Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY NAIC

(Formerly CAVITE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES)
Bucana, Naic, Cavite
Tel. No. (046) 856-0401/856-0943/697-9530 Fax. No. (046) 856-0942
[email protected]

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

MARY JANE V. BALANSAG MRS. ELSA B OMIPON

BSHM II C PROFESSOR

INTRODUCTION

Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each,
opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective
of shooting a basketball (approximately 9.4 inches (24 cm) in diameter) through the
defender's hoop (a basket 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter mounted 10 feet (3.048 m)
high to a backboard at each end of the court) while preventing the opposing team from
shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from
behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the
player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free
throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play
expires with the score tied, an additional period of play (overtime) is mandated.
Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling) or by
passing it to a teammate, both of which require considerable skill. On offense, players
may use a variety of shots—the lay-up, the jump shot, or a dunk; on defense, they may
steal the ball from a dribbler, intercept passes, or block shots; either offense or defense
may collect a rebound, that is, a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard. It is a
violation to lift or drag one's pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the
ball with both hands then resume dribbling.
The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions: the tallest player is
usually the center, the tallest and strongest is the power forward, a slightly shorter but
more agile player is the small forward, and the shortest players or the best ball handlers
are the shooting guard and the point guard, who implements the coach's game plan by
managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning).
Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.
Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield,
Massachusetts, United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's
most popular and widely viewed sports.[1] The National Basketball Association (NBA) is
the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity,
salaries, talent, and level of competition.[2][3] Outside North America, the top clubs from
national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and
the Basketball Champions League Americas. The FIBA Basketball World
Cup and Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament are the major international events of
the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts
regional competitions for national teams, like EuroBasket and FIBA AmeriCup.
The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball
Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. The main
North American league is the WNBA (NCAA Women's Division I Basketball
Championship is also popular), whereas strongest European clubs participate in
the EuroLeague Women.
HISTORY
In early December 1891, Canadian James Naismith,[4] a
physical education professor and instructor at the
International Young Men's Christian Association Training
School[5] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College)
in Springfield, Massachusetts, was trying to keep his gym
class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor
game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels
of fitness during the long New England winters. After
rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to
walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed
a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.0 m) elevated track. In
contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket
retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point
scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed,
allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each
time.
Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball.
These round balls from "association football" were made,
at the time, with a set of laces to close off the hole
needed for inserting the inflatable bladder after the other
sewn-together segments of the ball's cover had been
flipped outside-in.[6][7] These laces could cause bounce
passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. [8] Eventually a
lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this
change to the game was endorsed by Naismith.
(Whereas in American football, the lace construction
proved to be advantageous for gripping and remains to
this day.) The first balls made specifically for basketball
were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony
Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to
players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball
that is now in common use. Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the
"bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of ball
movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of
early balls. Dribbling was common by 1896, with a rule against
the double dribble by 1898.[9]
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally
replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was
soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a
person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point.
Whichever team got the most points won the game.[10] The
baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the
playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators in the
balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was
introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound
shots.[11] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006,
indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated
rules from a children's game called duck on a rock, as many had failed before it.
Frank Mahan, one of the players from the original first game, approached Naismith after
the Christmas break, in early 1892, asking him what he intended to call his new game.
Naismith replied that he hadn't thought of it because he had been focused on just
getting the game started. Mahan suggested that it be called "Naismith ball", at which he
laughed, saying that a name like that would kill any game. Mahan then said, "Why not
call it basketball?" Naismith replied, "We have a basket and a ball, and it seems to me
that would be a good name for it."[12][13] The first official game was played in the YMCA
gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine players. The game
ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a
present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court.
At the time, football was being played with 10 to a team (which was increased to 11).
When winter weather got too icy to play football, teams were taken indoors, and it was
convenient to have them split in half and play basketball with five on each side. By
1897–1898 teams of five became standard.
RULES AND REGULATIONS
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the
opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their
own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two
points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc 6.75 metres (22 ft
2 in) from the basket in international games[citation needed] and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in
NBA games.[34] A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a
foul is made.
 Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[35] or 12 minutes (NBA).[36] College
men's games use two 20-minute halves,[37] college women's games use 10-minute
quarters,[38] and most United States high school varsity games use 8-minute quarters;
however, this varies from state to state.[39][40] 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time
break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules[37][41][42] and 10 minutes in United States high
schools.[39] Overtime periods are five minutes in length[37][43][44] except for high school,
which is four minutes in length.[39] Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The
time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active.
Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time,
typically about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one
time.[45][46][47][48] Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped.
Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team,
and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors
and trainers.
For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and
a jersey with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front
and back. Players wear high-top sneakers that provide extra ankle support. Typically,
team names, players' names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed on the
uniforms.
A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or sometimes
mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players, are allowed. They generally
last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA) unless, for televised games, a
commercial break is needed.
The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (referred to as crew
chief in the NBA), one or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table
officials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of three
referees on the court. The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each teams
scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, player substitutions, team possession
arrow, and the shot clock.
 Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players,
thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels out of
bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, or
touches any player or object that is out of bounds.
There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which
commonly results in an infraction known as traveling. Nor may a player stop his dribble
and then resume dribbling. A dribble that touches both hands is considered stopping the
dribble, giving this infraction the name double dribble. Within a dribble, the player
cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on the bottom of the ball; doing so is known
as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of their
court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. A violation of
these rules results in loss of possession.
The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist. For the offense, a violation of
these rules results in loss of possession; for the defense, most leagues reset the shot
clock and the offensive team is given possession of the ball out of bounds.
There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past halfway (8
seconds in FIBA and the NBA; 10 seconds in NCAA and high school for both sexes),
before attempting a shot (24 seconds in FIBA, the NBA, and U Sports (Canadian
universities) play for both sexes, and 30 seconds in NCAA play for both sexes), holding
the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the restricted area known
as the free-throw lane, (or the "key") (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote
more offense.
 Basket interference, or goaltending
is a violation charged when a player illegally interferes with a shot. This violation is
incurred when a player touches the ball on its downward trajectory to the basket, unless
it is obvious that the ball has no chance of entering the basket, if a player touches the
ball while it is in the rim, or in the area extended upwards from the basket, or if a player
reaches through the basket to interfere with the shot. When a defensive player is
charged with goaltending, the basket is awarded. If an offensive player commits the
infraction, the basket is cancelled. In either case possession of the ball is turned over to
the defensive team.
 Fouls
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through certain types of physical
contact is illegal and is called a personal foul. These are most commonly committed by
defensive players; however, they can be committed by offensive players as well.
Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one or
more free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending on whether the shot
was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw, which is attempted from
a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.
The referee is responsible for judging whether contact is illegal, sometimes resulting in
controversy. The calling of fouls can vary between games, leagues and referees.
There is a second category of fouls called technical fouls, which may be charged for
various rules violations including failure to properly record a player in the scorebook, or
for unsportsmanlike conduct. These infractions result in one or two free throws, which

