VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY BURLA, ODISHA, INDIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Lecture Notes on Renewable Energy Sources

7th Semester, B.Tech. (Electrical Engineering & EEE)

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This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for
prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the committee
members for their respective teaching assignments. Various sources as mentioned at the end
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Syllabus
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES (3-1-0)
MODULE-I (10 HOURS)
Energy Scenario: Classification of Energy Sources, Energy resources (Conventional and
nonconventional), Energy needs of India, and energy consumption patterns. Worldwide Potentials
of these sources. Energy efficiency and energy security. Energy and its environmental impacts,
Distributed generation.
Solar Energy: Solar thermal Systems: Types of collectors, Collection systems, efficiency
calculations, applications.
Photo voltaic (PV) technology: Present status, solar cells, cell technologies, characteristics of PV
systems, equivalent circuit, array design , building integrated PV system, its components , sizing
and economics. Peak power operation. Standalone and grid interactive systems.
MODULE-II (10 HOURS)
Wind Energy: Wind speed and power relation, power extracted from wind, wind distribution and
wind speed predictions. Wind power systems: system components, Types of Turbine, Turbine
rating. Choice of generators, turbine rating, electrical load matching, Variable speed operation,
maximum power operation, control systems, system design features, stand alone and grid
connected operation. Small Hydro Systems
MODULE-III (10 HOURS)
Energy storage and hybrid system configurations: Energy storage, Battery – types, equivalent
circuit, performance characteristics, battery design, charging and charge regulators. Battery
management. Flywheel-energy relations, components, benefits over battery. Fuel Cell energy
storage systems. Ultra Capacitors. Bio-Mass and Bio-Fuels.
MODULE-IV (10 HOURS)
Grid Integration: Stand alone systems, Concept of Micro-Grid and its components, Hybrid systems
– hybrid with diesel, with fuel cell, solar-wind, wind –hydro systems, mode controller, load
sharing, system sizing. Hybrid system economics, Interface requirements, Stable operation,
Transient-safety, Operating limits of voltage, frequency, stability margin, energy storage, and load
scheduling. Effect on power quality, harmonic distortion, voltage transients and sags, voltage
flickers, dynamic reactive power support. Systems stiffness.

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ENERGY SCENARIO

INTRODUCTION

Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by nature, is cause
due to flow of energy in one form or the other. The word ‘energy’ itself is derived from the Greek
word ‘en-ergon’, which means ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’. The work output depends on the
energy input.

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the
developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-
increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:

• Primary and Secondary energy

1.1 Primary and Secondary Energy

Fig1.1. Major Primary and Secondary sources

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary
energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy

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sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in
earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. The major primary and secondary
energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1

Primary energy sources are costly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources;

for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also be
used directly. Some energy sources have non energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be
used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.

1.2 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as commercial
energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined
petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and
commercial development in the modern world. In the industrialized countries, commercialized
fuels are predominant source not only for economic production, but also for many household
tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

Non-Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified as
non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle
dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used
especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is
often ignored in energy accounting.

Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting water
for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation.

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