COMMUNICATION AND

UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
• Communication of the research findings is one of the
essential and final steps of the research process.
• Communication of the research findings carried out through
dissemination of the empirical research evidences
generated through research study.
• The dissemination of the research findings is achieved
through either written or the oral means.
– Written means of communication, researcher writes a detailed
description of the whole research process, which may be done in
the form of thesis, dissertations, research articles, scientific papers
etc.
– Oral communication of the research findings are achieved through
presentation of the précised disruption of the research process to a
group of people in a professional scientific conference through
either oral scientific paper presentation or the poster presentation.
• Effective communication of the research report
helps in;
– Promotion the learning of new knowledge
among professionals.
– Expansion of the base for the evidenced based
practices.
– Improving the healthcare outcome or client
care outcome through refining the existing
body of professional knowledge.
CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATING
THE RESEARCH
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION OF
RESEARCH
• Written Reports
– Written report is considered as best method for
disseminating the research findings because this
communication medium has the potential for
reaching to the large percentage of consumers.
– Nursing research is the method of building the
knowledge and publication are the major medium for
sharing this knowledge.
– Written raptors could be either thesis, dissertation,
published scientific articles in journals and periodics.
– Publishing a research article in scientific journal
involves the composition of research article in a
format suggested for the author’s manuscript and
sending to appropriate professional journal for the
publication.
Contd…
• Oral Reports
– Good method for the dissemination of the professional body of
knowledge
– The oral reports are generally written and presented to the
group of professionals in the conferences, which can be read
during the conference or presented through poster
presentation.
– Presenting research results at a conference has advantage over
publishing a scientific research article in a professional journal.
• Firstly oral presentation provides opportunity to present the recent finding
because publishing a research article in journal takes lot of time.
• Secondly, audiences get an opportunity to interact with the researcher and
may clarify their doubts if any.
– There is lack of permanent record of the oral reports;
therefore, to overcome this problem oral reports must be
supplemented with availability written report of the oral
presentation in advance in form of conference abstract
publications.
WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
• A research process can not be considered compete
until the report has been written.
• Writing a report highlights the research project and
help in dissemination of the research findings.
• Dissemination of research findings serves scientific,
professional and public function.
• An effective dissemination of scientific information
brings the overall improvement in knowledge and
practice among health care provides.
Characteristics of Good Research
Report
• Report must have characteristics of conciseness, clarity,
honesty, completeness and accuracy.
• Report must be long enough to cover the subject content
and short enough to maintain interest among its
consumers.
• Report must be written presented logically so that different
pieces of the research process fits effectively.
• Abstract terminology and technical jargons must be avoided
• Presentation of the research report must be lucid and
visually attractive, so that can be interesting to its users.
• Research report must reflect its originality.
Format of Research Report
• It involves organization study martial in to four sections:
Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion.
• (A) Introduction section
– it is often written in a funnel shaped structured. It
should include the clear and concise problem statement,
its significance, existing literature, conceptual framework
of study, research questions, hypotheses, underlying
assumptions and the need of the study.
– So in nutshell introduction generally includes:
• Background of the study
• Need of the study
• Research problem
• Objectives
• Hypothesis/ assumptions
• Operational definitions
• Conceptual framework
• Literature review
Contd…
• (B) Materials & Methods section: the methods section is
often subdivided into several parts such as;
– Research design
– Research setting
– Target population
– Sampling technique and sample size
– Development and description of data collection tools
– Validity and reliability of research tools
– Methods and procedures of data collection
– Pilot study and tool tryout
– Feasibility of the study
– Ethical considerations
– Plan for data analysis
– Plan for reference writing
Contd…
• (C) Result section: It is the heart of the research report. If both
descriptive and inferential statistics have been used, then
results starts with descriptive statistics to present sample
characteristics later analyzed data are presented in
accordance with study objectives using descriptive and
inferential statistics.
• (D) Discussion section: A typical discussion section address
the following questions;
– What were the main findings?
– What do the findings means?
– How do the results compared with prior knowledge on the topic?
– What can be concluded about the findings vis-à-vis then use in
nursing practices in nursing theories and in future nursing
research?
Other aspects of the report
– Title: It should include the variables under study, study
population and place of the study. The title should be clear
and concise; ideally not more than about 15 words.
– Abstract: It can be in a unstructured paragraph of 100 to 200
words or in a structured form with sub-heading. It should be
written clearly so reader can decide whether to need entire
report or not.
– Key words: Substance, methodology and theoretical terms can
be used as key words; these key words are used in index to
help others locate your study.
– References: Use the reference style required by these
reviewing the manuscript or report. Usually Vancouver’s
reference writing style is used in health sciences literature.
– Acknowledgement: Those people where contribution does not
qualify them for authorship are sometimes acknowledged at
the end of the report or the beginning of the report.
Steps in Writing Report
 Logical analysis of the subject matter
 Preparation of the final outline
 Preparation of the rough draft
 Rewriting and polishing the rough draft
 Preparation of final bibliography
 Writing the final draft
Format of Writing Thesis or
Dissertation
• Preliminary Pages: This section includes
a) Cover page:
Title of the research study

Thesis submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the in

Masters of Sciences in Nursing

of the Panjab University, Chandigarh

Year

Name of the candidate

Name of the department and institution

Contd…
b) Certification of work from the guide/supervisor
and Principal:
Certificate of supervisor
This is to certify that Ms./ Mr. X…has carried out study titled “…title of the
study...” is the original work of the above said person and it is conducted with
full honesty and compassion.

