Chapter-4

Data encoding

prepared by:Fisseha W.(MTech)

March-2025
1
Outline
• Properties of analog and digital signals
• Digital data transmission over digital signal: NRZ
encoding
• Digital data transmission over analog signal: ASK, FSK,
PSK, QAM
• Analog data transmission over digital signal: Digitization,
PCM, Delta Modulation (DM)
• Analog data transmission over analog signal: AM, FM,
PM

2
...
Properties Of Analog Signal
 Analog signals are continuous and can have an infinite number of
values within a range.
 Analog signals are characterized by properties such as amplitude,
frequency, and phase.
 Amplitude refers to the strength or intensity of the signal, which
corresponds to the height of the waveform.
 Frequency represents the number of cycles of the waveform
occurring per unit of time, typically measured in Hertz (Hz).
 Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to a
reference point in time.
 Examples of analog signals include voltage, current, and sound
waves.
3
...
Properties Of Digital Signal
 Digital signals are discrete and represent information using binary
digits (0s and 1s).
 Cheaper than the analog signal
 Less susceptible to noise interference
 Suffer more from attenuation [drawback]
• Digital signals are commonly used in computer systems and digital
communication networks.
• Unlike analog signals, digital signals are not subject to degradation
over long distances, as they can be easily regenerated.
• Digital signals are easier to manipulate, process, and transmit
using digital devices and systems.

4
encoding
• It is logical to represent digital data with a digital signal
• It is Digital-to-Digital Conversion
• Digital-to-Digital encoding is the representation of digital information by digital signal
• Digital signal
o Discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses
o Each pulse is a signal element
o Binary data encoded into signal elements
• Signal changes value as the data changes value from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0
• The equipment for encoding digital data into a digital signal is less complex and less
expensive than digital-to analog modulation equipment.

5
Cont …
• For Example when you Tx data from Computer to the Printer, both original and
transmitted data have to be digital
• In this type of encoding, 1’s and 0’s generated by the computer are translated into
voltage pulses that can be propagated over the wire

6
Types of Digital-to-Digital Encoding

 UNIPOLAR
 Encoding is simple , with only one technique in use
 Simple and Primitive
 Almost Obsolete(out-dated )Today
 Study provides introduction to concepts and problems involved with more
complex encoding systems
7
Cont..

 Digital Transmission system works by sending voltage pulses on the Tx.

Medium
 One voltage level stands for binary 0 while the other stands for binary 1
 It is called Unipolar because it uses only one polarity
 This polarity is assigned to one of the two binary states usually a ‘1’
 The other state usually a 0 is represented by zero voltage 1’s are encoded as
+ve values, and 0’s are encoded as –ve values

8
Types of Polar Encoding

9
Nonreturn to Zero-level(NRZ-L)
• Two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
• Level of the signal depends on the type of bit it represents ƒ
• A +ve voltage usually means the bit is a 1 and a –ve voltage means
the bit is a 0 (vice versa)
• Voltage constant during bit interval
-no transition i.e. no return to zero voltage
• e.g. absence of voltage for zero, constant positive voltage for one
• More often, negative voltage for one value and positive for the other

10
Nonreturn to Zero-level(NRZ-L)

 The signal never returns to zero voltage

• NRZ-L is used for short distances between terminal and modem or
terminal and computer.
 ŠProblem with NRZ-L: When long streams of 0’s or 1’s are there in data, Rx receives a
continuous voltage and should determine how many bits are sent by relying on its clock ,
which may or may not be synchronized with the sender clock 11
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
• No return to zero inverted on ones
• The inversion of the level represents a 1 bit
• Constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
• Data encoded as presence or absence of signal transition at beginning of bit time
• Transition(low to high or high to low) denotes a binary 1
• No transition denotes binary 0
• A bit 0 is represented by no change ƒ
• NRZ-I is superior to NRZ-L due to synchronization provided by signal change
each time a 1 bit is encountered ƒ

12
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted

13
NRZ-L and NRZI format examples

14
Return to Zero (RZ)
 Any time, data contains long strings of 1’s or 0’s, Rx can loose its timing
 In unipolar, we have seen a good solution is to send a separate timing signal but this
solution is both expensive and full of error
 A better solution is to some how include synch in encoded signal some what similar to
what we did in NRZ-I but it should work for both strings of 0 & 1
 One solution is RZ encoding which uses 3 values : Positive, Negative and Zero
 Signal changes not b/w bits but during each bit
 Like NRZ-L , +ve voltage means 1 and a –ve voltage means 0, but unlike NRZ- L, half
way through each bit interval, the signal returns to zero
 A 1 bit is represented by positive to zero and a 0 is represented by negative to zero
transition
 The only problem with RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to encode
one bit and therefore occupies more BANDWIDTH
 But of the 3 alternatives we have discussed, it is most effective
15
Biphase
• Another set of coding techniques that overcomes NRZ limitations.
• Best existing solution to the problem of Synchronization
• Signal changes at the middle of bit interval but does not stop at zero
• Instead it continues to the opposite pole
• Biphase
—Manchester
—Differential Manchester

