SOC IA L A N D C U L T U R A L

INSTI T U T I O NS
GRADE 12- GROUP A
 FOR A SOCIETY TO SURVIVE AND PROVIDE SAFE, SOUND,
AND SATISFYING LIFE TO ITS MEMBERS, THE CREATION
OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IS IMPERATIVE.

INSTITUTION – FAIRLY STABLE CLUSTER OF NORMS, VALUES,

STATUSES AND ROLES WHICH ARE CENTERED ON SOME SOCIAL
NEED.

SOCIAL – RELATING TO OR INVOLVING ACTIVITIES IN

WHICH PEOPLE SPEND TIME TALKING TO EACH OTHER;
RELATING TO PEOPLE OR SOCIETY IN GENERAL.

CULTURAL – OF OR RELATING TO A PARTICULAR GROUP OF

PEOPLE AND THEIR HABITS, BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, ETC.
STUDY OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
 IT IS VERY IMPORTANT SINCE THEY ARE PART OF
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE.

 THERE IS ALSO AN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN A SOCIETY’S INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK AND THE INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE OF
ITS MEMBERS.
INSTITUTIONS

EDUCATION RELIGION HEALTH

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INSTITUTIONS

MASS MEDIA ECONOMIC

LESSON 1
C ATION AL INSTITU TIO N
EDU
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 CREATED TO GIVE YOUNG PEOPLE FORMAL TRAINING IN THE
SKILLS THAT THEY WILL NEED LATER IN LIFE.

 “SCHOOL” = “LEISURE” IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE MIND AND

THE PROPAGATION OF WISDOM.

 LEARNING IS A LIFE-LONG AND CONTINUOUS PROCESS.

 19 CENTURY – ELEMENTARY EDUCATION HAVE BECAME
TH

WIDESPREAD

 1930 – SECONDARY EDUCATION BECAME COMMON AND

COMPULSORY.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 AFTER WORD WAR II – COMPETENCE TO PERFORMANCE OF
ADULT ROLES IS STRONGLY LINK TO EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT IN LIFE.
 HANDLES THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TEACHING INDIVIDUALS
WHAT IT IS TO BE A MEMBER OF SOCIETY, HOW TO LIVE IN IT,
AN HOW TO HELP IT SURVIVE.
 AS SOCIETIES PROGRESS AND COMPLEX, SO DOES EDUCATION.
 EDUCATION FUNCTIONS AS A SYSTEMATIC, FORMALIZED
TRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND VALUES.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
 FORMAL SCHOOLING ALLOWS PEOPLE AND EXPERIENCES
ENTER INTO THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS.

 SCHOOLS ALSO PROVIDE CHILDREN OPPORTUNITIES TO

INTERACT IN GROUPS.

 SCHOOLING LETS CHILDREN DISCOVER A NEW SETTING

OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN SO-CALLED PEER GROUP

 EDUCATION CAN BE FORMAL OR INFORMAL.

2 PRIMARY FUNCTION
DEVELOP A PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY
- INDIVIDUALS ARE POLITICALLY SOCIALIZED THROUGH A
CURRICULUM DESIGNED BY THE STATE. PEOPLEA RE TAUGHT TO
DEVELOP POSITIVE OUTLOOKS TOWARD CONCEPTS LIKE LIBERTY
AND DEMOCRACY, AS WELL AS TO VIEW THE GOVERNMENT AS AN
AUTHORITY.

PROMOTE SELF-ACTUALIZATION
- EDUCATORS SHOULD AIM TO LET STUDENTS DISCOVER
PERSONAL MEANINGS AND DEVELOP THEIR OWN PERCEPTIONS
ABOUT THEMSELVES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
EDUCATION AS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT
- THE IMPORTANCE ATTACHED BY MANY SOCIETIES TO EDUCATION IS
CONNECTED TO THE IDEA THAT IT IS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT, WHICH
EVERYONE IS ENTITLED.

- CHILDREN WHO SUFFER FROM MALNUTRITION AND HUNGER IN PERCEIVE THE

RIGHT TO EDUCATION AS A FROM OF HOPE THAT WILL LET THEM UPLIFT THEIR
LIVED AMIDST CRISIS AND DISASTER.

