Special Thanks to

Nakib Hayat Chowdhury Sir

Fundamentals
1
2 Structure of C Program

A C program basically consists of the following parts:

• Preprocessor Commands

• Functions

• Variables

• Statements & Expressions

• Comments
3
Structure of C Program
Preprocessor Commands

Main Function

Comment
Library Function

End of Program
4 Preprocessor Commands
 These commands tells the compiler to do preprocessing
before doing actual compilation.
 Like #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor command
which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going
to actual compilation.
5 Functions
 Functions are main building blocks of any C Program.
 Every C Program will have one or more functions and there
is one mandatory function which is
called main() function.

 The C Programming language provides a set of built-in

functions.
 In the above example printf() is a C built-in function which
is used to print anything on the screen.
6 Comments
 Comments are used to give additional useful information
inside a C Program.
 All the comments will be put inside /*...*/ as given in the
example above.
 A comment can span through multiple lines.

/* comment for multiple line */

// single line comment

7
Variable and Variable Declaration

 Variable is a named memory location that can hold

various values.
 All variables must be declared before they can be
used.
 When we declare a variable, we tell the compiler what
type of variable is being used.
 A declaration associates a group of variables with a
specific data type.
8 C’s Fundamental Data Type
9 C’s Basic Data Type
Type Keyword format Memory
Specifier Requiremen
ts
Character data char %c 1 Byte
Signed whole numbers int %d 4 Byte
Floating-point numbers float %f 4 Byte
Double-precision floating- double %lf 8 Byte
point number
valueless void ---
10 Variable
 Variables consist of letters and digits, in any
order, except that the first character must be a letter.

 Both upper-and lowercase letters are permitted,

though common usage favors the use of lowercase
letters for most types of variables.
 Upper- and lowercase letters are not interchangeable
(i.e., an uppercase letter is not equivalent to the
corresponding lowercase letter.)
11 Variable (cont.)
 The underscore character (_) can also be included, and
is considered to be a letter.
 An underscore is often used in the middle of an
variable.
 A variable may also begin with an underscore, though
this is rarely done in practice.
12 Variable (cont.)
 Case-sensitive
 COUNT and count are not same

 As a rule, an identifier should contain enough

characters so that its meaning is readily apparent.
 On the other hand, an excessive number of characters
should be avoided.
Variable (Cont.)
13
Can not Use blank space

Can use letter of

Can not Use any keyword
alphabet (A-Z, a-z)

The first character must Variabl

Digits (0-9)
be a letter e

Can not start a variable

name with digit Underscore (_)
Dollar sign ($)
14 Is it Valid Variable Name?

Apon 1joty

joty-5
apon

apon123 this_is_a_long_name

_sojeb_1 VaReNdRa
15 Is it Valid Variable Name?

4th The first character must be letter

“x” Illegal characters (“)

Order-no Illegal characters (-)

My variable Illegal characters (blank space)

16 How to Declare Variables
 To declare a variable, use this general form:
type var-name;
 In C, a variable declaration is a statement and
it must end in a semicolon (;).
17 Where to Declare?
 There are three places where variables are
declared:
1. Inside a function (local variable)
2. Outside all functions (global variable)
3. As function’s parameter
18 Identifiers

 Identifiers are names that are given to various

program elements, such as variables, functions and
arrays.
19 Keywords

 There are certain reserved words, called Keywords,

that have standard, predefined meaning in C
 Can be used only for their intended purpose

 Can't use as identifiers

20 Keywords
21 Statements
 A statement causes the computer to carry out some
action.
 There are three different classes of statements in C.
1. expression statements,
2. compound statements and
3. control statements.
22 Statements (cont.)
 An expression statement consists of an expression followed by a
semicolon.
 The execution of an expression statement causes the expression
to be evaluated.

 Several expression statements are shown below.

a = 3;
c = a+b;
i++;
printf ("Area = %f”, area) ;
;
23 Expressions
 An expression is a combination of operators and
operands.
 C expressions follow the rule of algebra

Expression Operator
Arithmetic Expression +, -, *, /, %
Logical Expression AND, OR, NOT
Relational ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
24 Assign value to variable

 To assign a value to a variable, put its name to the left of an equal sign (=).

 Put the variable you want to give the variable to the right of the equal sign.

 It is a statement, so end with a ‘;’

variable value
;
25
26 Constants
 There are four basic types of constants in C.
1. integer constants,
Numeric type constant
2. floating-point constants,
3. character constants and
4. string constants.