may be taken by any of the five players on the court at the time. Repeated incidents can
result in disqualification. A blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive
or unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In FIBA and NCAA
women's basketball, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul, while in
leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.
If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period (quarter or half) – four
for NBA, NCAA women's, and international games – the opposing team is awarded one
or two free throws on all subsequent non-shooting fouls for that period, the number
depending on the league. In the US college men's game and high school games for
both sexes, if a team reaches 7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is awarded one free
throw, along with a second shot if the first is made. This is called shooting "one-and-
one". If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half, the opposing team is awarded two free
throws on all subsequent fouls for the half.
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the shooter, nor
may they try to regain possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the air.
After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, the other team is said to be "in
the bonus". On scoreboards, this is usually signified with an indicator light reading
"Bonus" or "Penalty" with an illuminated directional arrow or dot indicating that team is
to receive free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Some scoreboards also
indicate the number of fouls committed.)
If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team must wait for
the completion of the second shot before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball
and continuing play.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is
awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player
fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot thus receives two shots, and a player
fouled while attempting a three-point shot receives three shots.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the
player will be awarded one additional free throw for one point. In combination with a
regular shot, this is called a "three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially,
an "and one") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the
additional free throw (1 point).
 Rules for the offense
The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the
basketball there are certain rules they must follow:
1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If,
at any time, both hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only
move one foot. The foot that is stationary is called the pivot foot.
2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a
player has stopped dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts
dribbling again is called for a double-dribbling violation and loses the basketball to the
other team. A player can only start another dribble after another player from either team
touches or gains control of the basketball. This is usually after a shot or pass.
3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team loses the ball out of bounds the
other team gets control of the basketball.
4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom
of the basketball while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball
and the player will lose the ball to the other team.