- STATE SUBSIDIES ARE GRANTED BECAUSE OF RISING COST OF EDUCATION.

- VERY LOW COMPENSATION OF TEACHERS, POOR LEARNING FACILITIES AND

SERVICES, AND LACK OF MOTIVATION FROM BOTH TEACHERS AND LEARNERS.

- QUALITY EDUCATION IS AFFECTED BY CYCLES OF SOCIETAL PROBLEMS, SUCH

AS WORSENING POVERTY CONDITIONS AND DETERIORATION OF FAMILY
VALUES.
L E S S O N 2
I ON A ND B E LIE F SYSTEM
RELIG
RELIGION
IS AN ORGANIZED SYSTEMS OF BELIEFS CONCERNING
SUPERNATURAL BEINGS. THIS SYSTEM OF BELIEFS IS EXERCISED
THROUGH RITUALS THAT RE MEANT TO INFLUENCES FACETS OF
THE UNIVERSE WHICH OTHERWISE PEOPLE CAN DO NOTHING
ABOUT.
SOCIOLOGIST EMILE DURKHEIM
- EMPHASIZED THE ROLE OF RELIGION AS AGENT OF SOCIAL
COHESION.

- ORIGIN OF RELIGION IS NOT SUPERNATURAL BUT SOCIAL

- RELIGION PROVIDES THE PEOPLE A REMINDER OF THEIR

COMMON MEMBERSHIP, REAFFIRMATION OF THEIR
VALUES AND ROLES, MAINTAINING MORALS AND
TABOOS, AND COMFORT DURING CRISIS.

- RELIGION ALSO HELPS TRANSMIT CULTURAL HERITAGE

FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT
KARL MARX
- RELIGION IS A PROFOUND FORM OF HUMAN ALIENATION,
THE SITUATION IN WHICH PEOPLE LOSE THEIR CONTROL
OVER THE SOCIAL WORLD THEY HAVE CREATED.
FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF RELIGION
IN SOCIETY
- RELIGION IS A PROFOUND FORM OF HUMAN ALIENATION,
THE SITUATION IN WHICH PEOPLE LOSE THEIR CONTROL
OVER THE SOCIAL WORLD THEY HAVE CREATED.

- RELIGIONS PROVIDE THEIR BELIEVERS WITH SETS OF

GUIDELINES OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WHAT IS WRONG.
RELIGION DEVELOPED THROUGHT
TIME
- ANIMISM – BELIEF THAT SPIRITS DWELL
IN NATURE, PEOPLE, OR HUMAN MADE
OBJECTS.
- POLYTHEISM – BELIEF IN MULTIPLE GODS
- MONOTHEISM – BELIEF IN A SINGLE, ALL
POWERFUL DEITY
RELIGION DEVELOPED THROUGHT
TIME
 RELIGION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION – RELIGION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION
IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING FEATURE.

 ORGANZED RELIGION OR POSSESSING A RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATION –

EACH RELIGION HAS A SET OF MORAL CODES WHICH ARE
REPETITIVELY TAUGHT TO ITS BELIEVERS UNTIL THEY INTERNALIZE
AND ACCEPT IS AS TRUTH.

 SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

 DUALISM TO UNITY – PEOPLE WERE CREATED WITH BODY AND SOUL IT
WAS THOUGHT THAT THE ORGANIZATION OF SOCIETY SHOULD BE
PARALLED TO THIS DUALISM SO THAT THE NEED OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S
DUAL NATURE COULD BE FULLFILLED BY SOCIETY.
RELIGION DEVELOPED THROUGHT
TIME
 RELIGION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION – RELIGION AS A
SOCIAL INSTITUTION IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE
FOLLOWING FEATURE.

