TURNAROUND (TA)”

means scheduled events wherein an entire process unit of a Petrochemical plant is taken shutdown
for an extended period for overhauling and/or maintenance.
SITE FACILITIES" means all temporary work or installation of any and every kind and nature on
SITE for the execution, completion and guarantee of the SERVICES but not incorporated into the
SCOPE OF SERVICES.
Duties and Role of Safety Practitioner
responsibilities • Provide Information and Advice
as a Safety • Support Line Management with Co-ordination of Health and Safety Effort
• Monitor Effectiveness of Actions to meet Responsibilities
officer

The International ISO 9001:2000 – Quality Management Systems

Organisation for ISO 18001:2007 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
Standards (ISO) ISO 14001:2004 – Environmental Management Systems
There are other,
Labour Standards Product Standards
Benefits of Good 1) Increased levels of compliance, Improved production, Improved staff
Health and Safety morale, Improved company reputation
Practice 2) Reduced accidents ill-health, damage to equipment, staff complaints,
staff turnover
insurance premiums fines and compensation claims
Safety Control Cycle
Management Plan, Do, Check, Act (Cycle)
Systems This approach achieves a balance between the system and behavioral
aspects of management.
HSE MS It tells about HSE systems and processes applied in the company in day to day
activities.
Implementation With effective Leadership & Commitment through line management.
of HSEMS By motivating employees and developing positive attitude and shared
perception of risk
HSE Plan HSE Plan is to identify the strategy and devise mechanism, which is directed
towards a better management of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) matters.
Health: The protection of people from illness resulting from exposure to
hazardous substances and materials.
Safety: The protection of people from physical injury.
Environment: The surrounding in which an organization operates
Welfare: Looking after people’s basic needs.
HSG-65 Safety Policy: Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation, and
Management management commitment
Systems Organisation: Clear roles and lines of responsibility, competence, commitment
and control, co-operation and communication
Planning and Implementation: Identify hazards, assess risks and decide how
risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance
can be measured
Measuring Performance: A means of determining the extent to which health
and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both
reactive and proactive
Reviewing: Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether
performance is adequate
Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisation’s
management systems and procedures
Safety Policy 1) General Statement (What) Declaration of intent
2) The Organisation (Who) Responsibilities
3) Arrangements (How) Procedures
Health & Safety The way we do things around here
Culture
Measuring Safety Audit :A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an
Performance organisation’s safety management systems and procedures.
Safety inspection involves he straightforward observation of a workplace
&/or the activities or equipment within it.
Safety Surveys (focusing on particular activities)
Safety Tours (where unscheduled, less formal workplace inspections are
carried out to check on issues such as housekeeping or the use of personal
protective equipment)
Safety Sampling (involving the targeting of specific areas)
Benchmarking (where an organisation’s performance in certain areas is
compared with that of similar organisations)
Hazard and operability studies: (Formal critical examination of the process
at the design stage)
Review/Revision Accidents / Incidents Following Accident Investigation Processes
Risk Assessments Policy Review Professional Advise
Changes in Organization Process Work Methods / Patterns Materials
Legislation Personnel
New Plant/Premises or Technology, New Information
Prosecutions/Enforcement notices / Action
Monitoring Results not as expected
leading Measuring Safety: Leading and Lagging Indicators
indicators and Measuring safety
lagging Leading measures are measurable factors that indicate future value or
indicators direction of performance.
Lagging measures indicate facts about past events.
Type of incidents Incident: An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in a loss of
some kind.
First-aid Medical treatment case Restricted work case injury, Lost time injury
Near-miss, High potential near- miss Property damage Accident
Near Miss (Incident): An unwanted/unplanned event that has the potential to
result in a loss
Occupational injury: Death, any personal injury or disease resulting from an
occupational accident
Difference Unsafe Act -An action causing a person unnecessary exposure to hazard.
between unsafe Unsafe Condition -Unsafe situation or environment that may contribute in
act and condition incidents.

