CLASS –XII –PHYSICS PRACTICAL (2022-23)

Instructions

 Practical file should be written neatly and legibly.

 Circuit diagrams must be drawn on the plane side (left side) of the file with pencil.
 Observation table must be drawn on the plane side (left side) of the file with pencil.
 Graph should be drawn based on the readings recorded.
 Write the experiment number with the aim in the index page.

SECTION A
Experiment No: 1

Aim: To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus
current.

Apparatus: Two experimental wires, a voltmeter (0-3) V and an ammeter (0-3) A of appropriate
range, a battery eliminator, a rheostat, a metre scale, one way key, connecting wires and a piece of
sand paper, screw gauge.

Theory
According to the Ohm’s law the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across its ends provided the physical conditions (temperature, dimensions,
pressure) of the conductor remains the same.

Circuit diagram
Procedure

1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the diagram.

2. While making connections ensure that positive marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter
are joined towards the positive terminal of the battery.
3. Determine the least count of voltmeter and ammeter, and also note the zero error, if any.
4. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a measurable current passes through the
resistance coil or the resistance wire.
5. Note down the value of potential difference V” from voltmeter and current I from ammeter.
6. Take at least five sets of independent observations.
7. Repeat the same steps 1 to 6 for the second and the third wire.
8. Record your observations

For Specific Resistance

1. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals, stretch it and find its
length by using a metre scale. Do the same with all the wires
2. Measure the diameter of the wires with the help of screw gauge.
3. Record your observations.

Observations

1. Range of the given ammeter = ____

2. Range of the given voltmeter = ______
3. Least count of ammeter = ___________
4. Least count of voltmeter = ___________
5. Zero error in ammeter = ________
6. Zero error in voltmeter = __________
7. Zero correction for ammeter = _______
8. Zero correction for voltmeter = _________

Observation table
Sl No Wire 1 Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance =
reading (V) reading(A) V/I
(Ω)
1 l1
2
3
4
5
Mean R =
Sl No Wire 2 Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance =
reading (V) reading(A) V/I
(Ω)
1 l2
2
3
4
5
Mean R =
Calculations:

1. Find ratio of V and I for each set of observations.

2. Plot a graph between potential difference V and current I taking V along X-axis and I along Y-
axis. The graph comes to be a straight line.

(Graph should be drawn only after taking the observations)

For Specific Resistance

L.C of the given screw gauge = ________¿mm

Zero error = ___________mm

Zero correction = __________mm

Table: To find the diameter of the resistance wires

S.No. Diameter(d) = MSR+CSR x LC (in mm) Mean Diameter = (d1+d2+d3)/3

1 d1=
2 d2=
3 d3=
Calculation of specific resistance

Result

1. Resistivity of wire 1= ………… Ωm.

2. Resistivity of wire 2= ………… Ωm.
3. The graph between V and I is a straight line.

Precautions (any 3 to be recorded)

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removing the insulations near
their ends by rubbing with sand paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used.
5. The key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistance
(otherwise its resistance will increase).

Sources of error

1. The instrument screws may be loose.

2. Thick connecting wires may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high resistance.

Experiment No: 2

Aim : To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge.

Apparatus
A metre bridge (slide wire bridge), Battery eliminator, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey, a
one-way key, a resistance wire, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
Theory
(i) The unknown resistance X is given by

Procedure

1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined in the right gap between C
and B.
3. Connect resistance box of low range in the left-hand gap between A and B.
4. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohm) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
5. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire. If the
galvanometer shows deflections in opposite directions, the connections are correct.
6. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer gives zero
deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null point D.
7. Note position of point D
8. Take at least four sets of observations in the same way by changing the value of resistance.
9. Record your observations.

Observation table

Table for unknown resistance (X)

Sl. No Resistance from Length AD Length DC = (100-l) X = R(100-l)/l

the box l (cm) (cm) (Ω)
Mean resistance = ……………. Ω

Result

1. The value of unknown resistance X =……… Ω

Precautions (Any three)

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.
3. Move the jockey gently over the bridge wire and do not rub it.
4. The plug-in key K should be inserted only when the observations are to be taken.
5. Null point should be brought between 45 cm and 55 cm.
6. Set square should be used to note null point to avoid error of parallax.
7. At one place, diameter of wire should be measured in two mutually perpendicular
directions.
8. The wire should not make a loop.

Sources of error (Any three)

1. The instrument screws may be loose

2. The plugs may not be clean
3. The wire may not have uniform thickness
4. The screw gauge may have faults like back lash error and wrong pitch.