Name of guide/supervisor
Qualification
Designation Name of Principal

Qualification
Address
Contd….
c) Acknowledgement:
Acknowledgement must include the citation of the words of the
thanks and appreciation for the people who have contributed in
compilation of the research task including supervisor, co-supervisor,
principal/HOD, other faculty members, ethical committee, other
authorities who have facilitated the access of the data collection
sources, study participants, friends, family members and other people
who have directly and indirectly facilitated the conduction of the
research study.
 
d) Index/ table of content:
This must includes the sequence of the contents placed in the research
report (thesis/ dissertation) along with the page numbers. This sub-
section facilitates the reader to have easy access of the desired
information from the research report without wasting time.
 
e) List of tables:
This includes the citation of the headings of tables in a sequence as
they have placed in the thesis/dissertation. This sub-section facilitates
the easy location of the information and data as per the need of the
reader.
Contd…
f) List of the figures:
This includes the citation of the headings of figures in a sequence as they have
placed in the thesis/dissertation. This sub-section facilitates the easy
location of the information and data as per the need of the reader.
 
g) List of the abbreviations:
This includes the description and details of the abbreviations used in the
thesis/ dissertation. This sub-section facilitates the pre-hand information
for the reader about the abbreviations; so that a smooth reading can be
facilitated.
Contd….
• The Main Text: This section includes
a) Chapter-I: Introduction (Background of the study)
Introductory paragraphs (generally 2-5 pages):
• This must include the few paragraphs about the background of the study,
statement of the problem and purpose of the study. The primary goal of
the introductory paragraphs is to catch the attention of the readers and to
get them "turned on" about the subject. It sets the stage for the paper and
puts topic in perspective.
Significance or need of the study:
• This section creates a perspective for looking at the problem. It points out
how your study relates to the larger issues and uses a persuasive rationale
to justify the reason for your study. It makes the purpose worth pursuing.
The significance of the study answers the questions:
– Why is your study important?
– To whom is it important?
– What benefit(s) will occur if your study is done?
Research problem/questions:
• This section includes the statement of the research problem or
research question. For example;
Objectives:
• This section includes the statements of the action and outcome which
researcher wants to achieve during research activity.
Hypotheses or assumption
• Each research is based on some hypotheses or assumption, which
researches have to test through research finings.
Scope and Delimitation
• All research studies also have limitations and a finite scope. Limitations
are often imposed by time and budget constraints. Precisely list the
limitations of the study.
Operational definitions
• This section involves the operationally defined the terms used in the
research study in the manner, where researcher is going to study the
variables.
Conceptual framework
• This section involves the description and diagrammatic presentation of
the conceptual framework developed for the research study.
b) Chapter- II: Literature Review
• It is important because it shows what previous researchers
have discovered.
• It is usually quite long and primarily depends upon how
much research has previously been done in the area you are
planning to investigate.
• It is one of the key elements that proposal readers look at
when deciding whether or not to approve a proposal.
c) Chapter-III: Methodology (Material & Methods)
• Design of the research study
• Research setting
• Target population
• Sampling technique and sample size
• Development and description of research Instrumentation (include
copy in appendix)
• Validity and reliability of research tool(s)
• Procedure and time frame of data collection (May present as an
algorithm)
• Pilot study
• Feasibility of the study
• Ethical considerations
• Analysis plan (state critical alpha level and type of statistical tests
expected to be used)
d) Chapter- IV: Analysis and Interpretation of Data (Results)
This section presents the description of the study sample and analysis
and interpretation of the data through descriptive and inferential
statistics and data are usually presented through tables, graphs etc.
 