Benefits of near To make analysis of the incident in order to avoid re occurrence.

miss reporting To rectify the cause of those near misses before it turns into accidents.
To identify the deficiency of site performances and final remedial actions.
To improve safety performances by reducing LTAs, incident and near misses.
Four Steps to 1) Gather the information (the where, when and who of the adverse event)
Investigation 2) Analyse the information (the ‘what happened and why’ stage)
3) Identify the risk control measures (possible solutions to be identified)
4) The action plan and its implementation (which should have SMART
objectives)
Use of the To find out root cause of the accident, make recommendations to prevent re-
accident occurrence and evaluate the effectiveness of emergency response.
investigation
report
Hierarchy of The hierarchy starts with the controls perceived to be most effective and moves
Control down to those considered least effective. As defined by NIOSH, it flows as
follows:

 Elimination – Physically remove the hazard

 Reduce / Substitution – Replace the hazard
 Engineering controls – Isolate people from the hazard
 Administrative controls – Change the way people work
 Personal protective equipment– Protect the worker with PPE

These two approaches give rise to the concept of a safe place and a safe
person:
• Safe place – the environment of the workplace, where the emphasis is on
collective protection through the correct design, selection and engineering of
premises, plant, machinery, equipment, processes and substances.
• Safe person – individual behavior, where the emphasis is on the
competence of workers who have received adequate information, instruction and
training and follow safe systems of work.
Safety Signs Five categories:
PROHIBITION No Unauthorized Entry
WARNING Toxic Material
MANDATORY Safety Boots Must Be Worn
SAFE CONDITION Emergency Escape Route
FIRE EQUIPMENT Hose
Risk and Hazards HAZARDS: Anything with the potential to cause harm (Injury, ill health etc).
RISK : The product of the probability of a hazard resulting in an adverse event,
times the severity of the event.
Risk = Likelihood of Occurrence x severity if incident occurred.
Types of Hazards

Task Risk Risk assessment is a method of estimating the rate of risk of an activity, by
Assessment - classifying actual and potential consequences and finding out mitigating actions
TRA to limit that risk.
What are 5 steps Follow the five steps in this leaflet:
of Risk Step 1 Identify the hazards
Assessment? Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how
Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions
Step 4 Record your findings and implement them
Step 5 Review your assessment and update if necessary
Work Method It is the document submitted by contractor to client, covering the general work
Statement procedure of a particular job in a safe manner as per required standard.
We can plan and execute the work easily and safely. It also helps to know the
Codes and Standards used for each activity.
Aim behind Aim of workplace talk is to inform workers of hazards related to the task and
Workplace Talks / other hazards that may affect them, control measures are informed to
Task briefings workers for safe execution of task.
Mechanical EN tanglement
Hazards T raps, Shearing, drawing in, crushing
I mpact
C ontact
ENTICE Friction, abrasion, cutting and stabbing, puncture
E jection
Hazardous Area Zone O:Zone in which a flammable atmosphere is continuously present or
Classification / present for long periods.
Zone Zone I:Zone in which a flammable atmosphere is likely to occur under normal
Classification operations.
Zone II: Zone in which a flammable atmosphere is not likely to occur under
normal operations and if it occurs, it will only exist for a short time.

General Hazards Working at height safety Hazardous atmosphereH2S Evacuation

Confined space safety, Lifting operation, High pressure, Hot work precautions
Radiography
Entering to gas Any item that may cause or contribute to cause fire or explosion in an
plant – prohibited operating plant shall not be allowed. Items such as cigarette lighters, non-
items intrinsically safe equipment, torches, mobile phones, and other battery operated
tools etc which has a potential to produce spark …even items which may cause
static charges ( such as acrylics, or dresses made of such materials )
Intrinsically Safe

