2 z 1)
2
2

cosec 2 z
2
2
(cos 2 z 1)
cos 2 z 1 2sin z

f ( z ) cotz C.

y
x y2
2

u
2 xy
2
x ( x y 2 ) 2

Sol:

u
x2 y 2
2
y ( x y 2 ) 2
f ( z )

Therefore,

u u 2 xy ix 2 iy 2 i
i

2
x
y
( x 2 y 2 )2
z

f ( z)

Integrating we get,
3. Given

i
C.
z

u e 2 x ( xcos 2 y -ysin 2 y )
u
e 2 x (2 xcos 2 y -2 ysin2 y cos 2 y )
x

Sol:

u
e 2 x ( 2 xsin 2 y sin 2 y 2 ycos 2 y )
y
f ( z )

Therefore,

u u
i
e 2 z (2 z 1)
x
y

Integrating we get,
4.

e2 z
e2 z
f ( z ) (2 z 1)
2 2 C ze 2 z C.
2
z

u y e x cosy
u
e x cosy
x

Sol:

f ( z )

Therefore,

u u
i
ez i
x
y

Integrating we get,
v

5. Given

and

u
1 e x siny
y

f ( z ) e z iz

x y
x2 y2

v x 2 y 2 ( x y )2 x x 2 y 2 2 xy

x
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2

Sol:

v ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x y )( 2 y ) x 2 2 xy y 2

y
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2

f ( z )

Therefore,

v v
i
y x

y 2 x 2 2 xy iy 2 ix 2 2ixy
( x2 y 2 )2
f ( z )

By MT method,

(1 i )
z2

f (z)

Integrating we get,
6. Given

1 i
C.
z

v e x ( xcosy ysiny )
v
e x ( xcosy -ysiny cosy )
x

Sol:

v
e x ( x sin y +siny ycosy )
y

v v
i
y x
e x ( xsiny siny ycosy ixcosy iysiny icosy )
f ( z )

Therefore,

By MT method,
Integrating,
7. Given

Sol:

f ( z ) e z i(1 z )

f ( z ) ize z ie z ie z C ize z C .

v e x siny
v
e x sin y
x
v
e x cosy
y

f ( z )

v v
i
y x

e x (i sin y cos y )
ez

Therefore,
Integrating,
8. Given

f ( z ) e z C.

v e x ( x sin y y cos y )
v
e x ( x sin y +y cos y sin y )
x

Sol:

v
e x ( x cos y +y sin y cos y )
y

v v
i
y x
e x ( x cos y y sin y cos y ix sin y iy cos y i sin y )
f ( z )

Therefore,

By MT method,
Integrating,
uv

9. Given

Sol:

f ( z ) e z ( z 1)

f ( z ) ze z C.
x y
x 4 xy y 2
2

x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y ) x 2 2 xy 5 y 2
u x vx
2
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
( x 4 xy y 2 )2

u y vy

Similarly,

-------(1)

(1)( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) ( x y )(4 x 2 y ) 5 x 2 2 xy y 2
2
( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) 2
( x 4 xy y 2 )2

5 x 2 2 xy y 2
-vx u x ( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2

--------(2)
(1)+(2) gives,
v x

3( x 2 y 2 )
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
f ( z )

ux

and

2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy
( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) 2

u
u 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy i3( x 2 y 2 )
i

x
x
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2

Therefore,
f ( z )

By MT method,
f (z)

Integrating,
10.Given
Sol:

2 3i
z2

(2 3i )
C.
z

2u v e x (cosy siny )
2u x vx e x (cosy siny )

2u y v y e x ( cosy siny ) 2vx u x

Gives,
vx

5vx e x (3cosy siny )

ex
(3cosy siny )
5
ux

From (1),
f ( z )

Therefore,

ex
(cosy 3siny )
5

u
u e x
i
(cosy 3siny i 3cosy isiny )
x
x 5

-----(1)
-----(2)

f ( z )

By MT method,
f (z)

ez
(1 3i )
5

ez
(1 3i ) C.
5

Integrating,
11.If
(

Sol:

f ( z ) u iv

is an analytic function of

, Show that

2
2 p

)u p ( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
x 2 y 2
p
u
u pu p 1
x
x

Similarly,

2 p
2u
p 2 u 2
u

p
(
p

1)
u
(
)

p
(
p

1)
y 2
y
y 2

Therefore,

and

2 p
2u
p 2 u 2
u

p
(
p

1)
u
(
)

p
(
p

1)
x 2
x
x 2

2
2 p
u
u

)u p( p 1)u p 2 (( ) 2 ( ) 2 ) p( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
2
2
y
x
y
x