Module I

Fundamentals of
Cloud
Computing
What is Cloud
Computing?
Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of
computing services—including servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer
faster innovation, flexible resources, and
economies
of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you
use, helping lower your operating costs, run your
infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your
business needs change.
History of Cloud
Computing
• Old Mainframes & Mini Computers introduced idea of time-sharing & Client-Server
Model. This terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as
IBM and DEC.
• In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated
point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with
comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost.
• In March 2006 Amazon introduced its Simple Storage Service (S3), followed by
Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in August of the same year.
• In February 2010, Microsoft released Microsoft Azure
• On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework
• In May 2012, Google Compute Engine was released
Cloud Computing Models, Resources, Attributes
Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications

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Cloud computing - Characteristics
“Cloud Computing offers on-demand, scalable and elastic computing (and
storage services). The resources used for these services can be metered and
users are charged only for the resources used. “ from the Book

Shared Resources and Resource Management:

1.Cloud uses a shared pool of resources
2.Uses Internet techn. to offer scalable and elastic services.
3.The term “elastic computing” refers to the ability of dynamically and on-
demand acquiring computing resources and supporting a variable workload.
4.Resources are metered and users are charged accordingly.
5.It is more cost-effective due to resource-multiplexing. Lower costs for the
cloud service provider are past to the cloud users.

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Cloud computing (cont’d)
Data Storage:
6.Data is stored:
 in the “cloud”, in certain cases closer to the site where it is used.
 appears to the users as if stored in a location-independent manner.
7.The data storage strategy can increase reliability, as well as security,
and can lower communication costs.

Management:
8.The maintenance and security are operated by service providers.
9.The service providers can operate more efficiently due to
specialisation and centralisation.

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Cloud Computing Advantages
1. Resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, are shared.

2. When multiple applications share a system, their peak demands for

resources are not synchronised thus, multiplexing leads to a higher
resource utilization.

3. Resources can be aggregated to support data-intensive applications.

4. Data sharing facilitates collaborative activities. Many applications require

multiple types of analysis of shared data sets and multiple decisions carried
out by groups scattered around the globe.

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Cloud Computing Advantages
5. Eliminates the initial investment costs for a private computing
infrastructure and the maintenance and operation costs.

6. Cost reduction: concentration of resources creates the opportunity to

pay as you go for computing.

7. Elasticity: the ability to accommodate workloads with very large peak-

to-average ratios.

8. User convenience: virtualization allows users to operate in familiar

environments rather than in idiosyncratic ones.

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Cloud computing is a big shift from the
traditional way businesses think about IT
Benefits of resources.

cloud Here are seven common reasons

organisations are turning to cloud computing

computing services:
• Cost- Cloud computing eliminates the capital
expense of buying hardware and software and
setting up and running on-site datacenters—the
racks of servers, the round-the-clock electricity
for power and cooling, the IT experts for
managing the infrastructure. It adds up fast.
• Speed- Most cloud computing services are
provided self service and on demand, so even
vast amounts of computing resources can be
provisioned in minutes, typically with just a few
mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility
and taking the pressure off capacity planning.
Benefits of Global scale-The benefits of cloud computing
cloud services include the ability to scale elastically.
In cloud speak, that means delivering the right
computing- amount of IT resources—for example, more
contd. or less computing power, storage, bandwidth
— right when it is needed and from the right
geographic location.

Productivity-On-site datacenters typically

require a lot of “racking and stacking”—
hardware setup, software patching, and other
time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud
computing removes the need for many of
these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on
achieving more important business goals.
Performance-The biggest cloud computing services run on a
worldwide network of secure datacenters, which are regularly
upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing
hardware. This offers several benefits over a single corporate

Benefits of
datacenter, including reduced network latency for applications
and greater economies of scale.

cloud Reliability-Cloud computing makes data backup, disaster

recovery and business continuity easier and less expensive

computing- because data can be mirrored at multiple redundant sites on the

cloud provider’s network.

contd.
Security-Many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies,
technologies and controls that strengthen your security posture
overall, helping protect your data, apps and infrastructure from
potential threats.
• Not all clouds are the same and not
one type of cloud computing is right
for everyone. Several different
Cloud models, types and services have
evolved to help offer the right
Deployment solution for your needs.
• There are three different ways to
Models deploy cloud services: on
• Public cloud,
• Private cloud,
• Hybrid cloud
Types of
cloud
computin
g
Types of clouds
1. Public Cloud - the infrastructure is made available to the
general public or a large industry group and is owned by the
organization selling cloud services.

2. Private Cloud – the infrastructure is operated solely for an

organization.

3. Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more Clouds (public,

private, or community) as unique entities but bound by a
standardised technology that enables data and application
portability.