 There are also enumeration constants

27 Integer Constants
 An integer constant is an integer-valued number.
 Thus it consists of a sequence of digits.
 Integer constants can be written in three different
number systems: decimal (base 10), octal (base 8) and
hexadecimal (base 16).
 Beginning programmers rarely, however, use anything
other than decimal integer constants.
28 Integer Constants
 Several valid decimal integer constants are shown
below.
0 1 743 5280 32767 9999
29 Floating-point constant
 A floating-point constant is a base-10 number that
contains either a decimal point or an exponent (or
both).

 Several valid floating-point constants are shown below.

0. 1. 0.2
827.602
50000. 0.000743 12.3
315.0066
2 E-8 0.006e-3 1.6667E+8 .12121212e12
30 Character Constants

 A character constant is a single character, enclosed in

single quotes.
 Several character constants are shown below.

'A' 'X' '3' '?’ ‘'

 Notice that the last constant consists of a blank space,
enclosed in apostrophes.
31 Character Constants
 Character constants have integer values that are
determined by the computer's particular character set.
Constant Value Constant Value
'A' 65 ‘%’ 37
‘Z’ 90 ‘0' 48
‘a’ 97 ‘‘ 32
‘z’ 122 '7' 55
32
33 String Constants
 A string constant consists of any number of consecutive
characters (including none), enclosed in (double) quotation
marks.

 Several string constants are shown below.

"green" "Washington, D.C. 20005H”

"270-32-3456"

"$19.95" "THE CORRECT ANSWER IS:” “2* (

I+3)/J"

“ ” "Line l\nLine 2\nLine 3" ““

34 Input Numbers From Keyboard

 There are several methods

 The easiest is – scanf() function.

 Input from Keyboard

35
36 Escape Sequences
 There are certain characters in C when they are
preceded by a backslash (\) they will have special
meaning.
 They are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t).
Escape Sequences
37
38 Defining Constants
 There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
• Using #define preprocessor.
• Using const keyword.
39 Using #define preprocessor

 Following is the form to use #define preprocessor to

define a constant:

 Symbolic constants are usually defined at the

beginning of a program.

• Name of the constant • Constant value

• Can be any valid identifier name • Can be character/numeric/string
40 Using #define preprocessor
41 Using const keyword
 You can use const prefix to declare constants with a
specific type as follows:

Example
42 Errors!
 A C program may have one or more of five types of errors:
 Syntax errors (Compiler errors or Compile-time errors)

 Linker Errors

 Runtime Errors

 Logic Errors

 Semantic Errors

 http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/common.html
(Some common programming Errors)
43 Syntax errors
Syntax errors represent grammar errors in the use of the
programming language. Common examples are:
 Misspelled variable and function names
int num1; num = 10;

 Missing semicolons int num1; num1 = 10

 Unmatched parentheses, square brackets, and World”

printf(“Hello curly braces
;

 Using a variable that has not been declared

int num1; num1 = a+10;

 Incorrect format in selection and loop statements

else if
int x = 10;
44 Linker errors

 Linker errors are generated when the linker encounters

what looks like a function call; but it cannot find a
function with that name.

 This is usually caused by misspelling a C standard

function (like main) or not including the header file for a
#include <stdio.h>
function. int Main() {
int a=78;
printf("The value of a is : %d", a);
return 0; }
45 Runtime errors
 A type of error that occurs during the execution of a
program is known as run-time error.
 Runtime errors may crash your program when you run it.
Runtime errors occur when a program with no syntax
errors directs the computer to execute an illegal
operation.
 Common examples are:
•Trying to divide by a variable that contains
int ab=2/0;
value of zero
46
Logic errors
Logic errors occur when a programmer implements the algorithm for solving a problem incorrectly. A
statement with logical error may produce unexpected and wrong results in the program. Common
examples are:
 Multiplying when you should be dividing
 Adding when you should be subtracting
 Opening and using data from the wrong file
 Displaying the wrong message

Logic errors are the hardest to find and fix because:

 The compiler does not detect these errors
 There is no indication of error when the program is executed.
 The program may produce correct results for some input data and wrong results for other input data.
47
Semantic errors
Semantic errors are the errors that occurred when the statements are not
understandable by the compiler. The following can be the cases for the semantic error:
 Use of a un-initialized variable.

int i; i=i+2;
 Type compatibility
int b = "javatpoint"; if (5 > 2.5)
 Errors in expressions
int a, b, c;
a+b = c;
 Array index out of bound

int a[10]; a[10] = 34;