Department of Computer Science Engineering

Name of the faculty : Mrs. Deepthi Kamidi

Name of the Subject : CLOUD COMPUTING (CS714PE)
Class and Section : VI B. Tech IT
Semester : I (ODD Semester)

Lecture Number Unit Number Topic to be covered

UNIT- IV

CLOUD SERVICE MODELS : Infrastructure

1.
as a Service

2. Characteristics of IaaS, Suitability of IaaS

Pros and Cons of IaaS, Summary of IaaS

3.
Providers
4. Platform as a Service

5. Characteristics of PaaS
10
Suitability of PaaS Pros and Cons of PaaS,
6.
Summary of PaaS Providers
7. Software as a Service

8. Characteristics of SaaS, Suitability of SaaS

Pros and Cons of SaaS, Summary of SaaS

9.
Providers

10. Other Cloud Service Models

UNIT – IV

NOTES

4. Cloud Service Models

 Cloud computing is a general term used to identify online delivery of data
storage, processing, analytics, and other services, online without being
dependent on local hardware.
 Cloud computing is a model that enables the end users to access the shared
pool of resources such as computing, network, storage, database, and
application as an on-demand service without the need to buy or own it.
 Cloud services can be distinguished based on their business model,
functionality, and billing systems.

Infrastructure as a Service
 IaaS provides businesses with ready-to-use IT infrastructure: development
environment, private networks, secure data storage, instruments for software
development and testing, functionality monitoring, etc.
 The enterprises don’t need to build and secure their own IT infrastructure —
they fully power the development process with third-party servers and cloud

IaaS provider may provide the flowing services:

• Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units
(CPUs) and virtual main memory for the VMs that are provisioned to the end
users.
• Storage: STaaS provides back-end storage for the VM images. Some of the IaaS
providers also provide the back end for storing files.
• Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides virtual networking components
such as virtual router, switch, and bridge for the VMs.
• Load balancers: Load Balancing as a Service may provide load balancing
capability at the infrastructure layer.

Characteristics of IaaS
1. Web access to the resources: The IaaS model enables the IT users to access
infrastructure resources over the Internet. When accessing a huge computing
power, the IT user need not get physical access to the servers. Through any
web browsers or management console, the users can access the required
infrastructure.
2. Centralized management: Even though the physical resources are distributed,
the management will be from a single place. The resources distributed across
different parts can be controlled from any management console. This ensures
effective resource management and effective resource utilization.
3. Elasticity and dynamic scaling: IaaS provides elastic services where
the usage of resources can be increased or decreased according to the
requirements. The infrastructure need depends on the load on the application.
According to the load, IaaS services can provide the resources. The load on any
application is dynamic and IaaS services are capable of proving the required
services dynamically.
4. Shared infrastructure: IaaS follows a one-to-many delivery model and allows
multiple IT users to share the same physical infrastructure. The different IT
users will be given different VMs. IaaS ensures high resource utilization.
5. Preconfigured VMs: IaaS providers offer preconfigured VMs with operating
systems (OSs), network configuration, etc. The IT users can select any kind of
VMs of their choice. The IT users are free to configure VMs from scratch. The
users can directly start using the VMs as soon as they subscribed to the
services.
6. Metered services: IaaS allows the IT users to rent the computing resources
instead of buying it. The services consumed by the IT user will be measured,
and the users will be charged by the IaaS providers based on the amount of
usage.

Suitability of IaaS

1. Unpredictable spikes in usage: When there is a significant spike in usage of

computing resources, IaaS is the best option for IT industries. When demand is
very volatile, we cannot predict the spikes and troughs in terms of demand of
the infrastructure. In this situation, we cannot add or remove infrastructure
immediately according to the demand in a traditional infrastructure. If there is
an unpredictable demand of infrastructure, then it is recommended to use
IaaS services.
2. Limited capital investment: New start-up companies cannot invest more on
buying infrastructure for their business needs. And so by using IaaS, start-up
companies can reduce the capital investment on hardware. IaaS is the suitable
option for start-up companies with less capital investment on hardware.
3. Infrastructure on demand: Some organizations may require large
infrastructure for a short period of time. For this purpose, an organization
cannot afford to buy more on-premise resources. Instead, they can rent the
required infrastructure for a specific period of time. IaaS best suits the
organizations that look for infrastructure on demand or for a short time period

