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Bule Hora University

School of informatics

Operating System Lecture

12/23/2024
Overview of Operating System
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Outlines:-
– Role and purpose of operating system
– History of operating system
– Types of Operating system

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General Components of Computer
3 System

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Introduction
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-- OS is program that controls the execution
of application programs.
-- An OS is a program which acts as an
(intermediary) interface between computer
system users and the computer hardware.
-- OS is a software that manages the
computer hardware.
-- OS is the one program running at all times
on the computer with all else being
application programs.
-- OS is concerned with the allocation of
resources and services, such 12/23/2024
as memory,
Cont’d
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Functions of Operating system
– Operating system performs three functions:
1.Convenience: An OS makes a computer
more convenient to use.
2.Efficiency: An OS allows the computer
system resources to be used in an efficient
manner.
3.Ability to Evolve: An OS should be
constructed in such a way as to permit the
effective development, testing12/23/2024
and
Role and purpose of OS
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 It provides a user-friendly environment in
which a user may easily develop and
execute programs.
 Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be
mandatory for computer programming.
 So, it can be said that an OS hides the
complexity of hardware from uninterested
users.

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Cont’d
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– To provide a convenient and efficient
environment for executing programs.

– When there is more than one program or

user, an additional goal is to provide a safe
environment.

– Programs should not be able to interfere with

other programs.
– Users should not be able to interfere with
other user’s programs or data.
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cont’d
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Purpose of an OS also depends on
– what hardware is being used.
– who the users are.

User/programmer point of view

– We don’t want to know all the details of the hardware.
– The OS provides a simple abstract system model.

System point of view

– Resources (CPU time, memory, IO devices, etc) need
to be managed.
– The OS is a resource allocator.
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Cont’d
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 In general, a computer system has some
resources which may be utilized to solve
a problem. They are
 Memory
 Processor(s)
 I/O
 File System
 etc.

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Cont’d
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 The OS manages these resources and
allocates them to specific programs and
users.
 With the management of the OS, a

programmer is rid of difficult hardware

considerations.
 An OS provides services for

Processor Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Concurrency Control 12/23/2024
Cont’d
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 Another aspect for the
usage of OS is that; it Application Programs

is used as a System Programs

predefined library
for hardware-software Operating System
interaction.
Machine Language
 This is why, system
programs apply to the HARDWARE
installed OS since they
cannot reach hardware
directly.
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Cont’d
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 Since we have an already written library,
namely the OS, to add two numbers we
simply write the following line to our
program:
c=a+b;

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cont’d
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 With the advantage of easier
programming provided by the OS, the
hardware, its machine language and the
OS constitutes a new combination called
as a virtual (extended) machine.
Operating
Machine System
Virtual
Language Machine (Extended)
Machine Language
Hardware Machine
Hardware

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History of Operating Systems

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cont’d
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 It all started with computer hardware in
about 1940s.

ENIAC 1943
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cont’d
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 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer), at the U.S. Army's
Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.
 built in the 1940s,
 weighed 30 tons,
 was eight feet high, three feet deep, and
100 feet long
 contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes that
were cooled by 80 air blowers.

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cont’d
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 Computers were using vacuum tube
technology.

ENIAC’s vacuum tubes

Programs were loaded into memory manually using

switches, punched cards, or paper tapes.

ENIAC : coding by cable connections

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cont’d
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 As time went on, card readers,
printers, and magnetic tape
units were developed as
additional hardware elements.
 Assemblers, loaders and
simple utility libraries were
developed as software tools.
 Later, off-line spooling and
channel program 12/23/2024
methods
cont’d
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Finally, the idea of
multiprogramming came.
 Multiprogramming means sharing

of resources between more than

one processes.
 By multiprogramming the CPU time

is not wasted, because, while one

process moves on some I/O work,
the OS picks another process to
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execute till the current one passes
cont’d
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 With the development of
interactive computation in
1970s, time-sharing systems
emerged.
 In these systems, multiple users

have terminals (not computers)

connected to a main computer
and execute their task in the
main computer. 12/23/2024
cont’d
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Main computer; having a CPU
executing processes by
utilization of the OS, (e.g. UNIX).

Terminals are connected

to the main computer and
used for input and output.
No processing is made.
They do not have CPUs.

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cont’d
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 Another computer system is the
multiprocessor system having
multiple processors sharing
memory and peripheral devices.
 With this configuration, they
have greater computing power
and higher reliability.

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cont’d
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 Multiprocessor systems are
classified into two as tightly-coupled
and loosely-coupled (distributed).
 In the tightly-coupled one, each

processor is assigned a specific duty

but processors work in close
association, possibly sharing the
same memory.
 In the loosely coupled one, each

processor has its own memory

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cont’d
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 Use of the networks required OSs
appropriate for them.
 In network systems, each process

runs in its own machine but the OS

have access to other machines.
 By this way, file sharing, messaging,

etc. became possible.

 In networks, users are aware of the

fact that s/he is working in a network

and when information is exchanged.
The user explicitly handles12/23/2024
the
cont’d
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Each is a computer having its own

CPU, RAM, etc. An OS supporting
networks is installed on them.

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cont’d
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 Distributed systems are similar to
networks. However in such systems,
there is no need to exchange
information explicitly, it is handled by
the OS itself whenever necessary.

 With continuing innovations, new

architectures and compatible OSs are
developed. But their details are not in
the scope of this text since the objective
here is to give only a general view about
developments in OS concept. 12/23/2024
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Types of Operating System

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# Some of the widely used operating systems are as follows
1. Batch Operating System
-- Does not interact with the computer directly.
-- There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same
requirement and group them into batches.

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Advantages of Batch Operating System:
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 Multiple users can share the batch systems
 The idle time for batch system is very less
 Easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
 Operators should be well known with batch systems
 Batch systems are hard to debug
 It is sometime costly
 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if
any job fails
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Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank Statements etc
2. Time-Sharing(Multitasking Systems)
Operating Systems
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-- Each task is given some time(quantum) to execute, so
that all the tasks work smoothly.
-- Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system.
-- The task can be from single user or from different users
also.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to next
task.

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Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
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 Each task gets an equal opportunity

 Less chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of security and integrity of
user programs and data
 Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Unix 12/23/2024
Distributed Operating System
(Loosely coupled system)
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Network Operating System
(tightly coupled system)
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Real-Time Operating System
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-- These types of OSs serves the real-time systems.
-- The time interval required to process and respond to
inputs is very small.
-- This time interval is called response time

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