H2S H2S has many names such as Hydrogen Sulphide, Sulfuretted (or sulfureted)
What is H2S hydrogen; sulfurated, hydrogen; sulfane; sulfur hydride; dihydrogen
monosulfide; hydrosulfuric acid; sewer gas; stink damp; rotten egg gas.
Properties of H2S Highly toxic, Colorless, Highly flammable (flammable range: 4.3–
46% by volume of air)
Slightly heavier than air, when it leaks settles in low lying areas Soluble in
water, it mixes in water
Smells like rotten eggs when in low concentration but when in high
concentration, it has ability to kill the sense of smell of human beings.
A mixture of air and H2S is explosive; H2S burns with a blue flame and forms
sulfur dioxide (SO2) which is also a toxic gas.
Permissible In Oil and Gas industry, it is not allowed to work in the presence of H2S gas,
exposure limit engineering controls shall be applied to remove and make the area gas free
before starting the work. If hazard persists, than BA shall be used along with
other controls. However, industry has set the following limits:
 Long term exposure limit (LTEL) is at 10 ppm for 8 hours a day 5
days a week. If a person works 8 hours a day 5 days a week in 10
ppm of H2S, he shall not have serious affects.
 Short term exposure limit (STEL) is at 15 ppm
 A person can only work for 1 hour if the gas concentration is 15 ppm.
 IDLH greater than 100 ppm (PPM
stands for parts per million)
How would you Following precautions shall be taken to work in areas where H2S can be
protect yourself present:
from H2S  Tolerate to enter in areas where H2S concentration is detected and is at or
exceeding STEL (15ppm and above)
 You should have H2S training, H2S Alert Clip, Escape Hood
 Get a permit
 Perform gas test and ensure that H2S or any other hazardous gas is not
present in your work area.
 Confined spaces shall be properly ventilated before entry, ventilation shall
continue until the space is cleared by persons.
 If entering a confined space, spading, you shall use breathing apparatus if
identified and specified in the permit and TRA for the job.
 Know the location of your muster point and be aware of the wind direction.
 Never depend upon your nose to detect H2S.
 Always keep hand held gas detector in confined spaces, and in most H2S
potential areas
OSHA PPM = Parts of gas per million of air (Note : 1 % = 10,000 ppm)
Concentration Symptoms/Effects
(ppm)
50-100 Slight conjunctivitis ("gas eye") and respiratory tract irritation after
1 hour. May cause digestive upset and loss of appetite.
100 Coughing, eye irritation, loss of smell after 2-15 minutes (olfactory
fatigue). Altered breathing, drowsiness after 15-30 minutes.
Throat irritation after 1 hour. Gradual increase in severity of
symptoms over several hours. Death may occur after 48 hours.
100-150 Loss of smell (olfactory fatigue or paralysis).
200-300 Marked conjunctivitis and respiratory tract irritation after 1 hour.
Pulmonary edema may occur from prolonged exposure.
500-700 Staggering, collapse in 5 minutes. Serious damage to the eyes in
30 minutes. Death after 30-60 minutes.
700-1000 Rapid unconsciousness, "knockdown" or immediate collapse
within 1 to 2 breaths, breathing stops, death within minutes.
1000-2000 Nearly instant death
Pyrophoric Scale Pyrophoric substance will ignite spontaneously when expose to air or oxygen.
Examples are iron sulfide and many reactive metals including uranium,
Potassium, Sodium.
ISOLATION
Lock out/ Tag out For servicing or maintenance of live equipment or pipe lines, where the
system unexpected energizing or release of energy could cause injury, lock and tag
are placed on the isolating device to avoid uncontrolled operation and give
details of the lock-out schedule.
Spading and De- Term spading and de-spading is used for mechanical isolation of pipes / lines
spading OR containing pressurized fluids and gases. To stop the flow of pressurized fluid or
Blinding and De- gas, a mechanical tool is used called spade. A rated plate (spade) is inserted
blinding in the flange to close the line, this process is called spading.
(+ve Isolation) Removing the spade is called de-spading.
What are the Spades are always inserted downstream of an isolation valve. First valve is
hazards of closed; line is depressurized and spade is inserted in the flange. Following are
spading and de- the hazards of spading and de-spading process:
spading  Line not depressurized
operations  Upstream valve not closed
 Removal of bolts without closing valve and depressurization of line. This
can cause sudden release of energy, release of toxic, flammable,
asphyxiate gas, steam or other chemicals that can cause fatalities,
serious injuries, fire and explosion
Sudden and uncontrolled release of pressure can cause damage line /
pipe.
Safety measures Following measures shall be taken for spading and de-spading process:
for spading and 1. Spading and de-spading shall be performed under strict permit
de-spading requirements
process 2. TRA shall be approved based on MS
3. Coordination between execution team and plant operations to be effective
4. Select correct rated spades/blinds.
5. Following shall be confirmed prior to loosening the bolts for spading and de-
spading activities
 Confirmation and verification of battery limit and all other connecting valve
isolation by plant operator
 Confirmation and verification of purging of line / system by plant operator

 Confirmation and verification of depressurization of line / system by plant

operator
 Confirmation and verification of LOTO by plant operators

 Confirmation and verification from plant operator that it is safe for operatives
to loosen the bolts
 Adequate PPE including SCBA as required by procedure, permit and TRA