16
Manchester encoding
 Uses inversion at the middle of each bit interval for both
synchronization and bit representation
 Negative-to-Positive Transition= 1
 Positive-to-Negative Transition = 0 Š
 By using a single transition for a dual purpose, Manchester achieves
the same level of synchronization as RZ but with only two levels of
amplitude

17
Cont…

18
Cont..

19
...
• Advantages of NRZ encoding
o Simple implementation: NRZ encoding is easy to implement and
understand, requiring minimal hardware.
o Bandwidth efficiency: NRZ encoding does not require additional signaling
to indicate the start or end of each bit, making it bandwidth-efficient.
o Suitable for high-speed transmission: NRZ encoding is suitable for high-
speed data transmission due to its simplicity.
• Disadvantages of NRZ encoding
o Lack of synchronization: NRZ encoding suffers from synchronization
issues, as it does not provide transitions to help maintain clock
synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
o DC offset: Long sequences of 1s or 0s in the data stream can lead to a
significant DC offset in the transmitted signal, making it difficult for the
receiver to recover the original data.
o Susceptibility to baseline wander: In long-distance communication, NRZ-
encoded signals are susceptible to baseline wander, where the baseline of the
signal shifts due to low-frequency components. 20
Digital data transmission over analog signal: ASK, FSK, PSK,
QAM
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulates the amplitude of
the carrier signal to represent digital data.
• In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier wave changes
between two discrete levels to represent binary 1s and 0s.
• ASK is simple to implement and is often used in low-cost
communication systems.
• Applications of ASK include wireless communication,
RFID systems, and optical fiber communication.

21
...
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulates the frequency of the
carrier signal to convey digital information.
• FSK uses two or more discrete frequencies to represent binary
digits.
• FSK modulation is less susceptible to amplitude variations and
noise compared to ASK.
• FSK is commonly used in wireless communication systems, such as
cordless telephones and wireless data modems.

22
...
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulates the phase of the
carrier signal to encode digital data.
• In PSK, the carrier wave's phase is shifted to represent
different binary symbols.
• PSK modulation offers higher spectral efficiency compared
to ASK and FSK.
• PSK is widely used in digital communication systems,
including satellite communication, wireless LANs, and
Bluetooth technology.

23
...
4. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) combines
amplitude and phase modulation to transmit multiple bits
simultaneously.
• QAM modulates both the amplitude and phase of the carrier
signal to represent a constellation of points.
• QAM offers high spectral efficiency and is widely used in
digital communication systems, including cable modems,
DSL, and digital television.
• QAM is particularly suitable for high-speed data
transmission over bandwidth-limited channels.
24
Analog data transmission over digital signal:

Digitization, PCM, Delta Modulation (DM)

• We some times need to digitalize an analog signal

• To send human voice over a long distance, we need to digitize it, since digital
signals are less prone to Noise
• This is called Analog-to-Digital Conversion or Digitizing an Analog Signal
• This type of conversion requires a reduction of potentially infinite number of
values in the analog signal so that it can be converted to digital bit stream with
minimum loss of information.
o Analog to digital conversion done using a codec

25
Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
• If a signal is sampled at regular intervals at a rate higher than twice the highest signal
frequency, the samples contain all the information of the original signal
• Voice data limited to below 4000Hz
• Require 8000 sample per second
• Analog samples (pulse Amplitude Modulation, PAM)
• Each sample assigned digital value

26
Delta Modulation(DM)
• Delta modulation is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-
analog signal conversion technique used for transmission
of voice information.
• Analog input is approximated by a staircase function
• Good voice reproduction
• Data compression can improve on this
e.g. inter-frame coding techniques for video

27
28
...
Analog data transmission over analog signal:
AM, FM, PM
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Amplitude Modulation involves varying the amplitude of the
carrier signal in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
• In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated to
represent the variations in the amplitude of the input signal.
• The modulated signal carries both the original information and
the carrier frequency.
• AM is commonly used in radio broadcasting, where the amplitude
of the carrier wave corresponds to the sound wave being
transmitted.
29
...
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Frequency Modulation involves varying the frequency of
the carrier signal in response to the amplitude variations
of the modulating signal.
• In FM, the frequency deviation of the carrier wave is
directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal.
• FM signals are less susceptible to amplitude variations
and noise compared to AM signals, resulting in improved
signal quality.
• FM modulation is widely used in radio broadcasting, two-
way radio communication, and music transmission.
30
...
3. Phase Modulation (PM):
• Phase Modulation involves varying the phase of the
carrier signal according to the instantaneous amplitude of
the modulating signal.
• In PM, the phase of the carrier wave is modulated to
represent changes in the amplitude of the input signal.
• PM is less common than AM and FM but is used in certain
communication systems, particularly in digital
communication techniques such as phase-shift keying
(PSK).
• PM offers advantages in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and
bandwidth efficiency in digital communication systems.
31
End of chapter-4

Thank You

32