Experiment No: 3
Aim:

To verify the laws of combination (series)of resistances using a metre bridge

Apparatus
A metre bridge, battery eliminator, a galvanometer, a resistance box,a jockey, two resistance wires
or two resistance coils known resistances, a set square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Theory

where R is the resistance from the resistance box in the left gap and l is the length of the metre
bridge wire from zero ends up to balance point.

Circuit diagram

Procedure
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r1 and r2.
2. Find r1 and r2 using meter bridge, individually.
3. Connect the two resistors r1 and r2 in series as shown in the circuit in the right gap of metre bridge
and find the resistance of this combination. Take at least three sets of observations.
4. Record your observations as follows.

Observations
Table for length (1) and unknown resistance (X)

Calculations
Experimental value of Rs = ……
Theoretical value of Rs = r1 + r2 = ……
Difference (if any) = ……

Result
Within limits of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of Rs are same. Hence, law
of resistances in series is verified.

Precautions (Any three)

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. Thick copper wires should be used for the connections after removing the insulations near
their ends by rubbing with sand paper.
3. Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
4. A low resistance rheostat should be used.
5. The key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistance
(otherwise its resistance will increase).

Sources of error (Any three)

1. The instrument screws may be loose

2. The plugs may not be clean
3. The wire may not have uniform thickness
4. The screw gauge may have faults like back lash error and wrong pitch

Experiment No: 4
Aim
To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of
merit.

Apparatus
Galvanometer, a voltmeter, battery eliminator, two (10,000 Ω and 200 Ω) resistance boxes, two
one-way keys, a rheostat, a screw gauge, a metre scale, an ammeter of given range, connecting
wires.

Theory

Circuit diagram
Procedure

(a) Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method

1. Mak
e
the

connections as in diagram.
2. Take out the high resistance (say 2000 Ω) from the resistance box R and insert the key K 1 only.
3. Adjust the value of R so that deflection is maximum, even in number and within the scale.
4. Note the deflection. Let it be θ.
5. Insert the key also and without changing the value of R, adjust the value of S, such that
deflection in the galvanometer reduces to exactly half the value obtained in step 4
6. Note the value of resistance S.
7. Repeat steps 4 to 6 three times taking out different values of R and adjusting S every time.

(b) Figure of merit

1. Make connections as in circuit diagram.

2. Adjust the value of R to obtain a certain deflection (say 30 divisions) when the circuit is closed.
3. Note the values of resistance R and deflection θ.
4. Now change the value of R and note the galvanometer deflection again.
5. Repeat the steps
6. Find the figure of merit k using the formula.
Observations and Calculations

1. Table for resistance of the galvanometer by half deflection method

2. Ta
ble
for

figure of merit

Result

1. Resistance of given
galvanometer =_______ Ω
2. Figure of merit of given galvanometer = ___________A/div

Precautions (Any three)

1. All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.

2. All the plugs in resistance boxes should be tight.
3. The e.m.f. of cell or battery should be constant.
4. Initially a high resistance from the resistance box (R) should be introduced in the circuit
(otherwise for small resistance an excessive current will flow through the galvanometer or
ammeter can be damaged).

Sources of error (Any three)

1. The screws of the instruments may be loose.

2. The plugs of resistance boxes may not be clean.
3. The e.m.f. of battery may not be constant.
4. The galvanometer divisions may not be of equal size.

ACTIVITIES (Any three activities to be recorded)

Activity No: 1
Aim: To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a
power source.

Material required:

Three bulbs (6 V, 1W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery . eliminator), three
(on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire.
Supplementary: Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the bulbs B1,

B2 and B3 in series
with switches S1, S2 and S3 respectively and connect each set of B-S in parallel with each
other.
2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required voltage
from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery eliminator).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.
6. Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must bum off at about 0.6 A.

Activity No: 2
Aim: To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown in
diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility 
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance

Activity No: 3
Aim: To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and
correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Apparatus and material
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2), two or one way key. D.C.
ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in such a manner that on closing
the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.

Circuit Diagram

Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)

Activity No: 4
Aim: To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.

1. A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct
when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two-terminal device. It also conducts when forward
biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. Hence, it
glows.
3. A transistor is a three-terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and
collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure (UM 3482
IC Tone Generator)]
5. A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse biased.
(Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even when operated
with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two-terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward biased or
reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then multimeter shows full
scale current initially but it decays to zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor
draws a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.

Procedure

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe metal
ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or + ve).
5. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed and
there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
6. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re-versed and
there is light emission, the item is a LED.
7. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a
resistor.
8. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the
item is a capacitor.