UNIFORMITY TO TOLERANCE
L E S S ON 3
HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
DISEASE AND ILLNESS
DISEASE ILLNESS
• REFERS TO A SPECIFIC PATHOLOGY • REFERS TO THE MEANING AND ELABORATIONS
GIVEN TO A PARTICULAR PHYSICAL STATE.
• HAS 4 MAJOR TYPES DEPENDING ON THEIR
SOCIAL EFFECTS • ARE MUCH MORE CULTURE-SPECIFIC, WHICH IS
WHY SOME ILLNESS ARE EXPERIENCED ONLY IN
CERTAIN CULTURES (E.G. PASMA, USOG, AND
KULAM)
4 MAJOR TYPES
• ENDEMIC DISEASE – THIS KIND OF DISEASE IS ALWAYS PRESENT IN A LARGE PART OF THE POPULATION.
DYSENTERY WHICH IS A SERIOUS DISEASE THAT CAUSES SEVERE DIARRHEA AND LOSS OF BLOOD, IS AN
ENDEMIC IN MANY PARTS OF INDIA AND AFRICA, AFFLICTING MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AS A RESULT OF
CONTAMINATED FOOD AND WATER SUPPLIES.

• EPIDEMIC DISEASE – AN EPIDEMIC AFFECTS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF THE POPULATION, WHEREIN THE
DISEASE IS NORMALLY UNCOMMON TO THE PEOPLE AND AREA.

• CHRONIC DISEASE – IT IS A DISEASE THAT LASTS FOR A LONG TIME. THE VICTIM MAY OR MAYNOT DIE,
BUT OFTEN DOES NOT RECOVER.

• ACUTE DISEASE – THIS IS A SHORT DURATION DISEASE; GENERALLY, EITHER THE VICTIM RECOVERS
FROM IT OR DIES FAST.
SOCIAL IMPACT OF DISEASES
•THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF DISEASE DOES NOT ONLY
FALL TO A VICTIM WHO MAY EXPERIENCE
DISCOMFORT, PAIN, ANXIETY, CONFINEMENT, AND
EVEN DEATH BUT ALSO EXTENDS TO THE FAMILY,
COMMUNITY, AND SOCIETY.
SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND HEALING
• ALL SOCIETIES HAVE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS, CONSISTING OF BELIEFS, CUSTOMS,
AND TECHNIQUES THAT ENSURE THE HEALTH OF THEIR MEMBERS. THESE HEALTH-
CARE SYSTEMS ALSO INCLUDE THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSES, AND CURE OF
ILLNESSES.
• THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS – TRADITIONAL, WESTERNS AND
SCIENTIFIC
• A SOCIETY MAY ADHERE TO MORE THAN ONE OF THESE SYSTEMS SIMULTANEOUSLY.
HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT
• A FUNCTIONALIST TRUISM THAT HEALTHY CITIZENS BECOME PRODUCTIVE MEMBERS
OF SOCIETY MAKES HEALTH A BASIC RIGHT. HOWEVER, NOT ALL SOCIETIES CAN
PROVIDE UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE TO ITS CITIZENS. ONLY POST-INDUSTRIAL AND
DEVELOP STATES LIKE US, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, AND GREAT BRITAIN CAN PROVIDE
BASIC HEALTH CARE TO THEIR CITIZENS.

• OVERALL, THE STATE AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION HAS A VITAL ROLE ENSURING THE
HEALTH OF ITS CONSTITUENTS BY PROVIDING MORE ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES,
SUCH AS HOSPITALS AND CLINICS, CHEAPER MEDICINES, AND SPECIAL HEALTH
PRIVILEGES FOR THE HANDICAPPED OR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY AND THE ELDERLY.
LE S S O N 4
MASS MEDIA
MASS MEDIA
•IS COMPOSED OF PRINT MEDIA (BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND
NEWSPAPERS, AMONG OTHER) AND NON-PRINT MEDIA
(TELEVISION, MOVIES, RADIO, INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA)
•THESE TYPES OF MEDIA ARE USED TO DISSEMINATE
INFORMATION
MASS MEDIA

