Dit 705 - DSP - 1
Dit 705 - DSP - 1
Lecturer:
Engr. Praise I. ONU
Triangular Signal A periodic signal that alternates between linearly increasing and decreasing segments, forming a triangular waveform
Sinusoidal Signal A periodic signal that oscillates between positive and negative values, following the shape of a sine function
Signum Signal A signal that takes on values of +1, 0, or -1 depending on the sign of the input
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
BASIC SIGNALS
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
There are two major classification of signals: Continuous Time Signal (CTS)
and Discrete Time Signal (DTS)
A Continuous Time Signal (CTS) is a signal whose value is defined for every
instant of time within a given interval. It is represented by an uncountably
infinite number of points. A CTS is represented by x(t).
Examples include analog signals such as speech, audio, and most naturally
occurring signals.
A Discrete Time Signal (DTS) is defined only at specific, discrete instants of
time, typically uniformly spaced. It can be thought of as a sequence of samples
taken from an underlying continuous-time signal. A DTS is represented by x (n).
Digital signals, such as those processed by computers and digital devices, are
examples of discrete-time signals
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Where,
Ts is the sampling time
Fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate
Example:
If a sampling period is Ts = 125 microseconds,
the sampling rate is determined as:
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Example:
Consider the signals x & y defined by:
it follows that
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Nyquist Rate
The Nyquist rate, also known as the Nyquist sampling rate or Nyquist frequency, is a fundamental concept in signal
processing that defines the minimum sampling rate required to accurately represent and reconstruct a continuous-
time signal from its samples.
According to the Nyquist theorem, for a given continuous-time signal with a maximum frequency (bandwidth) of ,
the Nyquist rate is defined as:
Where,
Fs is the sampling rate
W is the highest frequency
The Sampling Rate(Sampling Theorem) or Nyquist Rate(Nyquist Theorem) states that, “a signal can be exactly
reproduced if it is sampled at the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency W.”
That is, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency present in the signal to avoid aliasing
(overlapping of frequency components) and ensure perfect reconstruction of the original signal from the sampled
data.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
To understand this sampling theorem, let us consider a band-limited signal, i.e., a signal whose value is non-
zero between some –W and W Hertz.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
ALIASING
Aliasing is a phenomenon that occurs when a signal is sampled at a rate below the
Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency in the original signal. It results
in the overlapping or mirroring of frequency components in the sampled signal,
resulting in distortion when the signal is reconstructed, making it impossible to
distinguish the original signal from its aliases.
The corrective measures taken to reduce the effect of Aliasing are −
Types of Quantization
Uniform Quantization: This type of quantization has
its quantization levels are uniformly spaced.
Non-uniform Quantization: This type of quantization
has its quantization levels unequal and mostly the
relation between them is logarithmic.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION
The Mid-tread type is so called because the The Mid-tread type is so called because the
origin lies in the middle of a tread of the origin lies in the middle of a tread of the
stair-case like graph. The quantization levels stair-case like graph. The quantization levels
in this type are odd in number. in this type are odd in number.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION
Quantization Error
Quantization error is the difference between the quantized value and the actual sample.
Quantization Noise
It is a type of quantization error, which usually occurs in analog audio signal, while quantizing it to
digital.
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