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Aerodynamics AME 208: Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Fluid

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics concepts. It discusses three key principles - conservation of mass, Newton's second law of motion, and laws of thermodynamics. It also covers flow fields, continuity equations, momentum equations, streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. Additionally, it defines vorticity as the curl of velocity and discusses whether flows are irrotational or rotational. It provides examples of determining stream functions from given velocity components and vice versa.

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Angeline Chasakara
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102 views44 pages

Aerodynamics AME 208: Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Fluid

This document provides an overview of fundamentals of fluid mechanics and aerodynamics concepts. It discusses three key principles - conservation of mass, Newton's second law of motion, and laws of thermodynamics. It also covers flow fields, continuity equations, momentum equations, streamlines, pathlines and streaklines. Additionally, it defines vorticity as the curl of velocity and discusses whether flows are irrotational or rotational. It provides examples of determining stream functions from given velocity components and vice versa.

Uploaded by

Angeline Chasakara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AERODYNAMICS

AME 208

CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID


MECHANICS
CONTENT

2.1 Three Fundamental Physical Principles

2.2 The Flow Field


2.3 Basic equations
2.4 Pathline, Streamline and Streakline
2.5 Stream function
2.6 Angular Velocity and Voticity
2.7 Potential Function
FLOW FIELD
Fundamental Physical Principles

The analysis of fluid flow is entrenched on the


fundamental laws of physics, namely, Conservation
of mass, Newton’s second law of motion, and the
First and Second laws of thermodynamics.
Fundamental Physical Principles

a) Mass is conserved (i.e., mass can be


neither created nor destroyed).
b) Newton’s second law: force = mass ×
acceleration.
c) Energy is conserved; it can only change
from one form to another.
Continuity Equation

All the basic differential equations can be derived by considering either an


elemental control volume or an elemental system.

The element is so small that the volume integral simply reduces to a differential term:
Continuity Equation
Considering The mass flow terms
Continuity Equation
The flows on the y (bottom and top) and the z (back and front) faces have been
omitted to avoid cluttering up the drawing. We can list all these six flows as
follows:

Substituting into equation

We get
Continuity Equation

Equation of continuity
Continuity Equation for steady compressible flow
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation for steady incompressible flow
Momentum Equation
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in
Cartesian Coordinates
Continuity and Navier–Stokes Equations in
Cartesian Coordinates
PATHLINES, STREAMLINES, AND
STREAKLINES OF A FLOW
In addition to knowing the density, pressure,
temperature, and velocity fields, in aerodynamics we
like to draw pictures of “where the flow is going.”

To accomplish this, we construct diagrams of Pathlines


and/or Streamlines of the flow.
PATHLINES, STREAMLINES, AND
STREAKLINES OF A FLOW
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines are
used to help in the visualization and analysis of
flow fields (Flow Visualisation).
Flow visualization is useful not only in physical
experiments, but in numerical solutions as well
computational fluid dynamics. In fact, the very
first thing an engineer using CFD does after
obtaining a numerical solution is simulate
some form of flow visualization, so that he or
she can see the “whole picture” rather than
merely a list of numbers and quantitative data
Streaklines

A line created by particles in a flow that have


previously passed through a common point.
Pathlines
It is the lines traced by a given particle as it moves
from one point to another
Streamlines
A streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent
to the instantaneous local velocity vector. If the flow
is steady, nothing at a fixed point (including the
velocity direction) changes with time, so the
streamlines are fixed lines in space.
Pathlines and Streamlines
For steady flow, the velocity vector is tangent
to the Pathline at all points on the Pathline for
all times, the Pathline is also a Streamline. In
our course, we deal mainly with the concept of
streamlines rather than pathlines;
How to obtain the mathematical
equation for a streamline
How to obtain the mathematical
equation for a streamline

Knowing u, v, and w as functions of x, y,


and z, Equations (2.117a to c) can be
integrated to
yield the equation for the streamline: f
(x, y, z) = 0.
EXAMPLE
STREAM FUNCTION
Recall

If u and v are known functions of x and y, then the above equation can be
integrated to yield the algebraic equation for a streamline:

where c is an arbitrary constant of


integration, with different values for
different streamlines.

This function can be denoted by a symbol ¯ψ

The function ψ¯ (x, y) is called the stream function.


Stream Function
The stream function is such that
EXAMPLE
The velocity components in a steady,
incompressible, two-dimensional flow field are

a) Determine the corresponding stream function


and
(b) Show on a sketch several streamlines.
Indicate the direction
of flow along the streamlines.
Properties of the Stream Function
2. The change in the value of the stream function is related to the
volume rate of flow.

From the diagram


ANGULAR VELOCITY AND VORTICITY,

In this section, we examine the motion of a fluid


particle more closely, paying particular attention to
the orientation of the element and its change in
shape as it moves along a streamline. In the
process, we introduce the concept of vorticity, one
of the most powerful quantities in theoretical
aerodynamics.
VORTICITY

VORTICITY
VORTICITY

VORTICITY

and

Rotation about the z axis


VORTICITY
In the same way, it can be shown that rotation about the x
and y axis are give by
VORTICITY

The angular velocity of a fluid element plays an important role in


theoretical
aerodynamics,
Since the factor of ½ is annoying, it is preferable to use a vector
twice as large,
called the vorticity :
VORTICITY

OR

(CURL OF VELOCITY)
In a velocity field, the curl of the velocity is equal to the vorticity.

The above leads to two important definitions:

• If ∇ ×V = 0 at every point in a flow, the flow is called rotational. This


implies that the fluid elements have a finite angular velocity.
• If ∇ ×V = 0 at every point in a flow, the flow is called irrotational. This
implies that the fluid elements have no angular velocity; rather, their
motion through space is a pure translation.
VORTICITY

If the flow is two-dimensional (say, in the xy plane), then

if the flow is irrotational, ξ = 0.


EXERCISE

a) The three components of velocity in a flow field are given by


u  x2  y 2  z 2
v  xy  yz  z 2
w  3 xz  z 2 2  4

Is there a change in the volume of the fluid as it moves from one location to the next? Is this
an irrotational flow field?
Velocity Potential
Irrotationality gives rise to a scalar function ϕ similar
and complementary to the stream function ψ .
From a theorem in vector analysis, a vector with zero
curl
must be the gradient of a scalar function.

where ϕ = ϕ ( x , y , z , t ) is called the velocity potential


function .
Knowledge of ϕ thus immediately gives the velocity components
EXERCISE

The velocity potential for a given two-


dimensional flow field is

Determine the corresponding stream


function.
Example
Example
Example
END

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