e) Chapter-V: Discussion
Discussion (explanation of findings; where research presented his
finding through critical analysis along with comparison with other
similar research findings). Discuss section of the study presents that
whether your findings support existing theories? Explain why you
think you found what you did. Present possible reasons why the
results might have turned out the way they did.
e) Chapter- V: Conclusions and Recommendations
– Conclusion includes the few paragraphs that summarizing what you did and
found.
– Present recommendations based on your findings. Avoid the temptation to
present recommendations based on your own beliefs or biases that are not
specifically supported by your data. Recommendations fall into two
categories. The first is recommendations to the study sponsor. What actions
do you recommend they take based upon the data? The second is
recommendations to other researchers. There are almost always ways that a
study could be improved or refined. What would you change if you were to do
your study over again? These are the recommendations to other researchers.
• The End Matter: This section includes.
a) References:
References may be written in American Psychological
Association (APA) style, Campbell and Vancouver’s style. However,
in health sciences Vancouver’s style for writing the references is
commonly used. Detail of Vancouver’s style is discussed separately
in this chapter, which may be referred for more information.
b) Bibliography
Bibliography is listing all the materials that have been
consulted while conducting a research study or writing an essay/
book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been
referenced in your research report/article or book.
c) Appendix/ Annexure
At the end of the report, appendices should be written
in respect of all technical data such as research instruments (e.g.
questionnaire, interview schedule), sample information and
mathematical derivations etc.
WRITING THE REFERENCES/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• References or bibliography may be written using
either American Psychological Association (APA)
style, Campbell and Vancouver’s style.
• Vancouver’s Style for Writing References
The Vancouver Style, or Uniform
Requirements Style, is based on an ANSI standard
adapted by the National Library of Medicine
(NLM) for databases such as Medline. It was
developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of
medical journals who now meet annually as the
International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE).
Citation within the Text
• Indicating the Relevant Reference in the Text: A number in superscript
format eg. 6 or enclosed in round brackets, eg. (1) or (26), placed in the text
of the essay, indicates the relevant reference. Citations are numbered
consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text and each
citation corresponds to a numbered reference containing publication
information about the source cited in the reference list at the end of the
publication, essay or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same
number is used in all subsequent references. No distinction is made
between print and electronic references when citing within the text. Here
are some examples of this kind of referencing:
• Superscript format
– The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm. 13
– The theory was first put forward in 1987. 1
– Scholtz2 has argued that...
– Several recent studies3,4,15,16 have suggested that...
– For example, see 7.
• Bracket format
– The largest lesion in the first study was 10 cm (13).
– The theory was first put forward in 1987 (1).
– Scholtz (2) has argued that...
– Several recent studies (3,4,15,16) have suggested that...
– For example, see (7).
Citing More Than One Reference at a Time: When citing more than one source at a
time, the preferred method is to list each reference number separately with a
comma or dash (without spaces) between each reference:
• Superscript format
– 1,3,5