 Area to be cleared of all non-operational personnel as specified in the TRA,

except for those who are on standby with necessary protection
6. Safe work platforms to be erected for personnel to reach and work from,
competent person to inspect and verify that platform is safe for use
7. SIMOPS shall be minimized, adequate PPE shall be used against fall hazard
8. Safety precautions shall be discussed with team highlighting the hazards by
work supervisor / in charge in TBT.
9. Specific approved TRA to be consulted for such activity.
Audits of the activity to verify procedural conformance, records to be maintained
Confined Space A confined space is any enclosed or partially enclosed space
What is a  that has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;
confined space?  is large enough for a person to enter to perform tasks;
Examples of
confined space  and is not designed or configured for continuous human occupancy;
Atmospheric Hazards: Lack of oxygen, Presence of toxic gases, Presence of
flammable gases
CS atmospheric
and non-
Non-Atmospheric Hazards: Claustrophobia, Engulfment, Noise, Slip/trip/fall,
atmospheric
Electrocution, Heat,
hazards
Inadequate ventilation, Poor visibility
Following are the safety measures that shall be taken before entering any permit
What are the required confined space:
safety measures  Preparation and approval of method statement and TRA
 Apply permit and get approval
 Isolate the space (mechanical and electrical)
 Depressurize, purge with inert gas or steam
 Open the space and ventilate it through mechanical means (air blowers
and / or exhaust ventilators)
 Perform gas test and ensure space is free of all kinds of gases. Oxygen
level shall be 20% to 22%
 TBT before entry
 Assign a trained CS Entry Guard Attendant at the man way entry
 Sign the entry log while entering and exiting the space
 CS Entry Guard Attendant should keep a communication / contact with
the workers in a confined space from time to time
 Entrants must wear body harness and necessary a lifeline be attached to
the harness to avoid entry-rescue.
 Lighting should be provided, if necessary, a maximum of 25 volts lighting
should be attached to a GFCI(Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI), a
device used to isolates circuits when in contact with water, protecting lives
and equipment).
 Only intrinsically safe or explosion proof equipment shall be used
inside.
 Follow work rest rotation.
 In any emergency should immediately inform rescue team for help.
Confined Space He is one who is aware of the confined space hazards and know how to react if
Attendant anything goes wrong, able to maintain confined space entry log sheet etc.
He is responsible for the safety of entrants, should be present whenever people
are working in confined space, maintain update entry log sheet, maintain
continuous communication with entrants and monitor conditions in the confined
space to ensure a safe working atmosphere, prevent unauthorized entry of
personnel, initiate alarm for help if needed, evacuate the entrants if conditions
are not satisfying or incase of any general evacuation is initiated, contact rescue
personnel if necessary, etc.
Minimum level of 19.5% is the minimum level required to enter a confined space. If oxygen is
oxygen required below 19.5% that entry shall not be made. 23% is the maximum oxygen level for
to enter a entry, oxygen above 23% is dangerous for entry.
confined space

Responsibilities Fire watch is a person designated to identify and eliminate fire hazards, alert
of a fire-watch and extinguish fire in case of any outbreak of fire and to protect the person and
properties from a fire. He is the man to react first in case of fire by keeping a
close watch on such hazardous areas.
Lifting Operation Crane positioned on firm and level ground with wood pads and steel plates.
Outriggers are fully extended, tires are off ground, certified operator and rigger
Requirements for
are available, safe load indicator is working, the check list is filled with competent
a crane lifting
person, crane has a valid inspection sticker, insurance and third party certificate,
the loads weight is confirmed and it is within the safe working limit of the crane,
safety devices are not bypassed, the swing arm radius is barricaded and
unauthorized people are evacuated, the lifting tools are free from defects, pads
are used to protect the slings from load and vice-versa, wind speed is less than
32kmh, approved lifting plan is available for critical lifts, permit for the activity is
obtained, crane operators and riggers vision is not obstructed, the load is well
balanced, and tag lines are used to control the weight etc.
What is SWL? Safe Working Load is the maximum load that can be applied to the lifting tools
and equipments, safely.
What is working It is the maximum distance where the crane boom has to reach for lifting or
radius? lowering the load.
Difference Anti-Two-Block (A2B) is a safety system used on cranes and boom trucks that
between Anti provides automatic stoppage of the lifting action.
Two Block and LMI :Load Moment Indicator technology gives the crane operator a continuous
LMI read-out of the boom length, boom angle, and the radius. Then it became
known as a load-moment indicator (LMI) and in some cases the technology has
been referred to as a rate capacity indicator (RCI) or a rate capacity limiter
(RCL).
What is lifting It is the document prepared for planning a critical lift by calculating and
plan? considering all factors which is going to effect the lift and there by selecting the
correct tools and cranes and ensure the safe lifting procedure to be followed for
the particular lift, giving details such as the size and weight of the object to be
lifted, which crane is used for lifting and what the safety factor is, where the
crane is positioned, from where the load is lifted, where it is fitted, size and SWL
of each lifting tool used. And load chart is attached with it.
What is Rigging The study consists of a detailed scale drawing showing the crane position in
Study? relation to the equipment being lifted. A complete analysis of the crane
loads, rigging loads, ground conditions, wind effects and equipment weight are
considered in the drawing. A detailed lift procedure is developed and shown on
the drawing.
Types of lifting

Requirements of It should be designed and fabricated according to standards, have third party
a man basket certificate, two guide ropes, damage free lifting gears, the load bearing capacity
more detail from should be written on the man basket, shackles with cotter pin only to be used.
TRA Crane shall have at least 50% safety margin at the lifting configuration for man
basket activity.
Select web/wire sling and shackles attached with man-basket the safety Margin
of 50% with respect to Safe Working Load (SWL).
Trail lift of unoccupied basket must be made with anticipated lift weight.
The lifting activity to be planned during win velocity less than 20 Km /hr OR
crane manufactures specification whichever is less.

