Chapter 2

Numeric Systems and Codes

Adaptado de : João Carlos Martins

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory Moss Escola Superiror de Tecnologia e Gestão
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 10e Instituto Politécnico de Beja
Pearson Education , 2007 2009
Introduction
 Hexadecimal number system.
 Conversion between number systems
 Binary codes used to represent different information.
 Digital transmission basics

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
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2-1 Binary to Decimal Conversion
 Convert binary to decimal by summing the
positions that contain a 1.

1 0 0 1 0 12
25 + 2 4 + 23 + 2 2 + 21 + 20 = 32 + 4 + 1 = 3710

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
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2-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion
 Two methods to convert decimal to binary:
 Reverse process described in 2-1
 Use repeated division

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
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2-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion
 Reverse process described in 2-1
 Note that all positions must be accounted for

3710 = 2 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 2
5 2 0

1 0 0 1 0 12

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion
 Repeated division steps:
 Divide the decimal number by 2
 Write the remainder after each division until a
quotient of zero is obtained.
 The first remainder is the LSB and the last is the
MSB
 Note, when done on a calculator, a fractional answer
indicates a remainder of 1.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-2 Decimal to Binary Conversion
 Repeated division –
This flowchart
describes the process
and can be used to
convert from decimal
to any other number
system.
http://www.exploringbinary.com/binary-
converter/

https://www.jdoodle.com/c-online-compiler
___
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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
 Most digital systems deal with groups of bits in even
powers of 2 such as 8, 16, 32, and 64 bits.
 Hexadecimal uses groups of 4 bits.
 Base 16
 16 possible symbols
 0123456789ABCDEF
 N digits: 16N different values
 Allows for convenient handling of long binary
strings.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
 Convert from hex to decimal by
multiplying each hex digit by its positional
weight.
Example:
16316 = 1× (16 2 ) + 6 × (161 ) + 3 × (160 )
= 1× 256 + 6 ×16 + 3 ×1
= 35510
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
 Convert from decimal to hex by using the
repeated division method used for decimal to
binary and decimal to octal conversion.
 Divide the decimal number by 16
 The first remainder is the LSB and the last is the
MSB.
 Note, when done on a calculator a decimal remainder
can be multiplied by 16 to get the result. If the
remainder is greater than 9, the letters A through F are
used.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

 Example of hex to binary conversion:

9F216 = 9 F 2
1001 1111 0010 = 1001111100102

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
 Convert from binary to hex by grouping bits
in four starting with the LSB.
 Each group is then converted to the hex
equivalent
 Leading zeros can be added to the left of the
MSB to fill out the last group.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

 Example of binary to hex conversion.

(Note the addition of leading zeroes)

11101001102 = 0011 1010 0110

= 3 A 6
= 3A616
 Counting in hex requires a reset and carry after reaching
F.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
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2-3 Hexadecimal Number System
 Hexadecimal is useful for representing long
strings of bits.
 Understanding the conversion process and
memorizing the 4 bit patterns for each
hexadecimal digit will prove valuable later.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-4 BCD
 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is another way
to present decimal numbers in binary form.
 BCD is widely used and combines features of
both decimal and binary systems.
 Each digit is converted to a binary equivalent.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-4 BCD
 To convert the number 87410 to BCD:

8 7 4
1000 0111 0100 = 100001110100BCD

 Each decimal digit is represented using 4 bits.

 Each 4-bit group can never be greater than 9.
 Reverse the process to convert BCD to decimal.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-4 BCD
 BCD is not a number system.
 BCD is a decimal number with
each digit encoded to its binary
equivalent.
 A BCD number is not the same as a
straight binary number.
 The primary advantage of BCD is
the relative ease of converting to
and from decimal.
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Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-5 Gray Code
 The (binary-reflected) gray code is used in
applications where numbers change rapidly.
 In the gray code, only one bit changes from
each value to the next.
 Gray encoders:
 9 positions 128 positions:

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Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
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2-5 Gray Code
Binary Gray Code Binary
000 000 encoder
001 001
010 011
011 010
100 110
101 111
110 101 Gray code
111 100 encoder

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Digital Systems: Principles and
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Gray code
 The binary-reflected Gray code
for n bits can be generated
recursively by:
 reflecting the bits (i.e. listing
them in reverse order and
concatenating the reverse list onto
the original list)
 prefixing the original bits with a
binary 0 and then prefixing the
reflected bits with a binary 1
Binary to Gray Code
 100102→11011(gray)

