el ect r oma gnet ic

induct ion

BY:
SATYAMSHREE SAHOO
CLASS XII
ROLL NO:-

`
INDEX
 AIM

 CERTIFICATE

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION

 THEORY CONCLUSION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

'ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION' has been
successfully completed by _____________________
of Class- XII in partial fulfilment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARYEDUCATION
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2019-20. This is to
certify that the PHYSICS project titled
'ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION' has been
successfully completed by AUM SUBHAM PANDA
of Class- XII in partial fulfilment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARYEDUCATION
(CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2025-26.

External Examiner’s Signature

Principal’s Signature Subject
Teacher’s Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to

express my gratitude towards
our Physics teacher
Mr__________________ for his
guidance, help and support
throughout the duration of the
project. Without her motivation
and help the successful
completion of this project would
not have been possible.
APPARATUS

1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod

3. A strong magnet

4. A strong light emitting diode

(LED)
INTRODUCTION

Fraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that

predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF).
It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors
and many types of electrical motors and generators

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael

Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only
allows us to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also
makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday's Law. From natural
phenomena such as the light we receive from the sun, to technologies
that improve our quality of life such as electric power generation,
Faraday's Law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
Faraday's Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist
and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday
in London and Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New
York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work
first. An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday's
Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who
made his contribution to Faraday's Law, now known as Lenz's Law, in
1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday's law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic field.
Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to develop an
understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the related concept
of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to a modern
torroidal transformer) to induce current.
Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation
describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by
a magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical
Lines of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell
gives a separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena.
A reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made
in some modern textbooks.
THEORY

 MAGNETIC FLUX :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with
a flux meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S
ϕB = B⋅S = BScosθ
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux
density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface,
and O is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to S For a varying magnetic field, we first consider
the magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we
may consider the field to be constant-

dФB = B. S.
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the
fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be
defined as:

ΦB = ∮𝜕SA⋅dℓ

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S,
which is denoted ƏS.

LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell-
Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes-because B changes, or because the wire loop
is moved or deformed, or both-ε Faraday's law of induction says that
the wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is
the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to
the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),
F = q (E+v × B)
the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the
electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux density,
magnetic induction), dl is an infinitesimal arc length along the wire,
and the line integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the
coincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-conservative
electric field, and vice-versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is:

where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric field and B(r,
t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be functions of
position rand time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with these
equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used
to "prove" the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or other laws.
CONCLUSION

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's is
not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to
a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of
the sun, to the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday's Law has on us.
Bibliography

 WIKIPEDIA

 CHATGPT

 ISSAC PHYSICS
EXPERIMENT PHOTOS