0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views

Dit 705 - DSP - 1

The document discusses digital signal processing including topics like sampling, discrete time signals, continuous time signals, applications of DSP, and advantages and disadvantages of DSP. It provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in digital signal processing.

Uploaded by

fydatascience
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views

Dit 705 - DSP - 1

The document discusses digital signal processing including topics like sampling, discrete time signals, continuous time signals, applications of DSP, and advantages and disadvantages of DSP. It provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in digital signal processing.

Uploaded by

fydatascience
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Course Code: DIT 705

Lecturer:
Engr. Praise I. ONU

Centre for Information and Telecommunication


Engineering

University of Port Harcourt


DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION TO DSP
 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
 DIGITAL FILTERS
 DSP ARCHITECTURE
 FIXED POINT NUMBER FORMAT
 FLOATING POINT NUMBER FORMAT
 PRACTICAL MATLAB APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
WHAT IS SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS?
SIGNALS
A signal is a representation of information, typically a physical quantity
that varies with time, space, or another independent variable. It is a
function of one (one directional) or more (multi-directional) variables
intended to carry information from one point to another.
Examples of signals include sound waves, radio waves, human voice,
temperature variations, light intensity, and many others.
A signal in time domain is represented as a function of time x(t)
A signal in frequency domain is represented as a function of frequency
X(ω)
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
WHAT IS SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS?
SYSTEMS
A system is a set of interconnected components that process
signals. It takes an input signal, performs an operation on it,
and produces an output signal.
Systems can be physical (e.g., electronic circuits, mechanical
devices) or abstract (e.g., mathematical algorithms, computer
programs).
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
WHAT IS SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS?
Some Examples include:
Audio amplifiers (input: audio signal, output: amplified audio
signal)
Digital filters (input: noisy signal, output: filtered signal)
Image processing algorithms (input: image data, output:
enhanced or transformed image)
Control systems (input: sensor data, output: control signals for
actuators)
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
BASIC SIGNALS
Unit Step Signals
Exponential Signal
Ramp Signal
Parabolic Signal
Rectangular Signal
Triangular Signal
Sinusoidal Signal
Signum Signal
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
BASIC SIGNALS
Unit Step Signal A signal that is zero for all negative values of time and takes on a constant value (typically 1) for all non-negative values of time

Exponential Signal A signal that grows or decays exponentially with time


Unit Impulse Signal A signal that is non-zero for an infinitesimally small duration and has an area of one under its curve
BASIC SIGNAL

Ramp Signal A signal that increases or decreases linearly with time


Parabolic Signal A signal that follows a parabolic curve, either increasing or decreasing
Rectangular Signal A signal that takes on a constant value for a specific duration and zero elsewhere

Triangular Signal A periodic signal that alternates between linearly increasing and decreasing segments, forming a triangular waveform

Sinusoidal Signal A periodic signal that oscillates between positive and negative values, following the shape of a sine function

Signum Signal A signal that takes on values of +1, 0, or -1 depending on the sign of the input
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
BASIC SIGNALS
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
There are two major classification of signals: Continuous Time Signal (CTS)
and Discrete Time Signal (DTS)
A Continuous Time Signal (CTS) is a signal whose value is defined for every
instant of time within a given interval. It is represented by an uncountably
infinite number of points. A CTS is represented by x(t).
Examples include analog signals such as speech, audio, and most naturally
occurring signals.
A Discrete Time Signal (DTS) is defined only at specific, discrete instants of
time, typically uniformly spaced. It can be thought of as a sequence of samples
taken from an underlying continuous-time signal. A DTS is represented by x (n).
Digital signals, such as those processed by computers and digital devices, are
examples of discrete-time signals
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

Continuous Time Signal

Discrete Time Signal


INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
NOTE:
To convert a CTS to a DTS,
the CTS has to be multiplied
with a pulse strain.
If the amplitude is to be
maintained, then the pulse
strain must be such that it does
not change the original
amplitude of the CTS.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Digital signal processing (DSP) refers to the techniques and processes used to
analyze, modify, and improve digital signals. It involves the manipulation of
digitized signals, such as audio, video, sensor data, or communication signals,
using mathematical algorithms implemented on specialized digital hardware or
software.
In real-time, signals are in analog but first need to be converted from an analog
signal to a digital signal where the processing is carried out in digital domain and
then converted back to its analog domain.

