Complex numbers 𝑓(𝑧0 + 𝛥𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = lim
𝛥𝑧 →0 𝛥𝑧
Complex numbers and functions are used to sole the
many engineering problems. Some of the applications Provided this limit exists. Then f is said to be
are related to mechanical vibrating, electric circuits etc.. differentiable at z0. If we write 𝛥𝑧 = 𝑧 − 𝑧0 ,
Complex number (z) is made of two parts real (x) and
We have z = z0+ 𝛥𝑧 and takes the form
imaginary (y). The parts are written as

x = Re z , y=Im z 𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )

𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = lim
The two complex numbers are equal if real and 𝑧 →0 𝑧 − 𝑧0
imaginary parts are equal, (0,1) is called the imaginary
Cauchy – Riemann Equations
unit and is denoted by (ί) and called iota.
The Cauchy – Riemann equation provide a criterion for
Complex Functions
the analyticity of a complex function
Complex analysis is concerned with the complex
W= f(z)= u(x,y) + ίv(x,y),
functions that are differentiable in some domain. The
complex variable z(=x+ ίy) in a given region R, we have The f is analytic in a domain D if and only if the first
one or more values of w(=u+ ίv), then w is said to be a partial derivative of u and v satisfy the two Cauchy-
complex function of z and we use Riemann equations

w= f(z) = u(x,y) + ίv(x,y) ux = vy , uy = -vx

where u,v are real functions of x and y. Here, ux =

𝜕𝑢
and uy =
𝜕𝑢
, vy =
𝜕𝑣
and vy =
𝜕𝑣
, are the
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Limits, Continuity usual notations for partial derivatives. The real and
imaginary parts of an analytic function are called
A function f(z) is said to have the limit 𝑙 as z approaches conjugate functions.
a point z0, written
Complex integration
lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙
𝑧→z0
Line integral in the complex plane
If f is defined in a neighbourhood of z0 and if the values
of f are close to 𝑙 for all z close to z0 we can find a An indefinite integral is a function whose derivative
positive real 𝛿 such that all z ≠ z0 , in the disk |𝑧 − z0| < equal a given analytic function in a region. By inverting
𝛿. known differentiation formula there can be many types
of indefinite integrals.

Complex definite integrals are called Line integrals. They

are written as

∫ 𝑓(𝑧). 𝑑𝑧
𝑐

z-plane w-plane Here the integrand f(z) is integrated over a given curve C
or a portion of it in the complex plane and called the
path of integration. This can be represented by the
Geometrically, if for every z ≠ z0 in that 𝛿- disk thevalue curve c by a parametric representation.
of f lies in the w – plane.
Z(t) = x(t) + ίy(t)
A function f(z) is said to be continuous at z= z0 if f(z0) is
defined and Cauchy’s Integral formula

lim 𝑓(𝑧) = f(z0) If f(z) is an analytic within and on a closed curve and if ‘a’
𝑧→z0 is any point within C , then
is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane , if 1 𝑓(𝑧).𝑑𝑧
it is continuous art every point of the region. F(a) = ∫ 𝑧−𝑎
2𝜋ί 𝑐

Derivative Series of complex terms

The derivative of a complex function f at a point z0 is 1. Taylor’s series : If f(z) is analytic inside a circle C
written f’(z0) and is defined by with centre at a , then for z inside C,

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𝑓′′(𝑎) Is infinite, then z=a is called an essential singularity. In
f(z)= f(a) + f’(a) (z-a)+ (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 +
2!
𝑓𝑛 (𝑎) this case, lim 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.
⋯…….+ (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 +……. 𝑧→𝑎
𝑛!
2. Laurent series: if f(z) is analytic in the ring shaped Residues
region R bounded by two concentric circles C and
C1 of radii r and r1 (r > r1) and with the centre at a , The coefficient of (z-a)-1 in the expansion of f(z) around
then for all z in R an isolated singularity is called the residue of f(z) at that
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)-2+….. point. This is the laurent’s series expansion of f(z) around
z=a i.e.
Zeros and singularities OR Poles of an analytic function f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)-2+…., the
residue of f(z) at z =a is a-1.
A zero of an analytic function f(z) tis that value if z fir 1 𝑓(𝑧).𝑑𝑧
which f(z) =0. If f(z) is analytic in the neighbourhood of a an = ∫
2𝜋ί 𝑐 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1
point z=a, then by Taylor’s theorem 1 𝑓(𝑧).𝑑𝑧
a-1 = Res f(a)= ∫
2𝜋ί 𝑐
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+……+an(z-a)n + … where an= ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧= 2𝜋ί Res f(a)
𝑓𝑛 (a)
𝑛!

If a0=a1=a2=….=am-1=0 but am≠0, then f(z) is said to have Calculation of residues

a zero of order m at z=a. When m=1, the zero is said to
1. if f(z) has a simple pole at z=a, then
be simple. In the neighbourhood of zero (z=a) of order
Res f(a)=lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎) f(z)]
m. 𝑧→𝑎
2. Another formula for Res f(a):
f(z)= am(z-a)m+am+1(z-a)m+1+…….∞ Res f(a)=
𝜑(𝑎)
𝜔′(𝑎)
=(z-a)m𝜑(z) 1 𝑑 𝑛−1
Res f(a)=(𝑛−1)! { 𝑧−1 [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 𝑓(𝑧)]}z=a
𝑑𝑧

𝜑(z)=am+am+1(z-a)+…….
in many cases, the residue of a pole (z=a) can
Then 𝜑(z) is analytic and non-zero in the neighbourhood be found, by putting z=a +t in f(z) and
of z=a. expanding it in powers of t where |𝑡| is quite
small.