– 1-5

– 2-5,9,13

• Bracket format
– (1,3,5)
– (1-5)
– (2-5,9,13)
Important Issues
• Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is
listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
• Authors: List each author's last name and initials; full first names are not included. List all
authors, but if the number exceeds six, give the first six followed by "et al.". For books
with chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the
chapter title, followed by "In:", the editors' names, and the book title.
• Book titles, chapter titles: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of
the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title;
do not use italics.
• Journal citations: List the abbreviated journal title, period, year, semi-colon, volume, issue
number in parentheses, colon, page range, and a period. For example: Brain Res.
2002;935(1-2):40-6.
• Pages: For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the specific
page on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given, with
two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included, as well as the page
range of a chapter with its own author.
Writing reference for Print Documents
• Books
Note: Only the first word of in the title of a book or conference should be
capitalized, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a
book title.
• Standard format
• #. Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition(if not the first). Vol.(if a multivolume
work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p. page number(s) (if appropriate).
– Single author or editor
– 1. Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH;
2003.
– Two or more authors or editors
– 3. Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):
Thomson Delmar Learning; 2005.
– No author
– 5. The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press; 2003. p. 26.
– Later edition
– 6. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St
Louis: Mosby; 2002.
– Multiple volumes
– 7. Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical
hematology. 9th ed. Vol 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.
– Series
– 8. Unwin E, Codde JP, Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alchohol and tobacco on
the health of Western Australians. Perth: Dept of Health; 2004. Epidemiology occasional
papers series, No. 20.
– Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)
– 9. American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination Committee.
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination : bulletin of information for
candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.
– Conference (complete conference proceedings)
– 10. Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th
Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002.
• Government publication
• 11. Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and
Defence. Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003. Canberra:
Commonwealth of Australia; 2003.
• Scientific / Technical report
• 13. Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in
Antarctica: with comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra:
A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian Government Department of Science,
Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific reports. Series B(4), Medical
science No. 0126.
• Patent / Standard
• 14. Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible
endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly.
United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
• Thesis or dissertation
• 15. Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a
telephone survey of Hispanic Americans. PhD
[dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central
Micihigan University; 2002.
Contd…
• Parts of a Book
– Standard format
– #. Author of Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B,
editors. Title: subtitle of Book. Edition(if not the first). Place of
publication: Publisher; Year. p. page numbers.
– Article/chapter in a book
– 1. Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in
human solid tumors. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic
basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.
– Conference or Seminar Paper
– 3. Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational
effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller
J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP
2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic
Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002.
p. 182-91.
• Study Guides and Unit Readers
– 4. Lynch M. God's signature: DNA profiling,
the new gold standard in forensic science.
Endeavour. 2003;27(2):93-7. Reprinted In:
Forensic Investigation (BIO373) unit reader
for forensic DNA component. Murdoch:
Murdoch University; 2005. 
• Journal Articles
Note: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for
proper nouns or acronyms. List the first six authors followed by et al.
The titles of journals should be abbreviated as they appear in the
MEDLINE Journals Database.
Volume, issue and page numbers are given but not labeled. To indicate
a page range use 123-9, 126-34 or 111-222. If you refer to only one
page, use only 111.
• Standard format
• #. Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title
of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. year; vol(issue):page
number(s).
• Journal article
• 1. Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers.
Headache. 2005;45(6):653-6.
• More than six authors
• 4. Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Pearn JH, Bourke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB,
et al. Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features,
pathophysiology and management. Med J Aust. 1986;145:584-90.
• Organization as author
• 5. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin in
participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002;40(5):679-86.
• No author given
• 6. 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ. 2002;325(7537):184.
• Volume with supplement
• 7. Geraud G, Spierings EL, Keywood C. Tolerability and safety of frovatriptan with short-
and long-term use for treatment of migraine and in comparison with sumatriptan.
Headache. 2002;42 Suppl 2:S93-9.
• Issue with supplement
• 8. Glauser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12
Suppl 7):S6-12.
• Volume with part
• 9. Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic method from an epistemological viewpoint.
Int J Psychoanal. 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5.
• Issue with part
• 10. Ahrar K, Madoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace MJ,
Price RE, Wright KC. Development of a large
animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv
Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8.
• Issue with no volume
• 11. Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM.
Intraoperative frozen section analysis in revision
total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;
(401):230-8.
• Newspaper article
• 12. O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent
winter cold. The West Australian. 2005 Jun 29;1.
Contd…
• Electronic Documents
– Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the
same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible,
give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source
themselves.
If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following
pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other
section numbers if you need to be specific.
– The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As
well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date cited is
included since an electronic source may change between the time you
cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.
• E-Books
– Standard format
– #. Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place:
Publisher; Date of original publication [cited year
abbreviated month day]. Available from : Source. URL.
– 1. van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS.
Biostatistics: a methodology for the health sciences [e-
book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience; 2003
[cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: Wiley InterScience
electronic collection.
• Article in an electronic reference book
• 3. Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S,
editors. The Oxford companion to the body [e-book].
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited 2005 Jun 30].
Available from: Oxford Reference Online.
http://www.oxfordreference.com.
• E-Journals
• Standard format
• #. Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [format]. year
[cited year abbreviated month day];vol(no):page numbers[estimated if necessary].
Available from: Database Name (if appropriate). URL.
• Journal article abstract accessed from online database
• 1. Leroy EM, Telfer P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, et al. A serological survey of Ebola virus
infection in central African nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis [abstract]. 2004 [cited
2005 Jun 30];190(11):1895. Available from: ProQuest.
http://www.umi.com/proquest/.
• Journal article from online full-text database
• Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-
text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which
are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.
• 2. Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedicine
(1). Curr Anthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; 43(2):271+[about 31
pages]. Available from: Academic OneFile. http://find.galegroup.com.
• Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)
• 4. Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM , Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al. Gulf War
veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern Med [serial on the
Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 June 30];142(11):881+[about 12 pages]. Available from:
http://www.annals.org/.
• Journal article in electronic journal subscription
• 5. Barton CA, McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial
problems and management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial on the
Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 30];42(4):249-56. Available from:
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/.
• Newspaper article from online database
• 6. Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online]. 2005 Jun 14
[cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva. http://global.factiva.com.
• Newspaper article from the Internet
• 7. Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers. Sydney Morning Herald [newspaper on
the Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4-5. Available from:
http://www.smh.com.au/.
Contd….
• Internet Documents
• Standard format
• #. Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format]. Source/production information;
Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available from: URL.
• Professional Internet site
• 1. Australian Insitute of Health and Welfare. Chronic diseases and associated risk factors [document
on the Internet]. Canberra: The Institute; 2004 [updated 2005 June 23; cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available
from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/cdarf/index.cfm.
• Personal Internet site
• 2. Stanley F. Information page - Professor Fiona Stanley. Telethon Institute for Child Health Research
[homepage on the Internet]. Perth: The Institute; 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from:
http://www.ichr.uwa.edu.au/about/schools/.
• General Internet site
• 3. Lavelle P. Mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the Internet]. ABC online; 2005
May 19 [cited 2005 Jul 1]. Available from: http://abc.net.au/health/features/mentalstate/.
•  
Writing reference for Non-Book Formats
• Podcasts
• 1. Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake Baikal to the halfway
mark, Yekaterinburg. Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the
Internet]. Sydney: ABC Television; 2007 June 4 [cited 2008 Feb 4].
Available from
http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xml.
Other Formats
• Microform
• 3. Terry KW, Hewson GS, Rowe MB. Characterisation of inhaled dusts at
minesites [microfiche]. Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute
of Western Australia; 1998.
• Video recording
• 4. Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people's health in
Australia [videorecording]. Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.
• Television Programme
• 5. Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four corners [television
broadcast]. Australian Broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.
Writing reference for Personal Communications

• Conversation
• In a conversation with a colleague from the School of
Population Health (Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th
August)...
• Letter
• As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002...
• E-mail
• Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-
mail to Matthew Hart ([email protected]) 2000 Feb 5
[cited 2000 Mar 17].
WRITING A RESEARCH ARTICLE

• Title Page: Full title of the paper, which should be concise,

informative and generally not exceeding 10-12 words. Title of the
articles is followed by the name of the authors in the form wished
for publication should be provided. The degree of affiliation and
full official address should be given on a separate sheet at the end
of the paper.
• For example

Factors affecting bowel movement in critically ill patients

Dr. Suresh K. Sharma,

Reader, College of Nursing,
Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab
[email protected]
Contd….
• Abstract: The abstract should be brief, concise
and factual, generally not exceeding 200 words in
length. May be written in form of a paragraph
consisting brief information about the
introduction, objectives, basic methodology, main
results and conclusion. Abstract must be followed
by the three to five key words for indexing
purpose.
• For example