Pros and Cons of IaaS

Limitations :
1. When regulatory compliance does not allow off-premise hosting: For some
companies, its regulation may not allow the application and data to be hosted
on third-party off-premise infrastructure.
2. When usage is minimal: When the usage is minimal and the available on-
premise infrastructure itself is capable of satisfying their needs.
3. When better performance is required: Since the IaaS services are accessed
through the Internet, sometimes the performance might be not as expected due
to network latency.
4. Whenthere is a need for more control on physical infrastructure: Some
organizations might require physical control over the underlying infrastructure.
As the IaaS services are abstracted as virtual resources, it is not possible to
have more control on underlying physical infrastructure.

Pros and Cons of IaaS :

1. Pay-as-you-use model: The IaaS services are provided to the customers on a pay-
per-use basis. This ensures that the customers are required to pay for what they
have used. This model eliminates the unnecessary spending on buying hardware.
2. Reduced TCO: Since IaaS providers allow the IT users to rent the computing
resources, they need not buy physical hardware for running their business. The
IT users can rent the IT infrastructure rather than buy it by spending large
amount. IaaS reduces the need for buying hardware resources and thus
reduces the TCO.
3. Elastic resources: IaaS provides resources based on the current needs. IT
users can scale up or scale down the resources whenever they want. This
dynamic scaling is done automatically using some load balancers. This load
balancer transfers the additional resource request to the new server and
improves application efficiency.
4. Better resource utilization: Resource utilization is the most important criteria
to succeed in the IT business. The purchased infrastructure should be utilized
properly to increase the ROI. IaaS ensures better resource utilization and
provides high ROI for IaaS providers.
5. Supports Green IT: In traditional IT infrastructure, dedicated servers are used
for different business needs. Since many servers are used, the power
consumption will be high. This does not result in Green IT. In IaaS, the need of
buying dedicated servers is eliminated as single infrastructure is shared
between multiple customers, thus reducing the number of servers to be
purchased and hence the power consumption that results in Green IT.

Drawbacks of IaaS :
1. Security issues: Since IaaS uses virtualization as the enabling technology,
hypervisors play an important role. There are many attacks that target the
hypervisors to compromise it. If hypervisors get compromised, then any VMs
can be attacked easily. Most of the IaaS providers are not able to provide 100%
security to the VMs and the data stored on the VMs.
2. Interoperability issues: There are no common standards followed among the
different IaaS providers. It is very difficult to migrate any VM from one IaaS
provider to the other. Sometimes, the customers might face the vendor lock-in
problem.
3. Performance issues: IaaS is nothing but the consolidation of available
resources from the distributed cloud servers. Here, all the distributed servers
are connected over the network. Latency of the network plays an important role
in deciding the performance. Because of latency issues, sometimes the VM
contains issues with its performance

Summary of IaaS Providers

 Amazon Web Services: a public cloud that offers subscribers access to virtual
servers for product deployment, Cloud storage, tools for development, testing,
and analytics. The application provides a ready-to-use environment to develop
and test the product and offers the full cloud infrastructure for its deployment
and maintenance. 
 Microsoft Azure: the combination of IaaS and platform as a service, the
software offers 100+ services for software development, administration, and
deployment, provides tools for working with innovative technologies (big data,
machine learning, Internet of Things), etc.
 IBM Infrastructure: IBM uses its in-house services to store the data of
infrastructure users, enabling remote data access via Cloud computing. IBM
servers support AI, blockchain, and the Internet of Things. The infrastructure
also provides Cloud storage and virtual development environments, enabled on
the subscription basis.
 Google Cloud Infrastructure: the large network of international servers that
provides users access to remote Cloud data centers. Companies can store their
information in Asia, Europe, Latin America, which minimizes the risk of a
security breach.

Platform as a Service
 Platform as a Service is software that provides access to development tools,
APIs, and deployment instruments. Users receive access to virtual development
environments and Cloud storage, where they can build, test, and run
applications.