•HOWEVER, IT IS NOT ONLY THROUGH THE REPORTING OF EVENTS THAT

MASS MEDIA CONTRIBUTES TO REALITY. IT CAN ALSO TELL PEOPLE
WHAT IS GOOD OR BAD; WHAT IS NECESSARY OR UNNECESSARY; AND
WHAT IS DESIRABLE OR NOT. BY PROJECTING SUCH IDEAS, PEOPLE
ARE SOCIALIZED AND INFLUENCED BY PUBLIC OPINION.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY
• SOCIAL MEDIA SERVES AS A SIGNIFICANT DISPERSANT OF POPULAR CULTURE,
ESPECIALLY DAY-TO-DAY EVENTS AFFECTING THE WORLD AT LARGE.
• TECHNOLOGY HAS MADE KNOWLEDGE AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE.
• THE INTERNET HAS BECOME MAN’S BEST FRIEND.
• OVERALL, THE TECHNOLOGY, INTERNET, AND SOCIAL MEDIA HELP EMPOWER
INDIVIDUALS AND ALLOW PEOPLE TO SPREAD IDEAS AND COMMUNICATE TO
OTHERS EASILY AND FASTER.
LE S S O N 5
EC ON OMIC IN STIT UTION S
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
• CHANGES IN THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION AS WELL AS THE DISTRIBUTION AND
EXCHANGES OF RESOURCES AND SERVICES STRONGLY AFFECT THE OVERALL
FUNCTIONING OF SOCIETY. THROUGH TRADE RELATIONS, IDEAS AND
INFORMATION ARE SPREAD AND COMMUNICATION AS WELL AS TECHNOLOGY
WHEREIN IT IS TRANSFERRED OR DIFFUSED FROM ONE CULTURE TO ANOTHER.
• THE SOCIOLOGY OF OCCUPATION IS THE CENTRALITY OF ALL ECONOMIC
INSTITUTIONS SINCE WORK IS THE SIGNIFICANT SOURCE OF INDIVIDUAL AND
SOCIAL IDENTITY.
PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF
MATERIAL GOODS

•RECIPROCITY – TRANSACTION BETWEEN TWO SOCIALLY EQUAL

PARTIES CONCERNING GOOD OR SERVICES THAT ARE ESTIMATED
TO BE OF EQUAL VALUE. MORE THAN ECONOMIC, THESE
TRANSACTIONS SIGNIFY SOCIAL TIES BEING CREATED OR
STRENGTHENED BY THE GESTURE OF GIFT-GIVING.
3 TYPES OF RECIPROCITY
• GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY – THIS IS UNDERTAKEN BY CLOSELY RELATED PEOPLE; THIS TYPES OF
RECIPROCITY IS MORE OF A GESTURE THAT EXPRESSES PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS THAN AN ECONOMIC
TRANSACTION.

• BALANCED RECIPROCITY – THIS IS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN TWO DISTINCTLY RELATED PEOPLE; THE
GIVER EXPECTS SOMETHING IN RETURN, ALTHOUGH IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE DONE IMMEDIATELY.

• NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY – THIS TRANSACTION IS UNDERTAKEN WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE CONSIDERED
OUTSIDERS OF THE GROUP. THERE IS NO PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO PARTIES. IN THIS
FORM OF TRANSACTION, PEOPLE TRY TO PROFIT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE AND PAY THE LEAST AMOUNT.
REDISTRIBUTION
•ALL PRODUCE FROM THE COMMUNITY IS SENT TO THE
CENTER WHERE THEY ARE STORED, COUNTED, AND, LATER
ON, DISTRIBUTED BACK TO THE PEOPLE. IT IS USUALLY
THE CHIEF OF THE COMMUNITY WHO IS IN-CHARGE OF
THIS PROCESS.
MARKET EXCHANGE
•THE PRICE OF THE EXCHANGE OF GOODS ARE
SUPPOSEDLY DICTATE BY THE RULES OF SUPPLY
AND DEMAND; HOWEVER, PERSONAL LOYALTIES AND
MORAL VALUES INTERVENE IN PRICE
DETERMINATION MOST OF THE TIME.
MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS
• PRIMARY SECTORS – INVOLVES GATHERING OR EXTRACTING OF UNDEVELOPED
RESOURCES [FISHING, MINING, FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE]. THIS SECTOR IS
ALSO THE MAIN PRODUCER OR SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS.
• SECONDARY SECTOR – TURNS THE RAW MATERIAL PRODUCED BY THE PRIMARY
SECTOR INTO MANUFACTURE GOODS [HOUSES, FURNITURE, AUTOMOBILES AND
CANNED GOODS].
• TERTIARY SECTOR – PROVIDES SERVICES TO THE COMMUNITY.
•C – CENTERING
•U – UNITY AND
•L – LIVELIHOOD
•T – THROUGH
•U – UNDERSTANDING
•R – RESPECT AND
•E - EXPRESSIONS