Abstract: This prospective study was conduced on 50 consecutive purposively

selected patients (age 12-55 years), who were admitted in selected ICUs of
DMCH, Ludhiana. Daily follow-up of subjects ranged between 7-21 days with
mean of 13.544.31 days and total 720 observations were made. Critically ill
patients who were NPO, consumed small amount of liquid diet (< 0.5L/24 hrs),
consumed selected drugs (opioids, analgesics, anticonvulsants,
antidepressants, sedatives, iron supplements and calcium preparation),
unconscious (had no movement) had higher observations of absence of daily
bowel movements and it was found highly statistical significant (P < 0.001).
Patients who were on mechanical ventilator had higher number of absence of
daily bowel movements and it was found statistically significant (P < 0.05). In
addition, patients with 24 hours negative fluid balance had higher percentage of
absence of daily bowel movement but it was not found statistical significant
(P> 0.05).
Key words: Factors, bowel movements, and critically ill patients
Contd…
• Main text: generally manuscript contains the 2500 –
3000 words including the references. The main text of
the article should be divided into section with the
headings as given below;
– Introduction
– Objectives of the study
– Materials and methods
– Results
– Discussion
– Conclusion and recommendations
– References
CRITICAL REVIEW OF A RESEARCH WORK
• Research critique is a planned, careful critical
evaluation of a piece of research work against the pre-
specified criteria to judge the strengths and weakness of
the research study.
• Purposes
– To provide inputs regarding the strength and weakness of a study to the researchers.
– To provide suggestions to the students regarding the methodological flaws in their
research project and also to evaluate the understanding of research by the students.
– To judge the scientific merits of the study.
– To make decision whether to publish the study in journal or not.
Contd…
• Guidelines for writing a research critique
– Read and understand the research report carefully.
– Carryout the critical appraisal of all the aspects of the research report before writing the
critique of a research report.
– Avoid general vague statements; be objective, sensitive while framing the negative
comments and we must be practical by considering all the limitations of the researcher.
– Keep a balanced approach in research critique by presenting strong points and weak
points of a research report; because certainly each report have positive as well as
negative aspects. In addition, we must not just leave with framing negative comments;
alternative suggestions must be provided for further improvement in research project.
– Positive and negative comments must be supported with examples to make a clear
stand about the strengths and weakness of the research report.
UTILIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
• Each nurse must recognize the value of
research-based clinical practice and identify
strategies that will minimize barriers and
facilitate the change process.
• Each nurse can help create an environment
that supports and encourages evidence-
based practice.
• Consulting with nurse researchers,
communicating and collaborating with
peers, attending research conferences can
facilitate research utilization in practice
settings.
Barriers in utilization of nursing research
• Following are the main constrains to use the nursing
research findings:
– Nurses lack time to actively participate in
conducting and implementing research.
– Nurses lack to read current research findings.
– Nurses do not understand the importance of
research.
– Research is a minute and difficult component of
undergraduate nursing programs.
– Healthcare system in our own scenario pays little
importance to the research on nursing issues.
Barriers in utilization of nursing research
– Lack of access of the research literature for the bedside
clinical nurses.
– Investigator’s lack of preservation towards research from a
clinical perspective
– Published research may have few clinical applications, and
staff nurses may not read nursing research journals.
– Research reports most often are presented to audiences of
researchers;
– Voda et al found that lack of research utilization is basically
due to:
• Failure to directly involve the clinical nurses in research
projects.
• Researchers not directly being involved with patient care and.
• Nurses failing to read research articles.
Funk, Champagne, Wiese, and Tornquist, (1991) identified
the barriers to research utilization under four categories as
discussed below:
• Nurses’ factors:
– Nurses have lack of time, motivation, confidence, research
knowledge, money and resources.
– The nurses do not see the value of research for practice.
– The nurses see little benefit for self from research.
– The nurses are inflexible and unwilling to change/try new
ideas.
– There is not a documented need to change practice.
– The nurses lack the confidence in new research findings.
– The nurses do not feel capable of evaluating the quality of the
research.
– The nurses are isolated from knowledgeable colleagues with
whom to discuss the research.
– The nurses are unaware about the importance of the research.
• Nursing Research factors:
– The research has methodological
inadequacies.
– The conclusions drawn from the research are
not justified.
– The research has not been replicated.
– The literature reports conflicting results.
– The nurses are uncertain whether to believe
the results of the research.
– Research reports/articles are not published
fast enough.
– Nursing research generally lack the
appropriate clinical applicable
recommendations.
• Organizational factors:
– Organizations fail to provide the access to journals and research
resources.
– Organizations lack the funding to support new research findings.
– Administration does not allow implementation of the research
findings.
– Physicians will not cooperate with implementation of new
research findings.
– There is insufficient time on the job to implement new ideas.
– Other staff is not supportive of implementation.
– The facilities are inadequate for implementation.
– The nurses do not feel she/he has enough authority to change
patient care procedures.
– The nurses do not have time to read research literature and
participate in research activities.
– The nurses feel results are not generalized to own setting.
• Communication factors:
– Lack of collaboration between researchers and clinicians.
– Lack of presentation of research findings to nurses in clinical setting.
– Lack of publication in clinical nursing journals.
– Lack understandable research publications.
– Overwhelming amount of contradicting information in medical and
nursing journal as well as in text books.
– Implications for practice are not made clear.
– Research reports/articles are not readily available.
– The research is not reported clearly and readably.
– Statistical analyses are not understandable.
– The relevant literature is not compiled in one place.
– The research is not relevant to the nurse’s practice.
Strategies to facilitate utilization of nursing
research