 11011(gray)→ 100102
2-6 Putting It All Together
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal BCD Gray
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0001 0001
2 10 2 0010 0011
3 11 3 0011 0010
4 100 4 0100 0110
5 101 5 0101 0111
6 110 6 0110 0101
7 111 7 0111 0100
8 1000 8 1000 1100
9 1001 9 1001 1101
10 1010 A 0001 0000 1111
11 1011 B 0001 0001 1110
12 1100 C 0001 0010 1010
13 1101 D 0001 0011 1011
14 1110 E 0001 0100 1001
15 1111 F 0001 0101 1000
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Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-7 The Byte, Nibble, and Word
 1 byte = 8 bits
 1 nibble = 4 bits
 1 word = size depends on data pathway size.
 Word size in a simple system may be one byte (8
bits)
 Typical word size in a PC:
 Common systems: 4 bytes (32 bits)
 Modern computer systems: 8 bytes (64 bits)
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
Byte multiples
 Kilobyte (KB)  Petabyte (PB)
 1 KB = 1000 bytes= 103  1 000 PB = 1015 Bytes
Bytes.  Exabyte (EB)
 Megabyte (MB)  1 000 PB = 1018 Bytes
 1000 KB  Zettabyte (ZB)
 1000 ×1000= 106 Bytes  1 000 EB = 1021 Bytes
 Gigabyte (GB)  Yottabyte (YB)
 1 000 MB = 109 KB  1 000 ZB = 1024 Bytes
 Terabyte (TB)
 1 000 GB = 1012 Bytes
Byte multiples (binary prefixes)
 Kibibyte (KiB)  Pebibyte (PiB)
 1 KB = 1024 bytes (210 bytes).  1 024 TiB
 Mebibyte (MiB)  250 Bytes
 1 024 KiB  Exbibyte (EiB)
 1024 ×1024= 1 048 576 (220) Bytes  1 024 PiB
 Gibibyte (GiB)  260 Bytes
 1 024 MiB = 1 048 576 KiB  Zebibyte (ZiB)
 1 073 741 824 (230) Bytes  1 024 EiB
 Tebibyte (TiB)  270 Bytes
 1 024 GiB  Yobibyte (YiB)
 240 Bytes  1 024 ZiB
(standard IEC 60027-1 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)  280 Bytes
recent nomenclature, sometimes is confused with the previous one)
2-8 Alphanumeric Codes
 Computers can only understand numbers, so a code is needed
for the numerical representation of a character such as 'a' or
'@' or '8‘, or an action of some sort
 Represents characters and functions found on a computer
keyboard.
 ASCII – American Standard Code for Information
Interchange.
 Basic table + extended table
 Seven bit code: 27 = 128 possible code groups
 Examples of use are: to transfer information between computers,
between computers and printers, and for internal storage.
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Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
Basic ASCII code table
(One) Extended ASCII code table
2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
 Binary data and codes are frequently transmitted between
locations. For example:
 Digitized voice over a microwave link.
 Storage and retrieval of data from magnetic and optical disks.
 Communication between computer systems over telephone lines
using a modem.
 Electrical noise can cause errors during transmission:

 Many digital systems employ methods for error detection

(and sometimes correction).
2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
 The parity method of error detection requires
the addition of an extra bit to a code group.
 This extra bit is called the parity bit.
 The bit can be either a 0 or 1, depending on
the number of 1s in the code group.
 There are two methods:
 Even parity
 Odd parity.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
 Even parity method
 The total number of bits in a group including the
parity bit must add up to an even number.
 The binary group 1 0 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1 1 0 1 1
 Note that the parity bit may be added at either end of a
group.

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
 Odd parity method
 The total number of bits in a group including the
parity bit must add up to an odd number.
 The binary group 1 1 1 1 would require the
addition of a parity bit 1 1 1 1 1

Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory

Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.
2-9 Parity Method for Error Detection
 The transmitter and receiver must “agree” on the
type of parity checking used.
 Two bit errors would not indicate a parity error.
 Both odd and even parity methods are used, but even
seems to be used more often.

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2-10 Applications
 A CD-ROM stores 650 megabytes of digital data.
How many bits of data is this?
 Determine the odd parity bit required for each of the
following 7 bit ASCII codes:
_ 1001010
_ 0101101
_ 0110101
 Determine the even parity bit required for each 7 bit
ASCII code listed above.
Ronald Tocci/Neal Widmer/Gregory
Moss Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Systems: Principles and Columbus, OH 43235
Applications, 10e All rights reserved.