IT 480:InformationTechnology

Essentials

Vineetha Jain
Dept. of CSE
ASE, Bangalore

Lecture 05&06&07
Operating System

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Introduction
 Operating System is an interface between computer
and user
 Its program manages computer hardware.
 Its an environment helps to execute programs
 It acts as a government.

 It acts as an resource manager.

 It manages the resources like Memory,Processor,I/O
and Information.
 Block diagram

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Introduction
 Memory management

 Process management

 Device management

 File management

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Views
 It has system view

 Also users view

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Address
 Logical address:Address generated by CPU

 Physical address:Address loaded to

memory(loaded to MAR) ie, by memory unit.

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Memory allocation Techniques
 Single Contiguous Memory allocation:

 Users job is the only program which resides in

the memory.
 Simple to implement.
 Disadv:
 Wastage of memory called fragmentation
 Used only for uniprogramming
 CPU has to sit idle.
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Memory allocation
 Fixed partition memory allocation:
 Fixed size partitions
 Provides multiprogramming
 External fragmentation :Contiguous space is
not allowed
 Internal fragmentation :Wastage of memory or
unused space

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 Variable partition allocation:
 Allocate exact amount required for each job
 Supports multiprogramming
 Prevents internal fragmentation
 But still cause external fragmentation
 Hole: Leave the job and empty the space
 Merge the hole is known as Coalescene

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 Relocatable Partition memory allocation:
 Reloacte the currently executing program
 Merging the holes
 Compaction:get a large block of free memory
 Supports multiprogramming
 Prevents internal and external fragmentation

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 Simple paged allocation:
 Overcome external fragmentation

 Address space
 Logical address space
 Physical address space
 Divide job address space in to pages
 Main memory address space in to frames or
blocks.
 Mapping
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Simple paged allocation
 Page table and address translation
 Internal fragmentation due to simple page
allocation.
 Supports multiprogramming
 Jobs need not occupy contiguous allocation
 Prevents external fragmentation

 Virtual memory concept

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Demand paging
 Pages are loaded based on demand
 Based on the requirement
 Works based on virtual memory concept
 Jobs need not occupy contiguous memory
location
 Supports multiprogramming
 Prevents external fragmentation
 Status field: whether is in memory or secondary.
 Modified: modification done or not

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Demand paging
 Demand paging leads to page fault.
 Page fault: try access the page which is not there
in main memory.
 Swapping
 Page Replacement algorithm
 FIFO
 LRU
 MFU
 LFU
 NRU
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Segmentation
 Divide jobs address space in to segments
 Size of segments can vary.
 Segment table and translation.
 Does not support virtual memory concept.
 Supports multiprogramming
 Jobs need not occupy contiguous memory
location.
 Prevents internal fragmentation

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Process management
 Program
 Process
 Structure of process
 Process consists of 3 regions
Stack region :It is a data structure, where data
removed in the reverse order.
Code region: It has program code
Data region :holds the global variables

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Multiple process
 Independent process:

 Cooperating process

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Process State
 New state:
 Ready:
 Running:
 Waiting:
 Terminated

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Process state diagram
Terminate
New

READY RUNNING

WAITING

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Inter process communication

 Communication between cooperating

processes is IPC:
 Communication models

 Shared memory

 Message passing

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 Multiprogramming :Uniprocessor executes
more than one program

 Multiprocessing :Multiprocessor system

 Multitasking :Context switching

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Threads
 Single threads

 Multithreads

 Thread structure

 example

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Process scheduling
 CPU Utilization
 Throughput
 Turnaround time
 Waiting time
 Response Time

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Types of scheduling
 Preemptive

 Nonpreemtive

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Scheduling algorithms
 FCFS
 SJF
Preemptive
Non-preemptive
 Priority
 Round Robin(RR)
 Examples

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File management
 Storage unit
 File system:information management and part of OS.
 MS DOS file system:
 Tree structure
 Path
 Hard disk in MS DOS
 Hard disk structure
 Data access –File allocation table gives the
information about where the file is allocated in the
disk

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File management
 Volume :Storage size
 Hard disk can have volumes
 MS DOS Booting
 Bootstrap loader :Program

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File system mangement
 UNIX file system
 UNIX OS hard disk can be divided in to
multiple file systems.
 Unix allocates disk space in terms of blocks
 File organization
 Directory Entry Table
 Inode block
 Data Block
 Data access
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File permissions
 Owner ,Group ,Others
 Read( R)

 Write(W)

 Execute(X)

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NTFS
 New technology file system
 Windows NT
 Features: Reliability,performance,security and
optimal disk space utilization.
 Security and access control:
 Size of the files/no.of files
 Recovery/Reliabilty:
 Long file names
 Limitations:file encryption is not built, formatting
floppy disk
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Device management
 I/O devices
 I/O channel or I/O bus
 Interrupts
 Interrupt handling
 Software interrupts
 Hardware interrupts

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DMA
 Direct Memory Access

 DMA controller

 CPU initiates, but access between memory

and I/O devices

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 Structure of I/O System

 Device allocation

 Dedicated and shared

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Summary
 Introduction to OS
 Memory management
 Process management
 Process states
 Process scheduling algorithms
 Storage management
 Device management
 DMA

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Reference:
 Operating System concepts
Galvin and Silber Schatz(6th edition)

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Thank U

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