Data Representation

Instructor: M.Junaid Khattak

Department of Computing
Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University
(STMU). 1
Digital Data Representation
 A well known example of digital data is finite integer representation using Decimal Number
system
Decimal Number System
 It has Base 10
 A number base is the total number of digits that a system of counting uses
to higher numbers
 Decimal number system contains 10 numbers (0,1,2,…, 9) that are used to
represent any other number
 Decimal number system is a positional number system in which every
number greater
than 9 is represented as sum of products

2
Introduction

 Many number systems are in use in

digital technology. The most
common
• Decim are (Base
:
al 10)
• Binary (Base 2)
• Hexadecimal
• Octal (Base 8)16)
(Base

• The decimal system is the number

system that we use everyday

3
Number System
Decimal system uses 10 symbols
(digits)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Octal System uses eight symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Binary System uses only two
symbols
0 and 1
 Hexadecimal System uses sixteen
symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,
E, F

to represent any number, no matter how large 4

Decimal Number System

• Base (radix) = 10
– 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9 } Position
• Digit 2 1 0 -1 -2
– Integer & fraction
4 1 5 4 4
• Digit Weight
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
– Weight = (Base) Position

– Weight = (10) Position

• Magnitude
400 10 5 0.4 0.04
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

• Formal (415.44)10
Notation
5
Decimal System

 The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or

symbols. These 10 symbols are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
using these symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity.
 Example : 3501.51

3 5 0 1 . 5 1

digit
Most Least
Significant decimal Significant
Digit point Digit 7
Binary Number System

• Base (radix) = 2
– 2 digits { 0, 1 }, also called
“bits”
• Weights 4 2 1 1/2 1/4
– Weight = (Base) Position 1 0 1 0 1
– Weight = (2) Position 2 1 0 -1 -2
• Magnitude
1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
– Sum of “Bit x Weight”
=(5.25) 10
• Formal Notation
(101.01)2
• Groups of bits
– 4 bits = {1 0 1 1}
Nibble {1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1}
– 8 bits = Byte {1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
– 16 bits = 0} 8
Binary System

 The binary system is composed of 2 numerals or

symbols 0 and 1; using these symbols as digits
of a number, we can express any quantity.
 Example : 1101.01

1 1 0 1 . 0 1

bit
Most Least
Significant binary Significant
Bit point Bit 9
Octal Number System

• Base (radix) = 8
– 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7} 64 8 1 1/8 1/64
• Weights
5 1 2 7 4
– Weight = (Base) Position
2 1 0 -1 -
– Weight = (8) Position 2

• Magnitude 5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2

– Sum of “Digit x Weight” =(330.9375)10
• Formal (512.74)8
Notation

9
Hexadecimal Number System
• Base (radix) = 16
– 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F}
256 16 1 1/16 1/256
• Weights
– Weight = (Base) Position

– Weight = (16) Position 1 E 5 7 A

• Magnitude 2 1 0
-1 -2
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2
=(485.4765625)10
• Formal
Notation (1E5.7A)16

10
Number Systems
• Decimal Numbers Decimal Binary Octal Hex
– 10 Digits 00 0000 00 0
• Binary Numbers 01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
– 2 Digits/Bits 03 0011 03 3
• Octal Numbers 04 0100 04 4
– 8 Digits 05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
• Hexadecimal 07 0111 07 7
Numbers 08 1000 10 8
– 16 Digits 09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
11
Familiar
System
Octal System Hexa decimal Decimal Binary Base 4
(Base – 8 ns) Number Number Equivale number
System (Base (Base- nt (Base- System
– 16) 10) 2) (Base -4)
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 10 2
3 3 3 11 3
4 4 4 100 10
5 5 5 101 11
6 6 6 110 12
7 7 7 111 13
10 8 8 1000 20
11 9 9 1001 21
12 A 10 1010 22
13 B 11 1011 23
14 C 12 1100 30
15 D 13 1101 31
16 E 14 1110 32
17 F 15 1111 33
Number Systems

Number System Base Possible Digits

Decimal 10 0,1,2,…,9

Binary 2 0,1

Octal 8 0,1,2,…,8

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,..9,A,B,C,D,E,F

13
Bits, Bytes, Nibbles

 Bits 1001011
(b) 0
most least
significan significan
t bit t bit

byt
 Bytes & Nibbles e

Byte (B) = 8 bits 1001011

 Used everyday 0 nibbl
e

Nibble (N) = 4
 bits
Not commonly CEBF9AD
used 7
most least
significa significa
nt byte nt byte
14
KB, MB, GB …

 In computer, the basic unit is byte (B)