 In PaaS, users are billed only for the platforms that they use for the time when
the services were used. There is no need to pay for excessive functionality, like
in desktop solutions.
 PaaS allows the developers to develop their application online and also allows
them to deploy immediately on the same platform. PaaS consumers or
developers can consume language runtimes, application frameworks,
databases, message queues, testing tools, and deployment tools as a service
over the Internet
 PaaS providers also provide build tools, deployment tools, and software load
balancers as a service:
 Programming languages: PaaS providers provide a wide variety of
programming languages for the developers to develop applications. Some of the
popular programming languages provided by PaaS vendors are Java, Perl, PHP,
Python, Ruby, Scala, Clojure, and Go.
 Application frameworks: PaaS vendors provide application frameworks that
simplify the application development. Some of the popular application
development frameworks provided by a PaaS provider include Node.js, Rails,
Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Django, EE6, Spring, Play, Sinatra, Rack, and
Zend.
 Database: Since every application needs to communicate with the databases, it
becomes a must- have tool for every application. PaaS providers are providing
databases also with their PaaS platforms. The popular databases provided by
the popular PaaS vendors are ClearDB, PostgreSQL, Cloudant, Membase,
MongoDB, and Redis.
 Other tools: PaaS providers provide all the tools that are required to develop,
test, and deploy an application.

Characteristics of PaaS
1. All in one: Most of the PaaS providers offer services to develop, test, deploy,
host, and maintain applications in the same IDE. Additionally, many service
providers provide all the programming languages, frameworks, databases, and
other development-related services that make developers choose from a wide
variety of development platforms.
2. Web access to the development platform: A typical development platform
uses any IDEs for developing applications. Typically, the IDE will be installed
in the developer’s machines. But, PaaS provides web access to the
development platform. Using web UI, any developer can get access to the
development platform. The web-based UI helps the developers create, modify,
test, and deploy different applications on the same platform.
3. Offline access: A developer may not be able to connect to the Internet for a
whole day to access the PaaS services. When there is no Internet connectivity,
the developers should be allowed to work offline. To enable offline development,
some of the PaaS providers allow the developer to synchronize their local IDE
with the PaaS services. The developers can develop an application locally and
deploy it online whenever they are connected to the Internet.
4. Built-in scalability: Scalability is an important requirement for the new-
generation web or SaaS applications. It is very difficult to enable the dynamic
scalability for any application developed using traditional development
platforms. But, PaaS services provide built-in scalability to an application that
is developed using any particular PaaS. This ensures that the application is
capable of handling varying loads efficiently.
5. Collaborative platform: Nowadays, the development team consists of
developers who are working from different places. There is a need for a
common platform where the developers can collaboratively work together on
the same project. Most of the PaaS services provide support for collaborative
development. To enable collaboration among developers, most of the PaaS
providers provide tools for project planning and communication.
6. Diverse client tools: To make the development easier, PaaS providers provide
a wide variety of client tools to help the developer. The client tools include CLI,
web CLI, web UI, REST API, and IDE. The developers can choose any tools of
their choice. These client tools are also capable of handling billing and
subscription management.

Suitability of PaaS
1. Collaborative development: To increase the time to market and development
efficiency, there is a need for a common place where the development team and
other stakeholders of the application can collaborate with each other. Since
PaaS services provide a collaborative development environment, it is a suitable
option for applications that need collaboration among developers and other
third parties to carry out the development process.
2. Automated testing and deployment: Automated testing and building of an
application are very useful while developing applications at a very short time
frame. The automated testing tools reduce the time spent in manual testing
tools. Most of the PaaS services offer automated testing and deployment
capabilities. The development team needs to concentrate more on development
rather than testing and deployment. Thus, PaaS services are the best option
where there is a need for automated testing and deployment of the applications.
3. Time to market: The PaaS services follow the iterative and incremental
development methodologies that ensure that the application is in the market as
per the time frame given. For example, the PaaS services are the best option for
application development that uses agile development