At what height 2 meters is the height at which safety harness becomes mandatory for worker.
safety harness is Safety harness shall be worn and person shall be tied off at all ties while working
mandatory? at any elevation above 2 meters.
Tandem lifting A tandem lift involving the simultaneous use of more than two cranes, hoists or
other pieces of powered lifting equipment.
SIMOPS Simultaneous operation means two or more different operations/jobs going on
same time at same place.
Types of Crane Mobile Crane Tower Crane
Overhead Crane Gantry Crane

Vehicle Mounted Crane Tower Crane Rough Terrain

Crane Crawler Crane
All Terrain Crane Railroad Crane Telescopic Handler
Crane Harbor Cranes
Floating Crane Aerial Crane, Telescopic Crane, Level Luffing Cranes
What is A scaffold is an elevated, temporary work platform. There are three types of
Scaffolding elevated working platform.
Safety

Types of Many types of scaffolds are available; each job requires a specific type of
Scaffoldings scaffolds.
1. Independent
2. Towers
3. Birdcages
4. Slung Scaffolds
5. Cantilever Scaffolds

Tag system A tag is put on scaffolding, by a competent person, indicating the present
condition whether it can be used and whether fall protection needed or not.
Red Tag: Do not use (Is being erected of dismantle)
Yellow Tag: Can be use with 100% fall protection (is incomplete or cannot be
completed)
Green Tag: Safe to use (Scaffolding is complete)

What are points to be checked while green tagging for erected scaffolding?
Plumb, level and firmness of the ground, Sole Plate, Base Plate, Standards,
Ledger, Transom, Couplers, Boards, (Planks/Metallic) Toe- Boards,
Braising, Guard-Rails, Mid-Rails, Out Riggers, Ladders
When should we A scaffold shall be inspected and tagged after completing erection. Also before
inspect a each work period or where they are altered. Adjusted or subjected to rain or
scaffold? heavy winds.
Thereafter the scaffold shall be examined at least once seven days.
Excavation A man made cut, cavity, trench or depression formed by earth removal.
Main hazards / Excavations can have following hazards:
dangers of  Damage to underground utilities such as pipes, cables, structure / building
excavation foundations and sewer system etc…
 Excavation walls can collapse if not slopped, shored or benched properly.
 If excavations are not protected properly, personnel, vehicles and
machines can fall in the excavations.
 Can flood in case of rains or other failures
 Can become dangerous due to accumulation of hazardous gases
Radiography Isotope means one or more species of atoms having same atomic number but
What is Isotope? different mass number.
Isotope can be stable or unstable. Radioactive isotopes are unstable
substances, which emits heavy particles (alpha and beta) and higher energy
electromagnetic waves (Gama) from their nucleus by decay.
Why is an Isotopes are hazardous because it emits uncontrolled energy in the form of
Isotope radioactive waves which is hazardous to all living things as it can destroy the its
hazardous? living tissues that causes fatality or can convert it in cancer.
Types of Types of Ionising RadiationAlpha Beta Gamma X-Ray
Ionizing& Non- Neutron
IonizingRadiation Non-Ionising Radiation Ultra-violet Infra-red Lasers
Microwave
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Harmful Effects Acute Effects
of Ionizing Somatic - Damage to exposed person mild nausea to severe illness, diarrhoea,
Radiation headaches, death local exposure can lead to reddening of the skin/hair loss
Genetic - Damage to reproductive cells
Chronic Effects
Somatic – Chronic effects as above plus various types of cancer (e.g. lung
cancer among uranium miners)
Genetic - Damage to offspring of exposed (Reduced reproductive success )
Controlled area? Any area in which doses of ionizing radiation are likely to exceed three-tenths of
any dose limit for employees aged 18 years or over, or in which the
instantaneous dose rate exceeds 7.5 ?Sv / hr (microsievert / hr) shall be
designated as a Controlled Area.
Radiation dose measure by Gieger meter, Calculate received radiation dose by
film badge
What is a Gieger It is the instrument used to measure the radiation dose (Radiation Survey Meter).
meter?
What is the use This badge will be worn by personnel, exposed to radiation due to their nature of
of a film badge? duty and this is processed to calculate the received radiation dose of a person
during the period (normally 1 month) of exposure.
Source of radio Iridium 192
element Gamma sources used for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) shall in the case of IR
192, not exceed a strength of 30 curies on site without written approval from
approve authority.
Precautions at Radiography is a very dangerous activity therefore maximum precautions shall
site be taken to prevent injuries due to radiations. Following precautions shall be
ensured:
1. FANR-REG-24 (Basic Safety Standards for Facilities and Activities
involving Ionizing Radiation other than in Nuclear Facilities)
2. RT technician shall be certified to ASNT level II and should be FNAR
certified.
3. Radiation Protection Officer must be certified by Basic Radiation Safety.
4. Monitoring and measurements to be performed by RPO based on the
parameters to verify compliance with FANR.
5. Source activity is ≤ 16 curi (7.5 micro Sievert / hr safe distance should be
maintained.
6. All radiographic works shall be performed under valid permit to work
7. Radiographers shall be equipped with film badges and colimeters
Distance, Time and protection

