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Recitation Notes For PR2

This document discusses different types of variables and statistical tests. It describes quantitative continuous and discrete variables, and categorical ordinal, nominal, and binary variables. Parametric tests covered include various types of regression, t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation tests. Non-parametric tests discussed are Spearman's rho, McNemar Change test, and Mann-Whitney U test. These tests have varying assumptions and uses for comparing groups, relationships between variables, and differences in means.

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44 views

Recitation Notes For PR2

This document discusses different types of variables and statistical tests. It describes quantitative continuous and discrete variables, and categorical ordinal, nominal, and binary variables. Parametric tests covered include various types of regression, t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation tests. Non-parametric tests discussed are Spearman's rho, McNemar Change test, and Mann-Whitney U test. These tests have varying assumptions and uses for comparing groups, relationships between variables, and differences in means.

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Cielo Pulma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NOTES PR2

Types of variables
Quantitative variables

 Continuous (a.k.a ratio variables)


- Represent measures and can usually be divided into units smaller than one (e.g. 0.75 grams)
 Discrete (a.k.a integer variables)
- Represent counts and usually can’t be divided into units smaller than one (e.g. 1 tree)
Categorical variables

 Ordinal
- Represent data with an order (e.g. rankings).
 Nominal
- Represent group names (e.g. brands or species names).
 Binary
- Represent data with a yes/no or 1/0 outcome (e.g. win or lose)

PARAMETRIC TEST
1. Regression tests
- Regression tests look for cause-and-effect relationships. They can be used to estimate the effect of
one or more continuous variables on another variable.
a. Simple linear regression

b. Multiple linear regression


c. Logistic regression

2. Comparison tests
- Comparison tests look differences among group means. They can be used to test the effect of a
categorical variable on the mean value of some other characteristic.

a. T-tests
- T-tests are used when comparing the means of precisely two groups (e.g. the average heights of men
and women).

T-test for dependent samples (Paired t-test)


T-test for independent samples

b. ANOVA and MANOVA


- ANOVA and MANOVA tests are used when comparing the means of more than two groups (e.g. the
average heights of children, teenagers, and adults).
3. Correlation tests
- Correlation tests check whether variables are related without hypothesizing a cause-and-effect
relationship.
These can be used to test whether two variables you want to use in (for example) a multiple
regression test are autocorrelated.

a. Pearson’s r
NONPARAMETRIC TEST
- Non-parametric tests don’t make as many assumptions about the data, and are useful when one or
more of the common statistical assumptions are violated. However, the inferences they make aren’t
as strong as with parametric tests.

1. Spearman’s rho (in this example, vendor scores were treated as ordinal variables)

2. McNemar Change test


- The McNemar test is a non-parametric test for paired nominal data. It’s used when you are interested
in finding a change in proportion for the paired data. For example, you could use this test to analyze
retrospective case-control studies, where each treatment is paired with a control. It could also be
used to analyze an experiment where two treatments are given to matched pairs. This test is
sometimes referred to as McNemar’s Chi-Square test because the test statistic has a chi-square
distribution.

3. Mann-Whitney U test (in this example, risk factors were treated as ordinal variables)
- a non-parametric statistical test used to compare two samples or groups.

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