4.9 Pros and Cons of PaaS

1. Quick development and deployment: PaaS provides all the required
development and testing tools to develop, test, and deploy the software in one
place. Most of the PaaS services automate the testing and deployment process
as soon as the developer completes the development. This speeds up
application development and deployment than traditional development
platforms.
2. Reduces TCO: The developers need not buy licensed development and testing
tools if PaaS services are selected. Most of the traditional development
platforms requires high-end infrastructure for its working, which increases the
TCO of the application development company. But, PaaS allows the developers
to rent the software, development platforms, and testing tools to develop, build,
and deploy the application. PaaS does not require high-end infrastructure also
to develop the application, thus reducing the TCO of the development company.
3. Supports agile software development: Nowadays, most of the new- generation
applications are developed using agile methodologies. Many ISVs and SaaS
development companies started adopting agile methodologies for application
development. PaaS services support agile methodologies that the ISVs and other
development companies are looking for.
4. Different teams can work together: The traditional development platform
does not have extensive support for collaborative development. PaaS services
support developers from different places to work together on the same project.
This is possible because of the online common development platform provided
by PaaS providers.
5. Ease of use: The traditional development platform uses any one of CLI- or IDE-
based interfaces for development. Some developers may not be familiar with the
interfaces provided by the application development platform. This makes the
development job a little bit difficult. But, PaaS provides a wide variety of client
tools such as CLI, web CLI, web UI, APIs, and IDEs. The developers are free to
choose any client tools of their choice. Especially, the web UI–based PaaS
services increase the usability of the development platform for all types of
developers.
6. Less maintenance overhead: In on-premise applications, the development
company or software vendor is responsible for maintaining the underlying
hardware. They need to recruit skilled administrators to maintain the servers.
This overhead is eliminated by the PaaS services as the underlying
infrastructure is maintained by the infrastructure providers. This gives freedom
to developers to work on the application development.
7. Produces scalable applications: Most of the applications developed using PaaS
services are web application or SaaS application. These applications require
better scalability on the extra load. For handling extra load, the software
vendors need to maintain an additional server. It is very difficult for a new
start-up company to provide extra servers based on the additional load. But,
PaaS services are providing built-in scalability to the application that is
developed using the PaaS platform.

Drawbacks
1. Vendor lock-in: The major drawback with PaaS providers are vendor lock-in. The
main reason for vendor lock-in is lack of standards. There are no common
standards followed among the different PaaS providers. The other reason for vendor
lock-in is proprietary technologies used by PaaS providers. Most of the PaaS
vendors use the proprietary technologies that are not compatible with the other
PaaS providers. The vendor lock-in problem of PaaS services does not allow the
applications to be migrated from one PaaS provider to the other.
2. Security issues: Like in the other cloud services, security is one of the major
issues in PaaS services. Since data are stored in off-premise third-party servers,
many developers are afraid to go for PaaS services
3. Less flexibility: PaaS providers do not give much freedom for the developers to
define their own application stack. Most of the PaaS providers provide many
programming languages, databases, and other development tools. But, it is not
extensive and does not satisfy all developer needs. Only some of the PaaS providers
allow developers to extend the PaaS tools with the custom or new programming
languages. Still most of the PaaS providers do not provide flexibility to the
developers.
4. Depends on Internet connection: Since the PaaS services are delivered over the
Internet, the developers should depend on Internet connectivity for developing the
application. Even though some of the providers allow offline access, most of the
PaaS providers do not allow offline access. With slow Internet connection, the
usability and efficiency of the PaaS platform do not satisfy the developer
requirements.

Summary of PaaS Providers

 AWS Elastic Beanstalk: a web platform for software deployment and
management, powered by the AWS Cloud. Users upload their applications to the
service, and it automatically monitors the performance, load capacity, and
checks for deployment errors.
 Apache Stratos: the Cloud computing platform for arranging PHP and MySQL.
The PaaS provides users with ready-to-use tools for database development and
testing, performance monitoring, integration, and billing.
 Magento Commerce Cloud : Magento Cloud offers tools for e-commerce
development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The Cloud environment
allows accessing the store settings anytime and anywhere as well as automates
the key processes.

Software as a Service
 Software as a Service, also known as SaaS, is essentially a web platform that
provides users access to cloud computing on a subscription basis. Instead of
purchasing the solution one time, as if it would be a product, the software is
delivered continuously — like a service.

