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Lecture 2 Guide To Statistics2

1. Statistics involves collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and making inferences from data. Descriptive statistics describes data while inferential statistics makes inferences from data. 2. Variables can be quantitative (discrete, continuous) or qualitative (ordinal, nominal). Common statistical tests include t-tests, chi-square tests, correlation, regression, and ANOVA which are used depending on the type of variables and research question. 3. Choosing the appropriate statistical test depends on the types of variables, research question, and data structure regarding independence, pairing, or matching of samples.

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38 views

Lecture 2 Guide To Statistics2

1. Statistics involves collecting, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, and making inferences from data. Descriptive statistics describes data while inferential statistics makes inferences from data. 2. Variables can be quantitative (discrete, continuous) or qualitative (ordinal, nominal). Common statistical tests include t-tests, chi-square tests, correlation, regression, and ANOVA which are used depending on the type of variables and research question. 3. Choosing the appropriate statistical test depends on the types of variables, research question, and data structure regarding independence, pairing, or matching of samples.

Uploaded by

David Gualin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Guide to

Statistical Tests
Definition
Statistics is the science of collecting,
organizing, summarising, analysing,
and making inference from data

Descriptive stat. Includes Inferential stat. Includes


collecting, organizing, Making inferences,
summarising, analysing, hypothesis testing
and presenting data Determining relationship,
and making prediction

2
Variables

Quantitative Qualitative
•Discrete •Ordinal
•Continuous •nominal

Quantitative data : values that are numeric


Qualitative data : values that can be placed
into distinct categories according to some
characteristics or attribute 3
• Discrete : assume value can be counted
and treated as whole values e.g number
of brothers, frequency,
• Continuous (meaning measured) :
assume all values between any given
two values like body temperature (your
body temperature can be 36.7 but you
can’t have 2.5 brothers)

4
• Ordinal: (meaning order) characterized in
term of ranking from better to worse but the
data are not measured in terms of continues
scale like medical condition ( mild, moderate,
severe)
• Nominal: (meaning name) have no
measurement scale like blood group (A, B,
AB, O)

5
Parametric vs.
Nonparametric tests
• Parametric: are used when data are
interval or ratio and when the populations
of distribution of the sampling statistic is
known
• Non-Parametric: are used when data are
nominal or ordinal data and when the
populations of distribution of the sampling
statistic is not required or non-normally
distributed.

6
T-test
• Compare the means of a continuous
variable into samples in order to
determine whether or not the
difference between the 2 expected
means exceed the difference that
would be expected by chance

7
Requirements

• The observations are independent


• Drawn from normally distributed
population
• Sample size < 30 if it’s >30 use
normal curve z test (binomial test)

8
Types of T-test
• One sample t test: test if a sample mean for a
variable differs significantly from the given
population with a known mean

• Unpaired or independent T-test: test if the


population means estimated by independent 2
samples differ significantly (group of male
and group of female)

• Paired t test: test if the population means


estimated by dependent samples differ
significantly (mean of pre and post treatment
for same set of patients
Dr.H.Qotba 9
Chi² test

• Used to test strength of association


between qualitative variables
• Used for categorical or nominal data

10
Requirements
• Data should be in form of frequency
• Total number of observed must exceed 20
• Expected frequency in one category or in
any cell must be >5 (When 1 of the cells have <5
in observed yats correction) or if (When 1 of the cells
have <5 in expected fischer exact)
• The group compared must be
approximately the same

11
Correlation and Regression
• Methods to study magnitude of the
association and the functional
relationship between two or more
variables

12
Correlation
• Denote strength of relationship between variables

Dr.H.Qotba 13
Regression
• Method that indicates a mathematical
relationship between a dependent and
one or more independent variables
• Simple linear regression and multiple
regression are appropriate for
continuous variables like(BP, Weight)
• Logistic regression applicable for
binary response like alive/dead

14
Measures
• If parametric
• Pearson correlation coeff.
» Continuous variables
» Linear relationship
• If nonparametric
• Spearman rank
» Both variables are continuous

• Kendall’s tau
» Two ordinal or one ordinal one continuous

15
ANOVA

• is used to uncover the main and


interaction effects of categorical
independent variables (called "factors")
on an interval dependent variable

16
Types of ANOVA

• One-way ANOVA tests differences in


a single interval dependent variable
among two, three, or more groups
formed by the categories of a single
categorical independent variable.

17
• Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval
dependent in terms of the categories
(groups) formed by two independents, one
of which may be conceived as a control
variable
• Multivariate or n-way ANOVA. To
generalize, n-way ANOVA deals with n
independents. It should be noted that as
the number of independents increases,
the number of potential interactions
proliferates

18
How to select appropriate
statistical test
• Type of variables
• Quantitative (blood pres.)
• Qualitative (gender)
• Type of research question
• Association
• Comparison
• Risk factor
• Data structure
• Independent
• Paired
• matched

19
Body of research question
Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)
Types of variable Test
Dependent independent
categorical categorical chi-square

categorical Quantitative Log. regression

Quantitative categorical 2 out come T test


3+out come ANOVA
Quantitative Quantitative Spearman Correlation
linear Regression
Dr.H.Qotba 20
Comparing (difference) variables
Variable Number of independent variable
2 groups paired data >2groups

Quantitative T test Paired T test ANOVA

Ordinal Mann- Wilcoxon Kruskal


Whitney wallis
Categorical chi-square* McNemar chi-square

* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact


When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction
Dr.H.Qotba 21
Looking for Risk Factor
Types of variables Test
Dependent several indepen.
categorical categorical Multiple log.
Regression
quantitative categorical ANOVA

quantitative quantitative Linear, log


regression

22
Student Activity
Indicate the level of measurement
in your research

Dr.H.Qotba 23

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