• The barriers to research based-practice are

multidimensional, so the process to
implement effective strategies to overcome
these barriers will require a combined effort
from nurses in education, research,
administration, and clinical practice.
Strategies for each of these areas are
presented below:
• Nurse Educators: To sum up educators
must:
– Use research findings to support lectures and
teachings.
– Incorporate research findings in clinical
assignments.
– Strive to make research exciting so that students
can be motivated to conduct research activity.
• Nurse Researchers: To sum up researchers must;
– Focus their research activity on current clinical problems.
– Disseminate research results as early as possible. Present research
findings locally, regionally, and nationally
– Publish the research findings in clinical as well as scientific
journals.
– Clearly delineate practice implications of results.
• Nurse Administrators: To sum up nursing
administrators must;
– Establish a research-friendly culture
– Encourage clinicians to question traditions
– Reward risk-taking and innovation
– Require research basis for practice changes
– Incorporate research role in job descriptions
– Provide research resources: literature, internet access, consultants
– Encourage and support: continuing education, conference
participation, and publishing
– Role model research collaboration
• Nurse Clinicians: To sum up nurse clinicians
must;
– Question practice traditions
– Stay updated with literature
– Commit to continuous learning: continuing
education, professional organizations and
advanced degrees
– Collaborate with researchers: relay clinical issues
and questions
– Support research conduct in the clinical setting
– Take the risks to make changes and improve
practice  
DEVELOPING AND PRESENTING A RESEARCH
PROPOSAL
• Meaning of research proposal
– A research proposal is a written document
specifying what the investigator proposes to study
and is therefore written before the project has
commenced. Proposals serve to communicate the
research problem, its significance and planned
procedure for solving the problem to the interested
partly. Those ‘parties’ may be funding agency,
faculty advisor or institutional officers depending
upon the circumstances.
– A research proposal is a comprehensive
summary of what you intend to do, how it will be
done and why it is important. Some of the
agencies view written research proposal as an
actual commitment on the part of the study must
proceed as originally outlined.
Purposes of Proposal
• Provide an opportunity to the researcher and the experts to
think through project carefully, and clarify and define what
exactly to study.
• Serves as a blue print and guiding path
• Helps the researcher to communicate to the supervisor, faculty,
department and funding agency that what he is going to study.
• Helps the department to make a right decision about allotment
of guide for the candidate
• Gives an opportunity to receive feedback from supervisor and
others in the academic community
• Serves as a contract between researcher, guide and university.
• Used to seek ethical approval from the institutional, regional
level research ethical committee.
• Submitted to a scholarship committee or other funding agency
to seek the financial grants
• Developing the proposal
– Development of the research proposal involves;
– choosing a topic
– narrowing and focusing topic
– formulating research objectives or questions and ideas for
analysis
– outlining the key literature in the topic area
– deciding on research methodology, research design and
methods
– proposing an approach to data analysis
– proposing a format e.g. how many chapters and suggested
chapter headings
– developing a timeline
– Developing a budget and resources required for the project.
– developing references and bibliography.
Format of research proposal
• Before an attempt is made to start with a research
project, a research proposal should be compiled.
• For the beginner researcher, this is usually the most
difficult part.
• This does not only require subject knowledge, but also
insight into the problem that is going to be
investigated, so as to give logical structure to research
study.
• The research proposal can be envisaged as the process
(step by step guidelines) to plan and to give structure
to the prospective research with the fina1 aim of
increasing the validity of the research.
• It is therefore a written submission to spell out in a
logic format the nature of the design and the means
and strategies that are going to be used.
A research proposal usually consists of the
following elements
a) The Title
• This should be specific and precise. It should not be more than 2 to 3 lines long,
and should indicate what one intends to do/find out. Example, "Validation of an
algorithm on the management of urethral discharge in CMCH, Ludhiana, Punjab".
• The title is usually only formulated after the research problem . The research
project title should demarcate the following:
– the who or/and what is researched;
– the where;
– the when;
– the how; and
– an indication of the envisaged solution or possible new product.
b) About Investigators
– Full names, qualifications, academic titles of all the investigators, including trainees and
their institutional/departmental affiliation(s).
– The principal/main investigator should be the first one. If there are co-investigators
these should be indicated as appropriate with their qualifications, academic titles and
institutional affiliations.
– A brief up to date C.V. of each of the investigators and co-investigators
c) Institution(s) under whose umbrella the research
project will be conducted:
• e.g.
[i] The World Health Organisation.
[ii] The College of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College &
Hospital, Ludhiana.
or
[i] Indian Nursing Council.
[ii] The College of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College &
Hospital, Ludhiana.
d) Background information and introduction
• This should include:
• A review of the relevant literature. It should be most
current. (Majority being in the past five to ten years at
most).
• Locally available information; either published or not. It may
include clinical or laboratory observations (e.g. increasing
number of adult males presenting with head injuries at the
CMCH during national holidays).
e) Rationale/justification for the research project
• There should be a statement explaining why the researcher(s)
feel the research project is important and therefore should be
carried out, (i.e. the potential significance to health care
delivery, or otherwise). It should not be more than a paragraph
or two.
f) Objectives of the study
• [i] Broad objectives: The main issues that are being looked
at/for, (e.g. to survey the socio-demographic and reproductive
profiles of patients with acute gonococcal urethritis.
[ii]  Specific objectives: The specific issues that are being looked
at/for. These must be measurable, either qualitatively or
quantitatively and form a guide to the research methodology,
data analysis and presentation of results. Examples:
• To survey the age distribution of patients presenting with acute
gonococcal urethritis.
• To assess the sexual behaviour of such patients,
g) Formulating Hypotheses
• Because hypotheses give structure and direction to research,
the following aspects should be kept in mind when formulating
a hypothesis:
• Hypotheses can only be formulated after the researcher has
gained enough knowledge regarding the nature, extent and
intensity of the problem.
• Hypotheses should figure throughout the research process in
order to give structure to the research.
• Hypotheses are tentative statements/solutions or explanations
of the formulated problem. Care should be taken not to over-
simplify and generalize the formulation of hypotheses.
• The research problem does not have to consist of one
hypothesis only. The type of problem area investigated, the
extent which encircles the research field are the determining
factors on how many hypotheses will be included in the
research proposal.
h) Methodology
• This should be very detailed as it is your guide on how the study will
be done as well as the data analysis. It should provide relevant
information on:
– i] The type of research study, e.g
– Randomized clinical trial, descriptive, cross-sectional etc.
This should reflect exactly what the researchers intend to
do.
– ii] Study Place/ study setting:
– Where the study is going to be conducted (e.g. ten secondary
schools in Ludhiana District and or the CMC & Hospital,
Ludhiana). All the areas in/at which the survey/study will be
carried out must be indicated.
– iii] Study Population
– Who are to be included in the study or from which group[s] of people is
the study group going to draw
– iv] Study Period
– The entire period of the study including preparation of the proposal,
submission and approval, training (where necessary), pretesting (of the
questionnaire), data collection, data analysis, report preparation, and
dissemination of the findings
– v] Sample Size
– Details on the sample size and how it has been arrived
at/worked out.
– It's justification.
– The selection/inclusion/exclusion criteria (e.g
» every 10th client
» randomized (and how random)
» every patient who provides consents.
– The need for and type of consent must be specified, and how it
will be obtained, e.g. - written consent, verbal consent
– vi] Data Collection
– Details on:-
» What information is going to be looked for/collected?
» How that is going to be done (e.g. laboratory test, with
provision of appropriate details).
» Requirements for that, (e.g. reagents, culture media,
blood samples and their relevant tests etc). It should
include - who is going to do each of the aspects of data
collection (e.g. who will draw blood, perform the tests, do
the physical examination, interview the study group, etc).
vii] Data Management and Analysis
• Details should be provided on how the collected data is going
to be managed, (e.g. coding)
• Details on data analysis, the computer package to be used in
data entry and analysis e.g.
– SPSS
– EPI - INFO 6.0, etc
• The type of statistical tests to be used e.g.
– regression analysis
– student 't' test of significance