5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt.
This is called a backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the
backcourt, then the offensive team can recover the ball legally.
 Defensive Rules

The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an
unfair advantage through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to be
made by the referee, but, in general, the defensive player may not touch the offensive
player in a way that causes the offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.
 Rules for everyone
1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly the
same to all players on the court including offensive players.
2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.
3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the basket
or if it is on the rim. This is called goaltending. (Touching the ball on the rim is legal in
some games).
Every player on the court is subject to the same rules regardless of the position they
play. The positions in basketball are just for team basketball strategy and there are no
positions in the rules.

 Time Management Signals

These officiating basketball hand signals are used to communicate between
the referee and the time keeper in order to notify starting and stopping of
the clock.

Stop Clock – To stop the clock at any point in the game, the referee will
raise one hand straight over head with his palms facing out and finger tips
pointed.

Start Clock – Beginning with one hand raised above head,

the start of the clock is indicated by dropping the raised hand
directly towards the floor.

Full Timeout – When an official wishes to signal for a full

timeout it is indicated by two arms spread to the sides
forming a “T” shape.
Thirty Second Timeout – To indicate a thirty second timeout has been called
by one of the teams, the official will take both hands and place them on top of
his shoulders with his elbows out.

Jump Ball – When both players have control over the ball at the
same time, it is indicated by both thumbs pointing
upwards with arms extended.

Substitution – If a substitute player wishes to enter

the game it is indicated by having one hand facing the

time keeper, raised in a “stop” manner, and the other hand

waving the substitute player into the game.

Basketball Foul Signals

When a player commits a personal foul, the referee will give a
specific signal to indicate the type of foul and which player
has committed the foul.

Player Control Foul (Charge) – One hand on the back of the

head and the other pointing in the opposite directi on of the
play indicates a charge call has been made.

Hand Check – When a player commits a hand check foul, it

is signaled by having one arm extended in front of the chest with the
fingers up, and the other arm grabbing the wrist.

Blocking – If a defensive player commits a blocking foul

the official will have both hands, in fists, touching his hips,
and his elbows in tight against his body.

Holding – The holding signal is made by having one arm

extended upwards in front of the face, and the other hand
grabbing the wrist.

Pushing – To signal a pushing foul, the official will have

both hands extended straight in front of him, with his palms facing
outward.

Intentional Foul – When a player commits an intentional

foul, the official will put both arms above his head and
cross them.

Technical Foul – To signal a technical foul has occurred

the referee will place both his hands in front of him and put
them in the formation of a letter “T”.

Double Foul – If two players have committed a

foul at the same time, the referee will put both
hands, in fists, extended out towards the sides.
Illegal Hand Use – An illegal hand use foul is signaled by the
official putting both of his hands in front of him, at waist level, and
grabbing one of his wrists with the other hand.

Basketball Violation Hand Signals

A violation is a rule which is broken, but it does not result in a
player picking up a personal foul. The other team is awarded
possession of the ball.

Traveling – When a player has committed a traveling

violation, the official will signal it by placing both of his

hands in front of him and moving them in a circle.

Carrying or Palming – In order to signal a palming or

carrying violation, the referee will have one hand at the
side, flipped over from palm up to palm down.

Double Dribble – The official will signal a double dribble

violation has been committed by putting both of his hands in
front of him, with palms down, and alternating them up and
down, as if dribbling a basketball.

Three Seconds – The official will indicate that a player has

committed a three second violation by having three fingers raised, and
the hand makes a swiping motion back and forth at the side.
Five Seconds – In order to signal a five second violation
the official will have five fingers raised with arm extended
upward.

Ten Seconds – The ten second violation is shown when the

official has ten fingers raised with both arms extended
upwards.

Kicking the Ball – When a player kicks the ball, the referee
will have one foot raised in front.

Hand signal Indicators

These indicators allow officials to communicate information to
the scorer’s table during the game.

Two Point Basket Scored – When a two point basket is scored, the
official will extend one arm parallel to the floor and point with two fingers.

Three Point Basket Scored – The official will extend

both arms directly upwards with fingers pointed to
signify that a player has scored a Three Point Basket.

Counting – The referee indicates he is counting for a

timed violation by moving his hand back and forth from
the middle of the chest to straight in front continuously. Each
movement represents one second.

Basket Counts – To indicate a basket counts, when a foul has also

occurred, the referee will drop his hand from shoulder height directly
down.