 SaaS services provide companies with data storage and management features.
Often, these are services for process automation, marketing, collaboration, and
data organization. Development environments can also be done as SaaS —
software developers receive access to the platform where they can build, test,
and deploy a product, configure its functionality and interface with built-in tools
and templates.
 Business services: Most of the SaaS providers started providing a variety of
business services that attract start-up companies. The business SaaS services
include ERP, CRM, billing, sales, and human resources.
 Social networks: Since social networking sites are extensively used by the
general public, many social networking service providers adopted SaaS for their
sustainability. Since the number of users of the social networking sites is
increasing exponentially, cloud computing is the perfect match for handling the
variable load.
 Document management: Since most of the enterprises extensively us electronic
documents, most of the SaaS providers started providing services that are
used to create, manage,and track electronic documents.
 Mail services: The future growth in e-mail usage is unpredictable. To handle
the unpredictable number of users and the load on e-mail services, most of the
e-mail providers started offering their services as SaaS services.

Characteristics of SaaS
1. One to many: SaaS services are delivered as a one-to-many model where a
single instance of the application can be shared by multiple tenants or
customers.
2. Web access: SaaS services provide web access to the software. It allows the end
user to access the application from any location if the device is connected to the
Internet.
3. Centralized management: Since SaaS services are hosted and managed from
the central location, management of the SaaS application becomes easier.
Normally, the SaaS providers will perform the automatic updates that ensure
that each tenant is accessing the most recent version of the application without
any user-side updates.
4. Multidevice support: SaaS services can be accessed from any end user devices
such as desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and thin clients.
5. Better scalability: Since most of the SaaS services leverage PaaS and IaaS for
its development and deployment, it ensures a better scalability than the
traditional software. The dynamic scaling of underlying cloud resources makes
SaaS applications work efficiently even with varying loads.
6. High availability: SaaS services ensure the 99.99% availability of user data as
proper backup and recovery mechanisms are implemented at the back end.
7. API integration: SaaS services have the capability of integrating with other
software or service through standard APIs.

Suitability of SaaS
1. On-demand software: The licensing-based software model requires buying full
packaged software and increases the spending on buying software. Some of the
occasionally used software does not give any ROI. Because of this, many end
users are looking for a software that they can use as and when they needed. If
the end users are looking for on- demand software rather than the licensing-
based full-term software, then the SaaS model is the best option.
2. Software for start-up companies : When using any traditional software, the
end user should buy devices with minimum requirements specified by the
software vendor. This increases the investment on buying hardware for start-
up companies. Since SaaS services do not require high-end infrastructure for
accessing, it is a suitable option for start- up companies that can reduce the
initial expenditure on buying high-end hardware.
3. Software compatible with multiple devices: Some of the applications like
word processors or mail services need better accessibility from different devices.
The SaaS applications are adaptable with almost all the devices.
4. Software with varying loads: We cannot predict the load on popular
applications such as social networking sites. The user may connect or
disconnect from applications anytime. It is very difficult to handle varying loads
with the traditional infrastructure. With the dynamic scaling capabilities, SaaS
applications can handle varying loads efficiently without disrupting the normal
behavior of the application.

Not The Best Option/Limitation/Non suitability

1. Real-time applications: Since SaaS applications depend on Internet
connectivity, it may not work better with low Internet speed. If data are stored
far away from the end user, the latency issues may delay the data retrieval
timings. Real-time applications require fast processing of data that may not be
possible with the SaaS applications because of the dependency on high-speed
Internet connectivity and latency issues.
2. Applications with confidential data: Data security, data governance, and data
compliance are always issues with SaaS applications. Since data are stored
with third-party service providers, there is no surety that our data will be safe.
If the stored confidential data get lost, it will make a serious loss to the
organization. It is not recommended to go for SaaS for applications that handle
confidential data.
3. Better on-premise application: Some of the on-premise applications might
fulfill all the requirements of the organization. In such situations, migrating to
the SaaS model may not be the best option.

