نايوبيئم

نايوبيئم (Niobium) هڪ ڪيميائي عنصر آهي؛ ان جو نشان Nb (اڳوڻو ڪولمبيم، Cb) ۽ ايٽمي نمبر 41 آهي. اهو هڪ هلڪو ڀورو، ڪرسٽل، ۽ ڊڪٽائل منتقلي ڌاتو آهي. خالص نائوبيم موهس اسڪيل (Mohs Scale) تي خالص ٽائيٽينيم وانگر سختي جي درجه بندي آهي ۽ ان ۾ لوهه وانگر لچڪ آهي. نائوبيم زمين جي ماحول ۾ تمام سست رفتاري سان آڪسائيڊ بڻائي ٿو، تنهن ڪري ان جو استعمال نڪل جي هائپوالرجينڪ متبادل طور زيورن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نائوبيم اڪثر ڪري معدنيات پائرو ڪلور ۽ ڪولمبائيٽ ۾ ملي ٿو. ان جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا مان آيو آهي: نايوب، ٽينٽلس جي ڌيءَ، ٽينٽلم جي نالي سان. اهو نالو ٻنهي عنصرن جي وچ ۾ انهن جي طبيعي ۽ ڪيميائي خاصيتن ۾ وڏي مماثلت کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو، جيڪو انهن کي فرق ڪرڻ ڏکيو بڻائي ٿو.

تفصيل

Niobium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nb (formerly columbium, Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a Mohs hardness rating similar to pure titanium, and it has similar ductility to iron. Niobium oxidizes in Earth's atmosphere very slowly, hence its application in jewelry as a hypoallergenic alternative to nickel. Niobium is often found in the minerals pyrochlore and columbite. Its name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, the namesake of tantalum. The name reflects the great similarity between the two elements in their physical and chemical properties, which makes them difficult to distinguish.

English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801 and named it columbium. In 1809, English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. Niobium was officially adopted as the name of the element in 1949, but the name columbium remains in current use in metallurgy in the United States.

It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Niobium is an important addition to high-strength low-alloy steels. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and ferroniobium, an alloy of 60–70% niobium with iron. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special steel such as that used in gas pipelines. Although these alloys contain a maximum of 0.1%, the small percentage of niobium enhances the strength of the steel by scavenging carbide and nitride. The temperature stability of niobium-containing superalloys is important for its use in jet and rocket engines.

Niobium is used in various superconducting materials. These alloys, also containing titanium and tin, are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners. Other applications of niobium include welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics, and jewelry. In the last two applications, the low toxicity and iridescence produced by anodization are highly desired properties.

خاڪو

نظر ھيٺ مضمون ڪيميائي تت تي آهي. ٻين استعمالن جي لاءِ نايوبيئم (سلجھائپ) ڏسو.

ميگنيشيئم 12 Mg
Magnesium
نشان
حالت (STP تي)	سالڊ
ايٽمي انگ (Z)	12
ايٽمي وزن (A)	24.31
گروپ	2
سيريز	3
بلاڪ	s-block
اليڪٽران جي ترتيب	[Ne] 3s2
اليڪٽران في شيل	2, 8, 2
ايٽمي ريڊيس	160 پيڪو ميٽر
آئيونائزيشن انرجي (ڪلو جول في مول)	پهرين: 737.7 ٻئي: 1450.7 ٽئي: 7732.7
آڪسائيڊيشن نمبر	عام: 0,+2,+1
گھاٽائي (20°C تي)	1.737 گرام في ڪعبي سينٽي ميٽر 1.584 گرام/cm3 (پگھرائڻ جي نقطي تي مائع حالت ۾)
وجود	شروع کان (primordial)
اليڪٽرو نيگيٽيئٽي	1.31 (پالنگ اسڪيل)
Government طبيعي خاصيتون
• اُبلڻ جو نقطو	(1363°K) (1091°C)
• پگھلڻ جو نقطو	(923°K) (650°C)
• پگھرائڻ لاء حرارت	8.48 ڪلو جول في مول
• ٻاڦ جي حرارت	128 ڪلو جول في مول
• مولر گرميء گنجائش	24.869 جول في مول.ڪيلون