Block Diagram of a DSP System


INTRODUCTION TO DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Steps in DSP
Taking an analog signal from the real world
(e.g., sound, temperature, or pressure) and
converting it into a digital signal through
analog-to-digital conversion.
Processing the digital signal using various
algorithms and techniques (e.g., filtering,
compression, or modulation) to achieve
desired objectives like noise reduction,
signal enhancement, or data compression.
Converting the processed digital signal back
to an analog signal through digital-to-analog
conversion for output or further transmission
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Advantages of DSP over ASP
Compact Size: Digital processors are more compact and lightweight compared to bulky analog systems.
Higher Accuracy: Digital signals are less susceptible to noise and distortion, leading to higher accuracy and
precision.
Error Detection and Correction: Digital signals can incorporate error checking and correction mechanisms,
which are not possible with analog signals.
Data Compression: Digital signals can be efficiently compressed, reducing storage and transmission
requirements.
Encryption and Security: Digital data can be easily encrypted, providing better security compared to analog
signals.
High-Speed Processing: DSP systems can process signals at very high speeds due to their powerful
hardware resources.
Long-Distance Transmission: Digital signals can be transmitted over long distances with minimal signal
degradation and can incorporate error detection and correction mechanisms.
Flexibility: Digital signal processing algorithms can be easily modified or updated through software changes,
providing greater flexibility compared to analog hardware.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Disadvantages of DSP
High Power Consumption: DSP systems typically require more power due to their
complex hardware and high processing speeds, leading to increased cost and heat
dissipation.
Limited Processing Speed: The processing speed of digital systems is limited by the
clock frequency and hardware capabilities, which may not be sufficient for real-time
processing of high-frequency signals.
Mixed-Signal Hardware Requirements: DSP systems often require analog-to-digital
and digital-to-analog converters, as well as other mixed-signal hardware, increasing
complexity and cost.
Compatibility Issues: Different DSP systems may use different protocols,
architectures, or algorithms, leading to compatibility and interoperability
challenges.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
1. Digital audio and Speech: Digital audio coding such as CD players, digital crossover, digital audio
equalizers, digital stereo and surround sound, noise reduction systems, speech coding, data compression and
encryption, speech synthesis and speech recognition.
2. Digital Telephone: Speech recognition, high-speed modems, echo cancellation, speech synthesizers, DTMF
(dual-tone multifrequency) generation and detection, answering machines.
3. Automobile Industry: Active noise control systems, active suspension systems, digital audio and radio,
digital controls.
4. Electronic Communications: Cellular phones, digital telecommunications, wireless LAN (local area
networking), satellite communications.
5. Medical Imaging Equipment: ECG analyzers, cardiac monitoring, medical imaging and image recognition,
digital x-rays and image processing.
6. Multimedia: Internet phones, audio, and video; hard disk drive electronics; digital pictures; digital cameras;
text-to-voice and voice-to-text technologies.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time
signal by measuring and retaining the signal's value at specific time intervals.
It is the conversion of a Continuous Time Signal to a Discrete Time Signal at
evenly spaced points in time. That is; measuring the CTS with pulse strains.
Sample is a piece of data taken from the whole data which is continuous in the
time domain.
The sampling process involves:
Taking instantaneous measurements of the continuous-time signal at regular time
intervals, called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.
Holding or retaining each measured value until the next sample is taken.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
The following figure indicates
a continuous-time signal x(t)
and a sampled signal x(t)
comb(t).

When x(t) is multiplied by a


periodic impulse train
comb(t), the sampled signal
x(t) comb(t) is obtained:
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Sampling Rate (Sampling Frequency)
To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That gap can be termed as a
sampling period Ts.
Sampling frequency is the reciprocal of the sampling period. The sampling rate denotes the number of
samples taken per second, or for a finite set of values.

Where,
Ts is the sampling time
Fs is the sampling frequency or the sampling rate

Example:
If a sampling period is Ts = 125 microseconds,
the sampling rate is determined as:
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Example:
Consider the signals x & y defined by:

Find it’s relationship from CTS to DTS.


Solution:
Their sampled versions xs & ys, with sampling period Ts = π/2.

Notice that since

it follows that
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
Nyquist Rate
The Nyquist rate, also known as the Nyquist sampling rate or Nyquist frequency, is a fundamental concept in signal
processing that defines the minimum sampling rate required to accurately represent and reconstruct a continuous-
time signal from its samples.
According to the Nyquist theorem, for a given continuous-time signal with a maximum frequency (bandwidth) of ,
the Nyquist rate is defined as:

Where,
Fs is the sampling rate
W is the highest frequency

The Sampling Rate(Sampling Theorem) or Nyquist Rate(Nyquist Theorem) states that, “a signal can be exactly
reproduced if it is sampled at the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency W.”
That is, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency present in the signal to avoid aliasing
(overlapping of frequency components) and ensure perfect reconstruction of the original signal from the sampled
data.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
SAMPLING
To understand this sampling theorem, let us consider a band-limited signal, i.e., a signal whose value is non-
zero between some –W and W Hertz.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
ALIASING
Aliasing is a phenomenon that occurs when a signal is sampled at a rate below the
Nyquist rate, which is twice the highest frequency in the original signal. It results
in the overlapping or mirroring of frequency components in the sampled signal,
resulting in distortion when the signal is reconstructed, making it impossible to
distinguish the original signal from its aliases.
The corrective measures taken to reduce the effect of Aliasing are −

 In the transmitter section, a low pass anti-aliasing filter is employed, before


the sampler, to eliminate the high frequency components, which are unwanted.
 The signal which is sampled after filtering, is sampled at a rate slightly higher
than the Nyquist rate.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION

Quantization refers to the process of converting a continuous analog


signal into a discrete signal by assigning a finite number of values to
represent the amplitude of the signal (sampled signal).
This conversion is essential for digital signal processing as it enables
the storage, transmission, and manipulation of signals using digital
devices.
Quantization involves dividing the continuous range of values into a
finite number of intervals or levels, where each sample of the signal is
represented by a value selected from a set of possible values.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION

Both sampling and quantization result in the loss of


information. The quality of a Quantizer output depends
upon the number of quantization levels used. The
discrete amplitudes of the quantized output are called as
representation levels or reconstruction levels. The
spacing between the two adjacent representation levels
is called a quantum or step-size.

This is also called as Stair-case waveform, in


accordance with its shape.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION

Types of Quantization
Uniform Quantization: This type of quantization has
its quantization levels are uniformly spaced.
Non-uniform Quantization: This type of quantization
has its quantization levels unequal and mostly the
relation between them is logarithmic.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION

 The Mid-tread type is so called because the  The Mid-tread type is so called because the
origin lies in the middle of a tread of the origin lies in the middle of a tread of the
stair-case like graph. The quantization levels stair-case like graph. The quantization levels
in this type are odd in number. in this type are odd in number.
INTRODUCTION TO DSP
QUANTIZATION
Quantization Error
Quantization error is the difference between the quantized value and the actual sample.

Quantization Noise
It is a type of quantization error, which usually occurs in analog audio signal, while quantizing it to
digital.
THANK YOU

You might also like