Pneumatic / It is the test carried for leak test for pipes, equipmentsetc by filling water in
hydro test these equipments and pipes with some pressure and its joints and connection
are checked for any leak or breakage.
Hydro Test

Hazards of Major hazards of Pneumatic / hydro test include:

Pneumatic / Sudden release of pressure Explosion Ejection of metal
hydro test pieces
Flooding Electrical
Grit blasting A compressor is used to throw special grit particles on a surface to clean it at a
safety very high speed.
What PPE is used Person performing grit blasting shall use the following PPE:
during grit  Blasting hood: this hood is specially designed to provide air to the user
blasting trough compressor fitted with special filters; hood completely covers the
blasters head, face and provides protection against air borne particles.
 Long gloves, specially designed to protect hand of the blaster
 Special apron to protect the body
 High ankle safety boots
Hydro Jetting A blast of water at high pressure is sent into the lines that will usually remove
blockages and build up.
Whip lash / All connections at hoses and with jack hammer shall be equipped with whip
locking pins arrestors; couplers used for connecting the hose shall have locking pins in place
to prevent accidental release.
FIRE SAFETY Fire is a rapid oxidation of material releasing heat, light and various chemical
Fire and products. The fire triangle describes the conditions that have to be met in order a
Explosion fire can start:
(1) Flammable material - Starving, (2) Oxygen - Smothering, (3)
Energy to ignite the fire - Cooling
An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an
extreme manner, usually with the generation of high temperatures and the
release of gases. An explosion creates a shock wave.
Harm to persons Main effects
from fire Being burnt
Inhaling toxic fumes
Effects of smoke inhalation
Depletion of oxygen supply
Other effects
Collapse of building
Crush or other injury sustained while escaping
Ignition sources  Thermal energy: combustion engines, open fire, hot surfaces, welding
can be: sputters, laser
 Electric energy: short circuits, electric arcs, electromagnetic radiation,
lightning, electrostatic, heat developed by currents
 Mechanical energy: friction, ultrasound, compression, sparks from tools,
grinding
 Chemical energy: spontaneous heating or igniting, catalytic reactions,
accelerating exothermal reactions
Definitions Flashpoint:is the lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor that can
be ignited when mixed with air.
Fire point : When the fire point is reached sufficient gas or vapour is being given
off to sustain a flame when in contact with a source of ignition.
Principal of Fire 1) Cooling the fire by removing the heat
Extinguishing 2) Starving the fire of fuel
3) Smothering the fire by limiting the oxygen supply
Type of fires – 04
types NFPA
European Fuel/Heat source Example Extinguisher
Ordinary Paper, wood, cloth, Water, DCP, Foam,
Class A
combustibles plastic, rubber CO2, Halon

Class B Flammable gases Methane

CO2, Foam, DCP
Gasoline, diesel, oil,
Combustible
Class C grease, oil based paint,
liquids
tar

