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Non Euclidean Geometry and Its Application

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172 views

Non Euclidean Geometry and Its Application

Uploaded by

jalaldeepak715
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NON EUCLIDEAN

GEOMETRY AND ITS


APPLICATION

FROM KRISHNA SHAH


M.SC.PHYSICS
LAYOUT

• INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY?
• NON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
• ITS APPLICATION
What is Euclidean geometry:
• 300 BC. Euclid of Alexandria wrote the element geometry
• Developed by the Greek mathematicians before his time any
• Five postulates are:

1. Any two points can be by a straight line


2. Any straight line segment can be extended idenfinitely in a straight line.
3. Given a straight line segment a circle can be drawn having the segment as radius and one end point as center.
4. All right angle are congruent.
5. If a straight line falling on two straight line makes the interior angle on the same side less then two right angle .then
two straight line if extended idenfinitely meet on that side on which the angle are less than two right angle .given
a point P and A line there is exactly one line through P that is parallel to I.
NON EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
NON Euclidean geometry is geometry on curved space. Following are the principle of non
Euclidean geometry:
• Non Euclidean geometry rejects the fifth postulate starting that parallel line never meets.
• Non Euclidean geometry uses the concept of Geodisc to represents shortest distance between
two points on curved space .
• In non Euclidean geometry the sum of angle is not necessarily equal to 180 degree.
• All points on the sphere surface are assumed to be at the same distance from the sphere centre.
• Angle between any two points on sphere surface is less than 180 degree.
TYPES OF NON EUCLID GEOMETRY
• There two types of figures classified based on Euclid parallel postulate
• Hyperbolic geometry
• Elliptical geometry
• Hyperbolic geometry: hyperbolic geometry a departure form Euclidean principle was first conceptualized
with in Euclid postulate .it was established that hyperbolic geometry different only in scale –
• In the mid 19th centurary it was demonstrated that hyperbolic surface must possess constant negative
curvature
• Eugenio beltramis psedosphere described in 1868 showed constant negative curvature but wasn^t a
complete model for hyperbolic geometry
• David Hilbert in 1901 showed the impossibility of defining a complete hyperbolic surface using a real analyitic function.
• However Nicolass Kuiper later proved the existance of such a surface in 1995 and William Thurston provided a
construction in the 1970.
• Three model were klein beltrami Poincare disk and Poincare upper half plane ,these model helped in visualizing
hyperbolic geometry despite some distortion.
1. Elliptic geometry:
Elliptic geometry ,another departure from Euclidean geometry was first explored within the framework of euclids
postulates. Unlike hyperbolic geometry ,elliptic geometries differ only in scale.
• In the mid 19th century ,it was established that elliptic surface must have constant positive curvature.
• Eugenio Beltrami ,in 1868 described a surface called the pseudosphere ,displaying constant positive curvature.
• Primarily only hyperbolic and elliptica geometry are types of non Euclidean geometry but spherical
geometry also forms a part of non Euclidean geometry .hence we will look on spherical geometry
• Spherical geometry :spherical geometry is a non Euclidean geometry that focus on the surface of a
sphere .in this geometry ,space is represented by the curved surface of a sphere ,which exhibits
constant positive curvature.
• Unlike Euclidean geometry ,spherical geometry lacks parallel lines ,and any two great circles on a
sphere intersect at two points .
• Spherical triangle ,formed by great circle arcs ,replace the traditional triangle of Euclidean
geometry ,with their angles summing to more than 180degree.
APPLICATION OF NON EUCLIDEAN
GEOMETRY

RELATIVITY THEORY: non Euclidean geometry ,particularly hyperbolic geometry , play a


crucial role in Einsteins theory of general relativity ,providing a framework for understanding the
curvature of spacetime caused by gravity.
NAVIGATION : spherical geometry a type of non Euclidean is employed in navigation ,especially
for calculating distance and direction on the Earths surface ,which is approximately spherical.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS: for modeling curved surface and space allowing more realistic
representation of three dimensional objects.
• TOPPOLOGY : non Euclidean concepts contribute to the field of topology ,helping
mathematicians study properties that remain unchanged under continuous deformation.
• COSMOLOGY : understanding the curvature of space contributes to theories about the large
scale structure of the cosmos.
• ROBOTIC and Path Planning: non Euclidean geometry are used in robotics for path
planning ,helping robots navigate efficiently in environment where traditional Euclidean
geometry may not be sutiable.
REFERENCES:

https://youtu.be/vUWKMo5scKY?si=_ufNNV_d-QhRyzGg
https://youtu.be/yqUv2JO2BCs?si=f5XCFYBmv-jOWxBT

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