Digital Signal Processing

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Books.

Text Books:
Digital Signal Processing
Principles, Algorithms and Applications
By:
John G.Proakis & Dimitris G.Manolakis
Reference Books
1. Digital Signal Processing By.
Sen M. Kuo & Woon-Seng Gan
2. Digital Signal Processing A Practical Approach. By
Emmanuel C. Ifeachor & Barrie W. Jervis
3. The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to
Digital Signal Processing [Second Edition]
By Steven W. Smith
[Handouts]
Digital Signal Processing By. Bores [Avail at ww.bores.com/courses/
www. DSPguide.com
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Week #01

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• Randomized knoledge

function,???
mathematically, an expression, rule, or law
that defines a relationship between one
variable (the independent variable) and another
variable (the dependent variable).

i.e. X= Time, Distance, Temprature

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• Signal:
A signal is defined as a function of one or more variables which conveys
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon. The value of the function
can be a real valued scalar quantity, a complex valued quantity, or perhaps a
vector.

S=x(t) It may be 1D, 2D, 3D,, oR may be Continue time , Discrete time
or Digital ( A/D )
The Basic Quantity of signals are Time, Amplitude, Frequency etc

• System:
A system is defined as an entity that manipulates one or more signals to
accomplish a function, thereby yielding new signals.

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• Continuos-Time Signal:
A signal x(t) is said to be a continuous time signal if it is defined for all time t.

• Discrete-Time Signal:
A discrete time signal x[nT] has values specified only at discrete points in time.

• Signal Processing:
A system characterized by the type of operation that it performs on the signal.
For example, if the operation is linear, the system is called linear. If the operation
is non-linear, the system is said to be non-linear, and so forth. Such operations are
usually referred to as “Signal Processing”.

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Basic Elements of a Signal Processing System

Analog input Analog output

signal signal
Analog
Signal Processor

Analog Signal Processing

Analog Analog
input output
signal signal
A/D Digital D/A
converter Signal Processor converter

Digital Signal Processing

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Roots of DSP
Digital Signal Processing is the areas in computer science by the
unique type of data that is:

signals. In most cases, these signals originate as sensory

data from the real world:
seismic vibrations, visual images,
sound waves, etc.

DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques

used to manipulate these signals after they have been
converted into a digital form.
goals of DSP
DSP contain a variety goal , such as: enhancement of visual images,
recognition and generation of speech, compression of data for storage and
transmission, etc.
Suppose we attach an analog-to-digital converter to a computer and use it to acquire
a chunk of real world data.

Pioneering areas are

Radar & sonar, where national security was at risk;
oil exploration, where large amounts of money could be made;
space exploration: where the -Movie special data are irreplaceable;
and medical imaging, where lives could be saved
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Analog and Digital Signals
Analog signal = continuous-time + continuous amplitude

Digital signal = discrete-time + discrete amplitude

analog system = analog signal input + analog signal output

advantages: easy to interface to real world, do not need A/D or
D/A converters, speed not dependent on clock rate

digital system = digital signal input + digital signal output I re-

configurability using software, greater control over accuracy/resolution,
predictable and reproducible behavior
Signal Processing

A.S.p D.S.p M.S.p

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Analog-to-Digital Conversion

X(n) xq(t)
0101...
Discrete- Quantized Digital Signal
Sampler time Quantize r Signal Coder
signal
x(t)

Sampling:
conversion from cts-time to dst-time by taking \samples" at discrete time instants
E.g., uniform sampling: x(n) = xa(nT) where T is the sampling period and n ε Z

Quantization: conversion from dst-time cts-valued signal to a dst-time dst-valued signal

quantization error: eq(n) = xq(n)- x(n))

Coding: representation of each dst-value xq(n) by a b-bit binary sequence

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Sampling Theorem
If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal x a(t) is Fmax = B and the signal is
sampled at a rate
Fs > 2Fmax=2B
then xa(t) can be exactly recovered from its sample values using the interpolation function

Note: FN = 2B = 2Fmax is
called the Nyquist rate

Therefore, given the interpolation relation, xa(t) can be written as

where xa(nT) = x(n); called band limited interpolation.

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Common interpolation approaches: bandlimited interpolation zero-order hold, linear interpolation,
higher-order interpolation techniques, e.g., using splines
In practice, \cheap" interpolation along with a smoothing filter is employed.

A DSP System ????

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A DSP System
In practice, a DSP system does not use idealized A/D or D/A models.

1 Anti-aliasing Filter: ensures that analog input signal does not contain frequency
components higher than half of the sampling frequency (to obey the sampling
theorem). this process is irreversible
2 Sample and Hold:
Holds a sampled analog value for a short time while the A/D converts and
interprets the value as a digital
3 A/D:
converts a sampled data signal value into a digital number, in part, through
quantization of the amplitude
4 D/A:
converts a digital signal into a \staircase"-like signal
5 Reconstruction Filter:
converts a \staircase"-like signal into an analog signal through low pass
filtering similar to the type used for anti-aliasing

Real-time DSP Considerations ??????? 14