4. Other types: e.g., Community/Federated Cloud - the

infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a 14
community that has shared concerns.
Public Cloud
Computing
Public clouds are owned and operated by a third-party cloud service providers, which deliver their computing
resources like servers and storage over the Internet. Microsoft Azure is an example of a public cloud. With a public
cloud, all hardware, software and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud provider. You
access these services and manage your account using a web browser.
In a public cloud, you share the same hardware, storage and network devices with other organisations or
cloud “tenants,” and you access services and manage your account using a web browser. Public cloud
deployments are frequently used to provide web-based email, online office applications, storage and testing
and development environments.
Advantages of public clouds:
• Lower costs—no need to purchase hardware or software and you pay only for the service you use.
• No maintenance—your service provider provides the maintenance.
• Near-unlimited scalability—on-demand resources are available to meet your business needs.
• High reliability—a vast network of servers ensures against failure.
Private Cloud Computing
A private cloud consists of cloud computing resources used exclusively by one business or organisation.
The private cloud can be physically located at your organisation’s on-site datacenter or it can be hosted
by a third-party service provider. But in a private cloud, the services and infrastructure are always
maintained on a private network and the hardware and software are dedicated solely to your
organisation.
In this way, a private cloud can make it easier for an organisation to customise its resources
to meet
specific IT requirements. Private clouds are often used by government agencies, financial
institutions, any
other mid- to large-size organisations with business-critical operations seeking enhanced
control over
their environment.
Advantages of a private cloud:
• More flexibility—your organisation can customise its cloud environment to meet specific business
needs.
• More control—resources are not shared with others, so higher levels of control and privacy are
possible.
Hybrid
Cloud
A hybrid cloud is a type of cloud computing that combines on-premises infrastructure—or a private cloud—
with a public cloud. Hybrid clouds allow data and apps to move between the two environments.

Many organisations choose a hybrid cloud approach due to business imperatives such as meeting regulatory
and data sovereignty requirements, taking full advantage of on-premises technology investment or addressing
low latency issues.

The hybrid cloud is evolving to include edge workloads as well. Edge computing brings the computing power of
the cloud to IoT devices—closer to where the data resides. By moving workloads to the edge, devices spend
less time communicating with the cloud, reducing latency and they are even able to operate reliably in
extended offline periods.
Benefits of Hybrid
Cloud
A hybrid cloud platform gives organisations many advantages—such as greater flexibility, more deployment
options, security, compliance and getting more value from their existing infrastructure. Organisations gain the
flexibility and innovation the public cloud provides by running certain workloads in the cloud while keeping highly
sensitive data in their own datacenter to meet client needs or regulatory requirements.
• Advantages of the hybrid cloud:
• Control—your organisation can maintain a private infrastructure for sensitive assets or workloads that require
low latency.
• Flexibility—you can take advantage of additional resources in the public cloud when you need them.
• Cost-effectiveness—with the ability to scale to the public cloud, you pay for extra computing power only when
needed.
• Ease—transitioning to the cloud does not have to be overwhelming because you can migrate gradually—
phasing in workloads over time.
Uses of Cloud
Application
• You are probably using cloud computing right now, even if you don’t realise it. If
you use an online service to send email, edit documents, watch movies or TV,
listen to music, play games or store pictures and other files, it is likely that cloud
computing is making it all possible behind the scenes.
• The first cloud computing services are barely a decade old, but already a variety
of organisations—from tiny startups to global corporations, government agencies
to non-profits—are embracing the technology for all sorts of reasons.
Uses of Cloud
Computing- examples
• Create cloud-native applications-Quickly build,
deploy and scale applications—web, mobile and API.
• Test and build applications-Reduce application
development cost and time by using cloud
infrastructures that can easily be scaled up or down.
• Store, back up and recover data-Protect your data
more cost-efficiently—and at massive scale—by
transferring your data over the Internet to an offsite
cloud storage system that is accessible from any
location and any device
Uses of Cloud Computing-
examples (2)
• Analyse data-Unify your data across teams, divisions and
locations in the cloud. Then use cloud services, such as machine
learning and artificial intelligence, to uncover insights for more
informed decisions.
• Stream audio and video-Connect with your audience anywhere,
anytime, on any device with high-definition video and audio
with global distribution.
• Embed intelligence-Use intelligent models to help engage
customers and provide valuable insights from the data captured.
• Deliver software on demand-Also known as software as a
service (SaaS), on-demand software lets you offer the latest
software versions and updates around to customers—anytime
they need, anywhere they are.
Challenges for cloud computing
1. Availability of service: what happens when the service provider
cannot deliver?

2. Data confidentiality and auditability, a serious problem.

3. Diversity of services, data organization, user interfaces available

at different service providers limit user mobility; once a customer
is hooked to one provider it is hard to move to another.

4. Data transfer bottleneck; many applications are data-intensive.

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More challenges
5. Performance unpredictability, one of the consequences of resource
sharing.
 How to use resource virtualization and performance isolation for QoS guarantees?
 How to support elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly?

6. Resource management: It is a big challenge to manage different

workloads running on large data centers. Are self-organization and
self-management the solution?

7. Security and confidentiality: major concern for sensitive applications,

e.g., healthcare applications.

Addressing these challenges is on-going work!

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Case study of cloud Computing

Case Studies of Cloud Computing