Question:
Singularities of an analytic function
1. Let i=√−1.Then one value of 𝑖 𝑖 is
1. Isolated singularity: if z=a is a singularity of f(z)
such that f(z) is analytic at each point in its Π −Π
(A)√𝑖 (B)-1 (C) (D)𝑒 2
neighbourhood, then z=a is called an isolated 2
singularity. 1

if such a case, f(z) can be expanded in a 2. The principal value of log𝑒 𝑖 4 is

Laurent’s series around z=a, giving Π Π Π
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)- (A)iΠ (B)i (C)i (D)i
2 4 8
2+…..
1−𝑖𝑧
1 𝑓(𝑡).𝑑𝑡 3. If z=x+iy and w= ,then IwI=1 implies that in the
where, an = ∫ 𝑧−1
2𝜋ί 𝑐 (𝑡−𝑎)𝑛+1
complex plane
(A)z lies on the imaginary axis
2. Removable singularity: if all the negative powers of
(B)z lies on th real axis
(z-a) in
(C )z lies on the unit axis
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)-2+….
(D)None of these
are zero, then f(z)= ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎)
𝑛

Here the singularity can be removed by defining f(z)

4. The locus of the point z satisfying the conditions
at z=a in such a way that it becomes analytic at z=a. 𝑧−1 Π
such a singularity is called a removable singularity. arg = is
𝑧+1 3
3. Poles: If all the negative powers of (z-a) in (A) a straight line
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)-2+…. (B) Circle
After the nth are missing, then thesingularity at z=a (C)a parabola
is called a pole of order n. (D)None of these
4. Essential singularity: if the number of negative
powers of (z-a) in 5. The equation 𝑏̅z+b𝑧̅=c ,where b is a non zero
f(z)= a0 + a1(z-a)+ a2(z-a)2+ …+b1(z-a)-1+b2(z-a)-2+…. complex constant and c real represents
(A) a circle

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(B) a straight line 14. If f(z)=𝑥 2 +i𝑦 2 , then f’(z) exist at all points on the
(C )Both (A) and (B) above line
(D) None of these (A)x=y
(B)x=-y
3𝑧
6. The function f(z)= is continuous everywhere (C) x=2+y
𝑧 2 +4
except (D)y=x+2
(A)z=±2i
(B)z=±2i 15. If f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function of z=x+iy and u-
(C )z=±3i v=𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) ,the f(z) in terms of z is
2
(D)z=±4i (A)𝑒 −𝑧 +(1+i)C
(B)𝑒 −𝑧 +(1+i)C
7. The complex analytic function f(z),with the (C) 𝑒 𝑧 +(1+i)C
imaginary part 𝑒 𝑥 (ycosy+xsiny) is (D) 𝑒 −2𝑧 +(1+i)C
(A)z𝑒 𝑧+𝑐
(B)(z+c)𝑒 𝑧 16. if u=sinhxcosy then the analytic function f(z)=u+iv is
(C )z𝑒 𝑧 (A)𝑧 2 +C
2
(D)(𝑧 2 +z)𝑒 𝑧 +𝑧 (B) 𝑧 −1 +C
(C)(1-i)1/z+C
8. Which of the following not the real part of an (D)(1+i)1/z+C
analytic function?
(A)𝑥 2 -𝑦 2 17. If an analytic function f(z) is such that Re{𝑓 ′ (𝑧)}=2y
1 and f(1+i) =2 , then the imaginary Part
(B)
1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 Of f(z) is
(C)cosxcoshy (A)-2xy
𝑥
(D)x+ 2 2 (B)𝑥 2 -𝑦 2
(𝑥 +𝑦 )
(C)2xy
9. At z=0, the function f(z)=𝑧 2 𝑧̅ (D)𝑦 2 -𝑥 2
(A)Does not satisfntiay Cauchy-Riemann equations
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
(B)satisfy Cauchy Riemann equations but is not 18. For the function of a complex variable z,the
𝑧3
differentiable point z=0 is
(C)is differentiable (A)a pole of order 3
(D)is analytic (B) a pole of order 2
(C) a pole of order 1
10. The function sin z is analytic in (D)Not a singularity
(A)C⋃(∝)
(B)C except on the negative real axis 19. If f(z)=𝑧 3 then it
(C)C-{0} (A) has an essential regularity at z=∝
(D)C (B)has an pole of order 3 at z=∝
(C) has an pole of order 3 at z=0
11. The harmonic conjugate of u(x,y)=𝑥 2 -𝑦 2 +xy is (D)is analytic at z=∝
(A)𝑥 2 -𝑦 2 -xy
(B) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 -xy
(C)2xy+1/2(𝑦 2 -𝑥 2 ) 20. An example of a function with non-isolated essential
(D)1/2xy+2(𝑦 2 -𝑥 2 ) singularity at z=2 is
1
(A)tan
𝑧−2
12. The conjugate point of 1+i with respect to the circle 1
IZ-1I=2 is (B)sin
𝑧−2
𝑧−2
(A)1-i (C )tan
2
(B)1+4i (D)𝑒 −(𝑧−2)
(C)1+2i
(D)-1-i

13. The conjugate of the function u=2x(1-y) is

(A)𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 -2y+C
(B) 𝑥 2 -𝑦 2 +2y+C 1.D 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.D
(C) 𝑥 2 -𝑦 2 -2y+C 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A
(D)None of the above

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