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Statistical Tools

Statistical tests are used to determine if a relationship exists between variables or if there are differences between groups. They generate a test statistic and p-value to assess how likely the observed or more extreme results would be if the null hypothesis of no relationship or difference is true. Key assumptions include independence of observations, homogeneity of variance, and normality of data. Parametric tests have more stringent assumptions but allow for stronger inferences, while nonparametric tests are more flexible. Common parametric tests include regression, t-tests, ANOVA, and MANOVA to analyze relationships and compare group means.

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39 views

Statistical Tools

Statistical tests are used to determine if a relationship exists between variables or if there are differences between groups. They generate a test statistic and p-value to assess how likely the observed or more extreme results would be if the null hypothesis of no relationship or difference is true. Key assumptions include independence of observations, homogeneity of variance, and normality of data. Parametric tests have more stringent assumptions but allow for stronger inferences, while nonparametric tests are more flexible. Common parametric tests include regression, t-tests, ANOVA, and MANOVA to analyze relationships and compare group means.

Uploaded by

Reizhelle Abis
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICAL TOOLS

STATISTICAL TEST

 Used in hypothesis testing. They can be used to:


1. Determine whether a predictor variable (Independent Variable) has s
statistically significant relationship with an outcome variable (Dependent
Variable).
2. Estimate the difference between two or more groups.
Statistical tests are based on the null hypothesis that there is no correlation or difference
between groups. Then they determine if the observed data fall outside of the null
hypothesis’ predicted range of values.
What does it do?
A test statistic is a number that describes how much the relationship between
variables in your test differs from the null hypothesis of no relationship. The P-value is
then calculated (probability value). If the null hypothesis of no relationship where true,
the p-value estimates how likely it is that you would see the difference described by the
test statistic.
STATISTICAL ASSUMPTIONS
1. Independence of observations (a.k.a no autocorrelation)
 The observations/variables you include in your test are not related (for
example, multiple measurements of a single test subject are not
independent, while measurements of multiple different test subjects are
independent.)
2. Homogeneity of variance
 The variance within each group being compared is similar among all
groups. If one group has much more variation than others, it will limit the
test’s effectiveness.
3. Normality of data
 The data follows a normal distribution (a.k.a. a bell curve). This assumption
applied only to quantitative data.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
- Quantitative Variables
 Represents amounts of things.
 TYPES:
 Continuous (Can be Ration or Interval)
 Represents measures and can usually be divided into units
smaller than one.
 Discrete (a.k.a. integer variable)
 Represent counts and usually can’t be divided into units
smaller than one.
- Categorical Variables
o Represents groupings of things.
o TYPES:
 Ordinal
 Represents data with an order. (Eg. Ranking)
 Nominal
 Represent group names.
 Binary
 Represent data with a yes/no or 1/0 outcome.
PARAMETRIC TEST
Usually have stricter requirements than nonparametric tests, and are able to make
stronger inferences from the data. They can only be conducted with data that adhered
to the common assumptions of statistical tests.
- The most common types of parametric tests are regression tests, comparison
tests, and correlation tests.

REGRESSION TESTS
- Used to test cause-and-effect relationships. They look for the effect of one or
more continuous variables on another variable.

STATISTICAL PERDICTOR OUTCOME SAMPLE


TEST VARIABLE VARIABLE RESEARCH
QUESTION

Simple Linear - Continuous - Continuous What is the


Regression - 1IV - 1 DV effect of income
on longetivity?

Multiple Linear - Continuous - Continuous What is the


Regression - 2 or more - 1 DV effect of income
IVs and minutes of
exercise per day
on longetivity?

Logistic - Continuous - Binary What is the


Regression effect of drug
dosage on the
survival of a test
subject?

COMPARISON TESTS
- Look for difference among group means. They can be used to test the effect of a
categorical variable on the mean value of some other characteristic.
- T-TEST are used when comparing the means of precisely two groups (E.g. the
average heights of men and women). ANOVA and MANOVA tests are used
when comparing the means of more than two groups (E.g. the average heights of
children, teenagers, and adults.)

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