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External Devices Data International Reference Alphabet (IRA)

External devices connect to computers through input/output (I/O) modules and exchange data, control signals, and status information. There are three categories of external devices: human readable devices like monitors and printers, machine readable devices like disks and tapes, and communication devices that connect remote systems. I/O modules coordinate communication between external devices and internal computer resources, controlling data transfer and decoding commands. They recognize device addresses, buffer temporary data storage, and detect and report errors during input and output operations.

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Eeyann Neecool Reambonanza
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59 views

External Devices Data International Reference Alphabet (IRA)

External devices connect to computers through input/output (I/O) modules and exchange data, control signals, and status information. There are three categories of external devices: human readable devices like monitors and printers, machine readable devices like disks and tapes, and communication devices that connect remote systems. I/O modules coordinate communication between external devices and internal computer resources, controlling data transfer and decoding commands. They recognize device addresses, buffer temporary data storage, and detect and report errors during input and output operations.

Uploaded by

Eeyann Neecool Reambonanza
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 7

EXTERNAL DEVICES Data International Reference


Alphabet (IRA)
A device that is attached to a A set of bits to be sent to or
computer by a link to an I/O received from the I/O The most commonly used
module. module. text code, each character in
this code is represented by a
3 CATEGORIES OF EXTERNAL Status Signals
unique 7-bit binary code;
DEVICES
Indicates the state of the thus 128 different characters
 Human Readable device whether it is READY or can be represented.
Suitable for NOT-READY for data transfer.
Disk Drive
communicating with
Control Logic
the computer user. Contains electronics for
examples: video Associated with the device exchanging data, control,
display terminals controls the device’s and status signals with an I/O
(VDTs) and printers operation in response to module plus the electronics
 Machine Readable direction from the I/O for controlling the disk
Suitable for module. read/write mechanism.
communication with
Transducer I/O MODULES
equipment.
examples: magnetic Converts data from electrical Module Function
disk and tape to other forms of energy
 Control and Timing
systems, and sensors during output and from
I/O function requirement
and actuators other forms to electrical
in order to coordinate
 Communication during input.
the flow of traffic
Suitable for
Keyboard/Monitor between internal
communicating with
resources and external
remote devices. The most common means of devices.
examples: any device computer/user interaction is  Processor
that allows a a keyboard/monitor communication
computer to arrangement.  Command Decoding:
exchange data with a
Character the I/O module
remote device.
accepts commands
The basic unit of exchange. from the processor
Control Signals
Each character is associated typically sent as
Determines the function that with a code typically 7 or 8 signals on the control
the device will perform, such bits length. bus
as send data to the I/O  Data: exchanged
2 Types of Characters
module (INPUT or READ), between the
accepts data from the I/O  Printable processor and the
module (OUTPUT or WRITE),  Control I/O module over the
report status, or perform data bus.
some control function  Status reporting:
particular to the device (e.g., the peripherals slow
position a disk head). so it is important to
CHAPTER 7

know the status of


the I/O module.
 Address Recognition:
each word of
memory has an
address so does each
I/O devices. Thus, an
I/O module must
recognize one unique
address for each
peripheral it controls.
 Device Communication
it involves commands,
status information, and
data.
 Data Buffering
is a region of a physical
memory storage used to
temporarily store data
while it is being moved
from one place to
another
 Error Detection
I/O module is often
responsible for error
detection and for
subsequently reporting
errors to the processor.

I/O Module Structure

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