 And, we use KB, MB, GB many many many
times
210 = 1024 1KB
1024 x (kilobyte)
2=20 = 1MB
1024
2 1024 x 1024 x (megabyte)
=
30 = 1GB
1024= (gigabyte)
 1TB these?
How about
240
(terabyte)
= 1PB
(petabyte)
250
1EB
=
(exabyte) 15
60
Decimal Number Quantity (positional number)

 350 (base-
1 10)
1 X 100 1
=
0 X

101
= 0
5 X

102
16
=
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

 110 (base-
1 2)
1 = 1

X = 0
= 4
20
= 8
0

X
17
Digital Data Representation
Binary to Integer Number Conversion

100112 = (?)10
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)+ (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 1910

18
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

 521 (base-
7 8)
7 = 7x1 =X 870

1 = 1x8 =X 881
2 = 2x6 =X 128
82
4
5 X 83
= 5x512 = 2560
2560 + 128 + 8 + 7 = 2703
52178 = 270310 19
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

 1AC (base- [ A = 10, B= 11, C = 12, D = 13, E= 14,

F= 15 ]
F 16)
15 X =15x1 = 15
160
12 X =12x16 = 192
161
110XX
163=10x25 = 2560
=
162 6=
5x4096
20480
20480 + 2560 +192 + 15 = 23247
20
Decimal Number Quantity (fractional
number)
 .58 (base-
1 10)
5 X 10- = =
1 5x0.1 0.5
8 X 10-2 =
8x0.01 = 0.08
1 X 10-3 =
1x0.001 = 0.001

0.5 + 0.08 + 0.001 = 0.581

21
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

 .10 (base-
1 2)
1 X 2- = =
1 1x0.5 0.5
0 X 2-2 =
0x0.25 =0
1 X 2-3 =
1x0.125 = 0.125

0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625

0.1012 = 0.62510 22
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

 .2 (base-
5 8)
2 X 8- = =
1 2x0.125 0.25
5 X 8-2 =
5x0.015625 =
0.017825

0.25 + 0.017825 = 0.267825

0.258 = 0.26782510
23
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

 . F (base-
5 16)
15 X16-1

= 15x0.0625 =
0.9375
5 X16-2

= 5x0.00390625
= 0.01953125

0.9375 + 0.01953125 = 0.95703125 24

Binary to Octal Conversion

• Each of 3 binary bits Octal Binary

represent
group an octal digit
0 000
• Starting from fractional
point combine binary bits in group 1 001
of 3 2 010
Assume Zeros
Example:
3 011
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

25
Binary to Hexadecimal
• 16 = 24 Hex Binary
0 0000
• Each group of 4 bits 1 0001
represents a hexadecimal digit 2 0010
3 0011
Assume Zeros 4 0100
Example: 5 0101
6 0110
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
(1 6 . 4 C 1100
)16 D 1101
E 1110
Works both ways (Binary to Hex F 1111
&
33 23
Hex to Binary)
Exercise 1
 Convert these binary system numbers to
decimal system numbers
a) 100101101
b)
11100.1001
c)111111
d)100000.0
111
 b)
1x24 + 1x23 +
1x22 + 0x21 +
0x20 + 1x2-1 +
0x2-2 + 0x2-3 1+
1x2-4 27
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Binary to Decimal

–(101)2 , (11001)2 , (11100)2 , (11.010)2

• Convert the following from Octal to Decimal

–(17)8 , (76)8 , (236)8 , (35.25)8

• Convert the following from Hexadecimal to Decimal

–(7A)16 , (78F)16 , (109B)16 , (50.1C)16

28
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion(positional number)

 25 25010 = 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 2 1 02
250 Remainder
Remainder 0
22 1
Remainder
125
62
2 0
Remainder
31 1
Remainder 1
22 15
7
Remainder 1
2 3
1 Remainder 1

29
Decimal to Binary Conversion

Example (Integer) : (13)10

Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6/2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3/2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1/2= 0 1 a3 = 1

Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 =

(1101)2

Example (Fractional) : ( 0.125 )10

Answer: = (0.001)2
30
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion

 25
0 8
250 Remainder 2
8 3 Remainde 7
31 r
25010 =
3728

31
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

 250
16
1 Remainde 1
250 5 r 0

25010 = 15
1016 ?
= FA16

32
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion(fractional
number)
 0.
4375
0.4375 x 2 = 0.875
0
0.8750 x 2 = 1.75
0.75 x 2 = 1.5
0.5 x2 = 1.0