viii] Results Presentation

• A brief explanation of the format of the results as
they will be presented, e.g.
– Pie charts
– Histograms
– Line graphs
– Tables
XI] Possible Constraints
– Any envisaged problems in undertaking the study.
XII] Requirements:
Details should be provided on what the research
project will require.
e.g.
- Personnel - and their individual roles.
- Training: (of whom, why, when, where, by who)
- Paper: for the questionnaires, reports, etc.
- Transport: what form and for what.
- Reagents: which/how much of each and for what.
- Drugs: which, how much of each, for what, their
source(s).
- Space: how that will be obtained, where, when.
ix] Dissemination of the Results
• Indicate the person or institution to whom the report is
going to be submitted and why.
• How does/do the investigator(s) propose to
disseminate their research findings, such as;
– Attendance at local, regional or international
conferences/seminars, workshops.
– Holding of a dissemination seminar/workshop.
– Publications in peer-reviewed journals etc.
X] Ethical Considerations
- What ethical issues need to be addressed?
- How are they going to be addressed?
- This should include protection of human
subjects (clients’ rights).
[l] Budgetary Estimates
- Each line item should be quantified in monetary
terms.
- The investigator should indicate the amount to be
asked for and what the institution(s) under which
the research project will be conducted, will
contribute. Example;
- Each item should be quantified if possible. If it is
not possible (e.g. premises or space), it should
just be mentioned as an institutional
contribution. However small the institutional
contribution is, it should
  be indicated.
- Sub-totals for each group should be indicated and
then the grand total.
[m] Justification of the Budget
- The investigators must indicate how
they arrived at the amount of money
being asked for, and how it is going
to be disbursed. For example,
Two principal investigators- for overall
supervision of the project, data analysis,
report production and dissemination. 10%
of their time for 24 months at US dollars
300.00 = 2 x 300 x 24 = US dollars
14,400.00.
An example of budget planning for a research
proposal

1st 2nd 3rd Total

i) Staff

Junior Research fellow (1) 1,20,000 1,20,000 1,20,000 3,60,000

Research Assistant 84000 84000 84000 2,52000

(a) Total 2,04000 2,04000 2,04000 6,12,000

ii) Contingency
Recurring 500,000 300,000 200,000 100,000
Non recurring (Equipment) 100,000 100,000 200,000 400,000
Travel (National) 20,000 20,000 20,000 60,000
(b) Total 6,20,000 4,20,000 4,20,000 14 ,60,000

(b) Total yearly 7,24000 7,24,000 6,24000 20,72,000

iii) Overhead charges @ 3% Rs 60,210

(c) Grand Total Rs. 21,32,210

• [n] References
- The cited literature, it should be as current
as possible and include locally available
information
 -These should be in the internationally
accepted format (e.g. Vancouver’s style).
 