Electrical DCP, FM-200, Halon,

Class F/D
equipment Carbon Dioxide
Magnesium, Potassium, Metal X-type,
Combustible
Class D Zinc, Calcium, Sodium, Combustible metal
metals
Titanium type
Class F Cooking oil or fat
Prevention, Fire Prevention Control measures to reduce the risk of fire Starting
Protection & Fire Protection Structural measures to reduce the risk of fire
Precautions Spreading
Fire Precautions Measures taken to reduce the risk in theEvent of fire
Fixed Fire Hose Reels: Permanently connected to the mains water supply. Should be sited
Fighting in a location which covers the whole area.
Equipment Sprinkler Systems :A network of water pipes with spray heads normally at
ceiling height is installed in vulnerable areas.
Flood Systems: A high concentration of an extinguishing gas (usually carbon
dioxide) is automatically dumped in an enclosed area.
Chemical in DCP. Basically in DCP (dry chemical powder) fire extinguishers mono ammonium
phosphate is used. But some more chemicals compound are also used e.g.
sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium chloride etc.
PRESSURE OF 215 BAR
CO2 OR
EXTINGUISHER CO2 extinguishers stores carbon dioxide gas under great pressure (55 bar or
Why there is not 825psi), where the gas becomes a liquid. When you operate the fire extinguisher
gauge on CO2 levers, the pressure is released; the CO2 pressure is reduced by the diffuser
cylinder? (horn) and expands back into a gas, rapidly cooling the surrounding air.
Electrical Safety
Laws Ohms Law
The higher the electrical potential difference or pressure (V) or the lower the
circuit resistance (R), the higher is the current that flows in an electrical circuit:
I = V/R
Hazards Electric shock Electric burns Electrical arcing Fires
Explosions
Severity of Current in amperes Length of contact time Path through the body
Electric Shock Conductivity/resistance of the body. The voltage Conductivity of the environment
Nature of the contact Age and health status of victim
Effects on Body Damage to the nervous system Fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
of Electricity Tissue burns at entry and exit Damage to internal organs
Muscular contractions Physical trauma
Stopping breathing (respiratory paralysis)Stopping the heart (cardiac
arrest)
Causes of Inadequate circuits for the current Overloaded circuits
Electrical Fire Incorrect fuses (e.g. nails)Damaged wiring and insulation
Loose connections Overheating of cables
Overheating due to thermal insulation Overheating due to lack of
ventilation
Flammable materials to close to electrical equipment
Electricity • Fuses : A specially designed weak link which is designed to melt at a
Protection predetermined value of current.
Devices

Circuit breaker :Electromagnetic devices which perform the same

function as fuses but operate faster.

• Reduced voltage : Reducing the mains voltage by means of a

transformer to a lower safer voltage e.g. 110volts or 55 volts

Battery operated tools :

• RCD :Compares the electricity flow to the equipment with the return flow
and if a difference is detected the equipment is isolated.

• Double insulation : Two separate layers of insulation are provided which

allows for fault detection where one layer has failed the other still provides
protection.

What precautions Permit Electrical isolation

you should take Lock and tag Insulated tools
before working Permit required PPE Only competent electrical person to perform the job
on an electrical
panel
Material Safety Material Safety Data Sheet is the document prepared and provided by the
manufacturer, it explains product name, physical and chemical properties , ,
Data Sheet information of ingredients, possible hazards, first aid measures, precautions to
be taken for storage and handling (recommended PPE, extinguishers),
emergency contact phone number, , etc.
Hazardous MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet. It is a document developed by the
material / manufacturer of the hazardous material (chemical) to provide information about
substances the safety precautions required in the use of hazardous material such as MSDS
for acids, paints, oil, gases etc…)
Routes of Entry Inhalation : most important route of entry, substances can directly attack
lung tissue, responsible for 90% of all cases of industrial poisoning
Ingestion : via the mouth, often accidental, poor hygiene
Absorption : through the skin, solvents may penetrate unbroken skin
Injection (Direct Entry) : when skin is damaged, puncture of the skin, contact
with liquid or gas under pressure
Body’s Defences Respiratory (Inhalation) : Hair and wetness of the nose
• Change of direction of the larynx
• Sneezing and coughing
• Ciliary Escalator
Gastrointestinal (Ingestion) : Taste and smell
• Saliva
• Acid, enzymes and bacteria
• Vomit and diarrhoea
Skin (Absorption) :Sebum
• Sensory nerves
• Melanin
• Blisters, rashes, inflammation
Cellular mechanism (Injection) : Scavenging Action
• Secretion of defensive substances
• Prevention of excessive blood loss
• Repair of damaged tissues
• The Lymphatic system
Other Defences
• Tears and blinking of the eyes
• Pain
• Hormones e.g. adrenalin
Airborne Dust Body Defences against dust : The nasal hairs, Coughing and sneezing, Eyes
watering, Blinking and The ciliary escalator
Personal Anything worn or held to protect against hazards
Protective In areas, where sound pollution is more than 85 dB A.
Equipment (PPE)
Benefits of PPE Benefits of PPE
Can be used as an interim control whilst more expensive or difficult controls are
put in place.
In some situations it may be the only control option available.
It may be needed as a back-up for emergencies when other controls have failed.
It is usually cheap.
Limitations of It gives immediate protection.
PPE Limitations of PPE
It only protects one person – the wearer.
It may not protect adequately if it is not fitted correctly.
It may not be comfortable and may interfere with the wearer’s ability to do the
job.
It may increase overall risk by impairing the senses (e.g. goggles that mist up).
It may not be compatible with other items that have to be worn or used.
People do not like wearing PPE.
If it fails it fails to danger.
Emergency It is the procedure to provide concise guide lines for evacuation in case of some
Response / emergency and to identify the emergencies in advance. This also helps us to
Emergency plan and to define roles and responsibilities of all building custodian fire wardens
Evacuation Plan and occupants
What action must If you are exposed to a gas leak, following actions shall be taken:
be taken if you  Stop the job
are exposed to a  Do / wear your escape set
gas leak
 Shut down the machine
 Observe the wind direction and proceed out in the cross wind direction
 Move to muster point / assembly area.
 Obey further instructions from emergency response team.
Note:
 Do not attempt any rescue if you are not trained and if you do not have
protective equipment such as breathing apparatus.
 Resume work after getting clearance only.
How to the
Reporting
Incident

