Fluid Mechanics

 Course Instructor:
Engr. M. Abu Bakar Tariq
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
IIUI
Recommended Books
Text Book:
 Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications (10th
Edition)
by E. John Finnemore & Joseph B. Franzini

Reference Books:
 Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications
by Dougherty
 A textbook of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines (19th Edition) by R.S. Khurmi
 Applied Fluid Mechanics (6th Edition) by Robert L. Mott
 Fluid Mechanics by A.K Jain
Properties of Fluids

Lecture - 1
Fluid
 A fluid is defined as:
“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.
 It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
 Fluid mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials which take the shape of
their container.” Or
“Branch of Engg. science that studies fluids and forces on
them.”
 Solid Mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest
shape.”
 Fluid Mechanics can be further subdivided into fluid statics, the
study of fluids at rest, and kinematics, the study of fluids in motion
and fluid dynamics, the study of effect of forces on fluid motion.
 In the modern discipline called Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD), computational approach is used to develop solutions to fluid
mechanics problems.
Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid

Solid Fluid
 Definite Shape and definite  Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume. volume & it assumes the shape
of the container which it
occupies.
 Does not flow easily.
 Flow Easily.
 Molecules are closer.
 Molecules are far apart.
 Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to  Attractive forces between the
retain its shape. molecules are smaller.
 An ideal Elastic Solid deform  Intermolecular cohesive forces
under load and comes back to in a fluid are not great enough to
original position upon removal of hold the various elements of
load. fluid together. Hence Fluid will
flow under the action of applied
 Plastic Solid does not comes back stress. It will continue to flow
to original position upon removal when stress is applied.
of load, means permanent
deformation takes place.
Distinction between a Gas and Liquid

 The molecules of a gas are  The molecules of a liquid

much farther apart than are closer to each other and
those of a liquid. hence it is relatively
 Hence a gas is very incompressible.
compressible, and when  If all pressure, except that
all external pressure is of its own vapor pressure,
removed, it tends to expand is removed, the cohesion
indefinitely. between molecules holds
 A gas is therefore in them together, so that the
equilibrium only when it is liquid does not expand
completely enclosed. indefinitely.
 Therefore a liquid may
have a free surface.
SI Units
FPS Units
Important Terms
 Density (r):
Mass per unit volume of a substance.
 kg/m3 in SI units m
 Slug/ft3 in FPS system of units r
V
 Specific weight (g):
Weight per unit volume of a substance.
w
 N/m3 in SI units g
 lbs/ft3 in FPS units V
 Density and Specific Weight of a fluid are related as:
g  rg
 Where g is the gravitational constant having value 9.8m/s2 or
32.2 ft/s2.
Important Terms
 Specific Volume (v):
Volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.

 It is commonly applied to gases, and is usually expressed in

cubic feet per slug (m3/kg in SI units).
 Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.

SpecificVolume  v  1 / r
Important Terms
 Specific gravity:
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water at 4°C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4°C.

g l rl
s liquid  
g w rw
Example
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:

1. r water  g water / g  62.4/32.2  1.938 slugs/ft 3

2. g mercury  smercuryg water  13.56 x62.4  846lb / ft 3

3.r mercury  smercuryr water  13.56 x1.938  26.3slugs / ft 3

 g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2

 Slug = lb.sec2/ft
Example
A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume,
and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m3
Solution:

1. Density ρ  γ /g
ρ  16/9.81  1.631 kg/m 3

2. Specific volume υ  1/ρ

u  1/1.631  0.613 m 3 /kg

3. Specific gravity s  γ f /γ air

s  16/12  1.333
Example
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3. compute its density
and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in kN/m3
Solution:

1. Density r  g / g
r  78.6/32.2  2.44 slugs/ft 3
2. Specific gravity s  g l / g w
s  78.6/62.4  1.260
so r  1.260x1000 kg/m 3
r  1260 Kg/m 3
3. Specific weight in kN/m 3 (1 lb = 4.48N)
g r xg (1 m = 3.28ft)
g  9.81x1260  12.36 kN/m 3
Example
Calculate the specific weight, density, specific volume and
specific gravity of 1 liter of petrol weights 7 N.
Solution:
Given Volume = 1 liter = 10-3 m3
Weight = 7 N
1. Specific weight,
w = Weight of Liquid/volume of Liquid
w = 7/ 10-3 = 7000 N/m3
2. Density, r = g /g
r = 7000/9.81 = 713.56 kg/m3
Solution (Cont.):
3. Specific Volume = 1/ r
 1/713.56
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
Example
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
1. Density of Liquid, r  s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/ r
 1/700
 1.43 x 10-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
Compressibility
 It is defined as:
“Change in Volume due to change in Pressure.”
 The compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional to
Bulk Modulus (volume modulus of elasticity).
 Bulk modulus of a substance measures resistance of a
substance to uniform compression.  dp
E 
v
(dv / v)
 v 
Ev   dp
 dv 
 Where; n is the specific volume and p is the pressure.
 Units: Psi, MPa , As n /d n is dimensionless, the units of E
and p are identical.
Example
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 81.8Mpa. Assume
that the specific weight of sea water at the surface is 10.05 kN/m3
and that the average volume modulus is 2.34 x 103 N/m3 for that
pressure range.
(a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface and at that depth?
(b) What will be the specific volume at that depth?
(c) What will be the specific weight at that depth?
Solution:
(a) v1  1 / p1  g / g 1
 9.81 / 10050  0.000976 m3 / kg Using Equation :
 p
v  0.000976 (81.8 x10 6  0) /( 2.34 x10 3 ) Ev 
(v / v)
 -34.1x10 -6 m3 / kg dv p

v Ev
v2  v1 p p
(b) v2  v1  v  0.000942 m / kg 3  2 1
v1 Ev

(c) g 2  g / v2  9.81 / 0.000942  10410 N / m3

Viscosity
 Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform
under shear stress.
 It is commonly perceived as thickness, or resistance to flow.
 Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and
may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Thus, water
is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while vegetable oil is
"thick" having a higher viscosity.
 The friction forces in flowing fluid result from the cohesion
and momentum interchange between molecules.
 All real fluids (except super-fluids) have some resistance to
shear stress, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress
is known as an ideal fluid.
 It is also known as Absolute Viscosity or Dynamic
Viscosity.
Viscosity

At boundaries, particles of
fluid adhere to the walls, and
so their velocities are zero
relative to the wall. This is so
called no-slip condition
occurs with all viscous fluids.
Dynamic Viscosity
 As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed
in it, the magnitude of which depends on the
viscosity of the fluid.
 Shear stress, denoted by the Greek letter (tau),

τ, can be defined as the force required to slide

one unit area layer of a substance over
another.
 Thus, τ is a force divided by an area and can

be measured in the units of N/m2 (Pa) or lb/ft2.

Dynamic Viscosity
 Figure shows the velocity gradient in a moving fluid.
U
F, U

AU
 Experiments have shown that: F
Y
Dynamic Viscosity
 As we know that;
F U du
  m m
A Y dy
 where the constant of proportionality m (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
Kinematic Viscosity
 The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as:
“Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.”
m
n
r
Newtonian Fluid
 A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly
proportional to rate of strain, and (named for Isaac
Newton) is a fluid that flows like water, its stress versus
rate of strain curve is linear and passes through the
origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the
viscosity.
 A simple equation to describe Newtonian fluid behavior
is
du
 m
dy

 Where m = absolute viscosity/Dynamic viscosity or

simply viscosity
 = shear stress
Example
Find the kinematic viscosity of liquid in stokes whose
specific gravity is 0.85 and dynamic viscosity is 0.015
poise.
Solution:
Given S = 0.85
m = 0.015 poise
= 0.015 x 0.1 Ns/m2 = 1.5 x 10-3 Ns/m2
We know that S = density of liquid/density of water
density of liquid = S x density of water
r  0.85 x 1000  850 kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity ,
u  m/ r  1.5 x 10-3/850
 1.76 x 10-6 m2/s = 1.76 x 10-6 x 104cm2/s
= 1.76 x 10-2 stokes.
Example
A 1 in wide space between two horizontal plane surface is
filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 80 F. What
force is required to drag a very thin plate of 4 sq.ft area
through the oil at a velocity of 20 ft/min if the plate is 0.33
in from one surface.
Solution:

m  0.0063 lb.sec/ft 2 ( From  A.1)