Basket Does Not Count – To “wave off” a basket, or indicate it

does not count because a foul has occurred, the referee will
start with both hands at the shoulders, elbows out, and extend
hands out directly towards the side.

Bonus Free Throws – When a player at the free throw line is to

be awarded a bonus free throw, the official will extend both of
his arms out to his sides completely straight and then m ove one
up and down.

Lane Violation – If a player is shooting a free throw and a lane violation

occurs, the referee will signal it by raising one of his arms out to his side
and holding it there until the free throw is completed.

EQUIPMENTS

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a
flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels
require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s),
alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet (28.0 meters) long and
49.2 feet (15 meters) wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is
94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 meters).[34] Most courts have wood
flooring, usually constructed from maple planks running in the
same direction as the longer court dimension.[49][50] The name
and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the
center circle.
The basket is a steel rim 18 inches (46 cm) diameter with an
attached net affixed to a backboard that measures 6 by 3.5 feet (1.8 by 1.1 meters) and
one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is 18
inches (46 cm) high and 2 feet (61 cm) wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top
of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 meters) above the court and 4 feet (1.22 meters)
inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and
backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim
that is off by just a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.
The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is 29.5 inches
(75 cm) in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If
women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72 cm) in circumference
(size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz (567 grams). In 3x3, a formalized version
of the halfcourt 3-on-3 game, a dedicated ball with the circumference of a size 6 ball but
the weight of a size 7 ball is used in all competitions (men's, women's, and mixed
teams).
OFFICIALS AND THEIR DUTIES

 THE OFFICIATING STAFF

The makeup of the officiating corps is strictly a matter of choice. The minimum number
is five: a referee, an umpire, a scorer, a timer and a shot-clock operator. In some cases,
eight officials are used in a lineup comprising a referee, two umpires, a shot-clock
operator, two scorers and two timers. Years ago, when there was a center jump after

each field goal or free throw; two officials did it all-the referee on the court and one
combined scorer-timer on the sidelines.

 REFEREE IS OFFICIAL IN CHARGE

Although the duties of the officials may not concern spectators or players, you should
know that the referee controls the game. The referee is the official who tosses the ball
up for the center jump at the start of the game and each overtime period. The referee’s
assigned chores range from inspecting and approving all equipment before the game’s
starting time to approving the final score. In between, the referee is responsible for the
notification of each team three minutes before each half is to begin and deciding
matters of disagreement among the officials. The referee has the power to make
decisions on any points not specifically covered in the rules and even to forfeit the game
if necessary.

 OFFICIALS CONDUCT GAME

During actual play, there is no practical difference between the referee and umpire(s).
They are equally responsible for the conduct of the game; and, because of the speed of
play, their duties are dictated essentially by their respective positions on the court from
moment to moment. For this reason, the rules specify that no official has the authority to
question decisions made by another official.

 DUTIES OF SCORERS AND TIMERS

Scorers must (a) record, in numerical order, names and numbers of all players, (b)
record field goals made and free throws made and missed, © keep a running summary
of points scored, (d) record fouls called on each player and notify officials when a
player-disqualification or bonus-free-throw situation arises, (e) record timeouts and
report when a team’ s allotted number has been used, and (f) record when a squad
member has been ejected for fighting.

The game of basketball is not officiated only by referees, there is a whole group of
officials to manage a game and to keep things on track. The group includes referee,
umpires, scorer, timekeeper and shot clock operator.

In basketball, Officials are usually referred to as referees.Generally there is one lead

referee and one or two umpires depending on whether there is a two- or three-person
crew. Lead official is called the crew chief & the other two officials are "referees".
 Two-man crews consist of a referee and an umpire
 Three-man crews contain a referee and two umpires.
Both classes of officials have equal rights to control almost all aspects of the game.

 Referees

The number of referees officiating a game depends on the level of play.In NBA, a crew
chief and two referees are assigned to conduct a game.In international game, it can be
either one referee and one umpire or one referee and two umpires officiate a game.

 Lead Referee

Lead referee or Crew chief is the in charge of the game. Normally, all two or three
referees are independent in terms of making their decisions but in case of a dispute, it’s
the lead referee whose verdict is considered final.

 Scorers

There can be one or two scorers in a game depending on the rules of the league. They
keep a running summary of points scored,record the fouls called on each player, notes
the time-outs

 Timers

Timer assists referee in recording time. Generally, two timers are appointed by the
league. One is official timer who operates the game clock and the other is shot clock
operator who operates 24 second clock.