Computer in Nursing Research

• Following is the brief description about

major uses of computer in nursing
research.
– Research Problem, Purpose, Main Question
or Hypothesis: The internet and electronic
research databases provide access to a
large portion of the existing quantitative
and qualitative literature. By examining the
literature, you can begin to identify the
gaps in the literature which can help you to
formulate your primary research
question(s) and/or hypotheses.
• Literature Review: The Literature Review phase of the
research process is also facilitated by this initial search,
since a large amount of full text research papers and
articles are available through these electronic research
databases. Examples include CINAHL, Academic Search
Premier, EBSCO, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and JSTOR.
• Conceptual Framework: Visual display software can be
used to create a visual representation in the form of
concept maps, flow charts, or visual models of your
research conceptual framework (either qualitative or
quantitative). This helps you to accomplish three results:
– a) to visually represent your main concepts and sub-
concepts to organize and guide the research process
planning
– b) to visually explain your research proposal to reviewers
and funding agencies and
– c) to illustrate the conceptual framework that emerges from
your data, especially in qualitative research.
• Research Design: Selection of appropriate
research designs may be achieved by the help of
computer. Computer programs, new
technologies, and the Internet can be used both to
facilitate research design planning and data
collection, as well as provide the context for a
research study.
• Sampling: In random sampling: cryptographically
secure random number generators such as
Fortuna or Yarrow can be used to generate true
random number selection to facilitate an unbiased
random sample selection for experimental and
quasi-experimental studies.
• Research instruments and Data
Collection: Computer programs, the
Internet and other technologies can also be
used to both create and/or implement a
research instrument in both quantitative
and qualitative research. For example E-
mailed or online surveys can be mounted
online using web forms or other software so
that participants can complete them and
send them to the researcher instantly. Bio-
physical measurements are monitored
through computer only; these monitor
physiological measures provide data for
research.
• Legal and ethical considerations: All research,
including computer assisted or focused research
must include the means to provide enough
information to research participants to agree to
give informed consent before being involved in the
study.
• The actual consent form can be created on a
computer using a word processing program.
• It can also be included as a downloadable file
through email or the Internet.
• A key consideration of all research studies is the
issue of participant confidentiality and security of
all collected data, both demographic and study
related.
• Data Analysis methods: One of the most profound
influences that technology has had on research is in
data analysis applications.
• Literally hundreds of hours can be saved by using the
appropriate analysis software in both quantitative
and qualitative research.
• More rigorous testing can be achieved plus a huge
reduction in analyst error. In quantities studies SPSS
(http://www.spss.com/spss) has become very
popular tool for data analysis.
• This software has been considered the premier
non/parametric data analysis software for several
decades. Once available only by main frame
computer, PC versions are now available.
• Examples of statistics that can easily be calculated:
descriptive statistics, Chi Squares, Correlation, t-
Tests, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
In qualitative studies data can also be analyzed using some
of the selected software such as;

• QSR's N6 and NVitro: QSR, an Australian company offers two

elite qualitative analysis software packages particularly
suited to analyzing phenomenological, action, grounded
theory, and mixed methods data. may be accessed at:
(http://www.qsrinternational.com/products/productoverview/p
roduct_overview.htm)
• WEFT QDA (http://www.pressure.to/qda): This Open Source
qualitative analysis tool works much like N6 above, but in a
simpler, more straightforward manner. It is free to use, and
allows the research to organize narrative and interview data
into themes, matrixes, frequency counts, and to apply
boolean queries.
• AtlasTi (http://www.atlasti.com): This “knowledge
workbench” software is excellent for analyzing text, video,
and audio and other multimedia qualitative data.
• HyperResearch 2.6 (http://www.researchware.com/? This
software also analyzes both text and multimedia data,
enabling the researcher to code, retrieve, theorize, and
conduct data analyses.
• Discussion of Findings, Recommendations,
Implications, Limitations, Summary: Word processing
software like Microsoft Office or the open source
software, Open Office can be used to create text
documents, spreadsheets, tables, graphs and charts as
well as Power point presentations for preparing tables
and visual displays of the research study findings.
• Budget: An important part of any research proposal is
an accurate and easy to follow budget, especially when
the researcher is seeking funding. Various spreadsheet
software can help with this, including the spreadsheet
available in Open Office (listed above) or Microsoft
Excel that comes with MS Office.
• References and Bibliography:
Researchers often use style and
databased software to help them to
organize their reference resources and
to format their reference and
bibliography lists correctly using the
common citation styles such as
Vancouver’s style or APA or Chicago
Style.
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