F U du
  m m
A Y dy
 1  0.0063 * (20 / 60) /(0.33 / 12)  0.0764 lb / ft 2
 2  0.0063 * (20 / 60) /(0.67 / 12)  0.0394 lb / ft 2
F1   1 A  0.0764 * 4  0.0305lb
F2   2 A  0.0394 * 4  0.158lb
Force  F1  F2  0.463lb
Ideal Fluid
 An ideal fluid may be defined as:
“A fluid in which there is no friction, it is inviscid i.e.
zero viscosity.”
 Although such a fluid does not exist in reality, many fluids
approximate frictionless flow at sufficient distances, and so
their behaviors can often be conveniently analyzed by
assuming an ideal fluid.
Real Fluid
 In a real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or
shearing forces always come into being whenever
motion relative to a body takes place, thus giving
rise to fluid friction, because these forces oppose
the motion of one particle past another.
 These friction forces give rise to a fluid property
called viscosity.
Surface Tension
 Cohesion: “Attraction between molecules of same surface”
It enables a liquid to resist tensile stresses.
 Adhesion: “Attraction between molecules of different surface”
It enables to adhere to another body.
 “Surface Tension is the property of a liquid, which enables it
to resist tensile stress”.
 At the interface between liquid and a gas i.e at the liquid
surface, and at the interface between two immiscible (not
mixable) liquids, the attraction force between molecules form
an imaginary surface film which exerts a tension force in the
surface. This liquid property is known as Surface Tension.
Surface Tension
 As a result of surface tension, the liquid surface has a
tendency to reduce its surface as small as possible. That is
why the water droplets assume a nearly spherical shape.
 This property of surface tension is utilized in manufacturing
of lead shots.
 Capillary Rise: The phenomenon of rising water in the tube of
smaller diameter is called capillary rise.
Metric to U.S. System Conversions,
Calculations, Equations, and Formulas

 Millimeters (mm) x 0.03937 = inches (")(in)

 Centimeters (cm) x 0.3937 = inches (")(in)

 Meters (m) x 39.37 = inches (")(in)

 Meters (m) x 3.281 = feet (')(ft)

 Meters (m) x 1.094 = yards (yds)

 Kilometers (km) x 0.62137 = miles (mi)

 Kilometers (km) x 3280.87 = feet (')(ft)

 Liters (l) x 0.2642 = gallons (U.S.)(gals)

Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Bars x 14.5038 = pounds per square inch (PSI)

 Kilograms (kg) x 2.205 = Pounds (P)

 Kilometers (km) x 1093.62 = yards (yds)

 Square centimeters x 0.155 = square inches

 Liters (l) x 0.0353 = cubic feet

 Square meters x 10.76 = square feet

 Square kilometers x 0.386 = square miles

 Cubic centimeters x 0.06102 = cubic inches

 Cubic meters x 35.315 = cubic feet

Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Inches (")(in) x 25.4 = millimeters (mm)

 Inches (")(in) x 2.54 = centimeters (cm)

 Inches (")(in) x 0.0254 = meters (m)

 Feet (')(ft) x 0.3048 = meters (m)

 Yards (yds) x 0.9144 = meters (m)

 Miles (mi) x 1.6093 = kilometers (km)

 Feet (')(ft) x 0.0003048 = kilometers (km)

Calculations, Equations & Formulas

 Gallons (gals) x 3.78 = liters (l)

 Cubic feet x 28.316 = liters (l)
 Pounds (P) x 0.4536 = kilograms (kg)
 Square inches x 6.452 = square centimeters
 Square feet x 0.0929 = square meters
 Square miles x 2.59 = square kilometers
 Acres x 4046.85 = square meters
 Cubic inches x 16.39 = cubic centimeters
 Cubic feet x 0.0283 = cubic meters