Pros and Cons of SaaS

1. No client-side installation: SaaS services do not require client-side installation

of the software. The end users can access the services directly from the service
provider data center without any installation. There is no need of high-end
hardware to consume SaaS services. It can be accessed from thin clients or any
handheld devices, thus reducing the initial expenditure on buying high-end
hardware.
2. Cost savings: Since SaaS services follow the utility-based billing or pay- as- you-
go billing, it demands the end users to pay for what they have used. Most of
the SaaS providers offer different subscription plans to benefit different
customers. Sometimes, the generic SaaS services such as word processors are
given for free to the end users.
3. Less maintenance: SaaS services eliminate the additional overhead of
maintaining the software from the client side. For example, in the traditional
software, the end user is responsible for performing bulk updates. But in SaaS,
the service provider itself maintains the automatic updates, monitoring, and
other maintenance activities of the applications.
4. Ease of access: SaaS services can be accessed from any devices if it is
connected to the Internet. Accessibility of SaaS services is not restricted to any
particular devices. It is adaptable to all the devices as it uses the responsive
web UI.
5. Dynamic scaling: SaaS services are popularly known for elastic dynamic
scaling. It is very difficult for on-premise software to provide dynamic scaling
capability as it requires additional hardware. Since the SaaS services leverage
elastic resources provided by cloud computing, it can handle any type of
varying loads without disrupting the normal behavior of the application.
6. Disaster recovery: With proper backup and recovery mechanisms, replicas are
maintained for every SaaS services. The replicas are distributed across many
servers. If any server fails, the end user can access the SaaS from other servers.
It eliminates the problem of single point of failure. It also ensures the high
availability of the application.
7. Multitenancy: Multitenancy is the ability given to the end users to share a
single instance of the application. Multitenancy increases resource utilization
from the service provider side.

Problems/Drawbacks
1. Security: Security is the major concern in migrating to SaaS application. Since
the SaaS application is shared between many end users, there is a possibility of
data leakage. Here, the data are stored in the service provider data center. We
cannot simply trust some third- party service provider to store our company-
sensitive and confidential data. The end user should be careful while selecting
the SaaS provider to avoid unnecessary data loss.
2. Connectivity requirements: SaaS applications require Internet connectivity
for accessing it. Sometimes, the end user’s Internet connectivity might be very
slow. In such situations, the user cannot access the services with ease. The
dependency on high-speed Internet connection is a major problem in SaaS
applications.
3. Loss of control: Since the data are stored in a third-party and off- premise
location, the end user does not have any control over the data. The degree of
control over the SaaS application and data is lesser than the on-premise
application.

Summary of SaaS Providers

 Google’s G Suite: top cloud service provides businesses with access to
management, communication, and organization tools and uses cloud for data
computing. Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs, Google Planner, Hangouts —
these are all SaaS tools that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. 
 Microsoft Office 365: the series of web services that provide business owners
and individuals with access to Microsoft Office main tools directly from their
browsers. Users can access Microsoft editing tools, business email,
communication instruments, and documentation software.
 Salesforce: the most popular CRM on the market that unites marketing,
communication, e-commerce. Salesforce uses cloud computing benefits to
provide access to its services and internal data. Business owners can keep track
of their sales, client relations, communications, and relevant tasks from any
device. Salesforce can be integrated into the website — the information about
incoming leads will be sent to the platform automatically. 

Other Cloud Service Models

Functions as a service

 In FaaS, developers can break down the functionality of their software into
individual features and edit them one by one. This additional abstraction level
facilitates app development and maintenance.
 Software engineers can isolate an individual feature and make changes without
affecting the rest of the functionality. Narrowing the work scope down to functional
code block makes development easier and faster, especially for complex projects.
 With
FaaS, developers are only responsible for the code. The provider will enable
access to app container, language runtime, operating system, and hardware,
providing a universal virtual development environment.