0.437510 =
0.01112

33
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion

 0.
4375
0.4375 x 8 = 3.5
0.5 x8 = 4.0

0.437510 = 0.348

34
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

 0 . 4375
0.4375 x =
16 7.0

0.437510 = 0.716

35
Example :Decimal-to-Binary Conversion(Estimation)

 0.78 110012  2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5

2 x 2 = 1.56  0.5 +
0.782
4 0.25 +0.03125
0.564 x 2 = 1.12  0.78125
8 110010000
0.128 x 2 = 0.25 12 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 + 2-10
6  0.5 + 0.25
0.256 x 2 = 0.51 +0.03125 +
2 0.0009765625
0.512 x 2 = 1.02  0.7822265625
4
0.024 x 2 = 0.04 36
Decimal to Octal Conversion

Example (Integer) : (175)10

Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1
a0)8 = (257)8

Example (Fractional) : (0.3125)10

Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 =
0.5 *8 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
= 4 . 0 a-2 =
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8
4 37
Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimals to Binary

» 259 , 245.50 , 89. 35
• Convert the following from Decimals to Octal
» 125 , 36.25 , 89. 45
• Convert the following from Binary to
Hexadecimal
» 101100.01010101 , 1011011.0101

38
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimal to

Binary Number System
– 25 , 30.25 , 19.125 , 36.333
• Convert the following from Decimal to Number
Octal System
– 59 , 77.50 , 89.140, 104.75
• Convert the following from Decimal to
Hexadecimal Number System
– 158 , 77.50 , 289.150

39
Exercise 2

 Convert these decimal

numbers to binary c) (22.5)10=(
system 2 22 ?)2
system numbers
a) 17 2 11 0
b) 38 2 5 1
c) 22.5
2 2 1
d) 764.375
1 0

0.5 x 2 = 1.0
=> (22.5)10=(
10110.1 )2 40
BaseX– to – BaseY Conversion

 We can convert base x number to

base y number by following
these steps :
Convert base x to base 10 (decimal
system number)
Then, convert decimal number to
base y

41
Number Base Conversions
Sum of
(Digit x Weight)

Octal
(Base
8)
Sum of
(Digit x Weight)
?
Decimal Binary
(Base (Base
10) 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)

9/16/2020
23 43
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Convert to Binary as an intermediate step i.e.
Convert from Octal to Binary to Hexadecimal

Example: ( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4
)16
Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)
44
Example

 Convert 372.348 to hexadecimal system

number
Convert 372.348 to decimal systemnumber
 372.348 = (3x82)+(7x81)+(2x80) .
(3x8-1) + (4x8-2)
= 192 + 56 + 2 .
0.375 + 0.0625
= 250 . 4375
Convert
250 / 16 =250.4375 0.4375system
10 to hexadecimal
15 remainder * 16 = 7.0
number 10 0.4375  0.716
250 10FA16
 250.4375
372.348 =
Positional number 45
Fractional number
Exercise 3 (TODO)

 Convert these numbers to octal

system number
11100.10012
1111112
5A.B16
 Convert these numbers to binary
system number
5A.B16
75.28

45
Number Base Conversion :Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal

• For Base Conversion from Binary, Octal and

Hexadecimal to Decimal use the Sum*Weight
formula
2 1 0 -1
d -2
2 *B +d1*B +d0*B + d-1*B +d-2*B
Integer Part Fractional
Part
• Binary to Decimal Conversion
16

1 0 1 0 1
8
1 *24+0 *23+1 *22+0 *21+1 *20
4
=(21)10
2 46
Number Base Conversion
(Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal)

• For Integer part

– Divide the number by the "Base"
– Take the remainder as a Coefficient
– Take the quotient and Repeat division
till quotient is ZERO or Less than
Base

• For Fractional part

– Multiply the number by Base
– Take integer part of result as coefficient
– Repeat the process with fractional part of
result till fraction is ZERO or desired accuracy
is achieved 47
Number Base Conversion – (Base R)

• For Integer part

– Divide the number by the "Base = R"
– Take the remainder as a Coefficient
– Take the quotient and Repeat division till
quotient is ZERO or Less than Base
• For Fractional part
– Multiply the number by "Base = R"
– Take integer part of result as coefficient
– Repeat the process with fractional part of result till
fraction is ZERO or desired accuracy is
achieved
• For conversion to decimal „Sum of WeightxDigit‟
48
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimal to Base =

4
– 15 , 25.45
• Convert the following from Decimal to Base =
7
– 17.50 , 29, 54.15
• Convert the following from Decimal to Base =
3
– 58 , 41.50
• Convert the following from Base = 6 to decimal
– (145)6 , (31.42) 6
49
Reading Assignment
• Read the following topics from Chapter 1 of
the book
– 1.2 : Number systems
– 1.3 : Number base conversion
– 1.4 : Octal and Hexadecimal
Numbers

50