Examples of FaaS:
 AWS Lambda: the service allows accessing software code without server setting
and management. Developers need only to upload the code, and the solution will
automatically connect the app to servers, language runtimes, OS, and highlight
the functional code fragments. From that point, developers only choose features
for editing. 
 Azure Functions: the platform uses trigger mechanisms to highlight functions.
Developers can set events that will lead to changes in code — for instance, a
particular user input (interaction with an app or provided data) can turn on a
function (like showing a pop-up or opening a page). Developers set up these
triggers and responses without building the software infrastructure. 
 IBM OpenWhisk: similar to Lambda and Azure, IBM OpenWhisk reacts to
trigger effects and produces a series of organized outputs. Developers only have
to set up action sequences and describe possible trigger events. The action itself
will be enabled by IBM’s infrastructure — users don’t have to control these
aspects. 

Identity as a Service (IDaaS)

 IDaaS (Identity as a Service) enables employee or consumer identity details

management as a digital entity.
 This reduces the complexity in remembering and managing different usernames
and passwords or deactivating the account and credentials when an employee
leaves the organization.
 The main objective of an identity service is to make sure that the consumers are
what they affirm to be and to provide them with the proper access at the exact time
to any software application, files, or other resources.
 If the basic facilities are made on-site for this to happen, then the company needs to
find out what to do each time a problem arises.
 Deploying a centralized cloud-based system developed by identity experts who have
dealt with such problems before and resolved them for hundreds of companies is
very simple.

Network as a Service (NaaS)

 NaaS (Network as a Service) is a cloud service model that enables clients to directly
gain access to the network infrastructure and is based on pay as you use model. It
also allows networking services to be taken on lease from a cloud vendor rather
than fixing their own network infrastructure by the customer.
 This service utilizes virtualized network infrastructure and gives safe network
services to employees and clients.
 NaaS service providers always attempt to maintain and handle network resources in
a way that reduces the workload of clients/employees.
 NaaS facilitate consumers to run their own networks with no maintenance on their
own networking infrastructure.
 Similar to cloud services, NaaS providers operate networking activities with software
and internet connection, thus enabling companies to establish their own networks
with no hardware.

Storage as a Service (STaaS)

 Storage as a service (STaaS) is a cloud services model in which a company leases or

rents its storage infrastructure to another company or individuals to store either
files or objects. Small companies and individuals often find this to be a convenient
methodology for managing backups, and providing cost savings in personnel,
hardware and physical space.
 In general, STaaS operates through a web-based API that is remotely implemented
through its interaction with the client application’s in-house cloud storage
infrastructure for input/output (I/O) and read/write (R/W) operations. If the
company ever loses its local data, the network administrator could contact the
STaaS provider and request a copy of the data.
 When it comes to end-user-level cloud storage, Drop box, Google Drive,
Apple’s icloud and Microsoft OneDrive are among the leading end-user-level cloud
storage providers. For enterprise-level cloud storage, Amazon S3, Zadora,
IBM’s SoftLayer and Google Cloud Storage are some of the more popular
providers. ownCloud and Cozy Cloud are powerful Open Source cloud STaaS
solutions.

Data as a Service (DaaS)

 In the DaaS computing model (a more advanced, fine-grained form of STaaS), data
(as opposed to files) is readily accessible through a Cloud-based platform. Data
(either from databases or object containers) is supplied “on-demand” via cloud
platforms (as opposed to the traditional, on-premise models in which the data
remains in the customer’s hands) and the vendor provides the tools that make it
easier to access and explore.
 Based on Web Services standards and service-oriented architecture (SOA), DaaS
provides a dynamic infrastructure for delivering information on demand to users,
regardless of their geographical location or organizational separation – and, in the
process, presents solution providers with a number of significant opportunities.
 DaaS eliminates redundancy and reduces associated expenditures by
accommodating vital data in a single location, allowing data use and/or
modification by multiple users via a single update point.
 Typical business applications include customer relationship management (CRM),
enterprise resource planning (ERP), e-commerce and supply chain systems and,
more recently, Big Data analytics. Some of the best-known enterprise-level
providers are Oracle’s Data Cloud, Amazon DynamoDB, Microsoft SQL
Database (formerly known as SQL Azure) and Google Cloud’s Datastore. For open
source projects, Apache Cassandra, CockroachDB or CouchDB will almost certainly
catch your eye.

Anything as a Service (AaaS)

 It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers

nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above
services including some additional services.
 Advantages of XaaS: As this is a combined service, so it has all the advantages of
every type of cloud service.