ENVIRONMENT Environmental Aspect is defined as an element of a community’s activities or

services that can interact with the environment.
Environmental Environment Impact is any change to the environment, whether adverse or
impact and beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from a community’s activities or services.
aspects Environmental Aspect Environmental Impact(s)
Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Air pollution, smog
Discharges to stream Degradation of aquatic habitat
and drinking water supply
Spills and leaks contamination Soil and groundwater
Electricity use Air pollution, global
warming
Use of recycled paper resources Conservation of natural
Environmental • Climate change
Protection • Ozone depletion (CFC)
• Acid rain
burn fuels produce polluting gases. (especially Nitrogen Oxides and Sulphur
Dioxide) react with the
tiny droplets of water in clouds to form Sulphuric and Nitric Acids.
• Usage of Natural Resources
Industrial affects Waterways and rivers poisoned
on the Land becoming unusable
Environment Polluting Activities include:
Untreated effluent allowed to run away
Chemicals used on farms leak into waterways
Poor handling of chemicals
Inadvertent spillage
What is Pollution Pollution is the release into or onto air, water, or land of any substance which is
capable of causing harm to man or any other living organisms supported by the
environment
Harm includes:
Harm to the health of human beings including offence to the senses
Harm to other living organisms
Harm to the quality of the environment, including the air, water or land
Damage to property.
Pollution Types 1) Air Pollution
Discharges in the atmosphere etc
2) Water Pollution
Leakages from storage tanks etc
3) Land Pollution
Dumping of hazardous wastes, etc.
Pollution Control 1. Prevention: Preventing pollution by having good systems in place
Strategy 2. Reduce: By changing the process. Reduce waste
3. Respond: Ensuring a rapid response to incidents such as spillages
4. Recover: Reviewing systems in places where problems have occurred
Waste Waste management means safety disposing the by-product of a process or a
management work to the environment (after proper treatment, if necessary) so that no threat
for livings, properties and environment exists.
Types of Waste Activated Carbon, Lube Oil, Benzene , Spent Caustic, Oil Sludge, Catalyst,
Resin, Poly Ethylene, Hard Tarry Sludge, Gasoline, Sulphamic Acid, High-
Sludge, Teal, Residue Coke, Oil Sludge, Poly Ethylene, Aluminum, Wd 40,
Cotton, Sulphur, Pyrophoric Material, Hard Tarry Sludge, Residue Coke, Lube
Oil (With Water), Spent Wash Oil, Lube Oil, Sealent, Sealent Cans And Bag,
Refectory, Paints, Cladding, Garnet(Grit Blasting), Insulation, Waste, Filter Bag,
Used Batteries, Used Engine Oil
Waste Hierarchy PREVENT
PREVENT
REDUCE
REDUCE
RE-USE
RE-USE
RECOVER
RECOVER
DISPOSE
DISPOSE
Work Permit A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written system used to control certain
types of work which are potentially hazardous.
Objective: System is to ensure that potentially hazardous work is properly
controlled and coordinated.
HIRA - Electronic tool - Create a data base of RA for all type of
Hazardous activities/task.
PICWS Responsible for ensuring the conditions and precautions in the Permit are
adhered.
What is the Permit to work (PTW) is required to ensure that required precautions are
function of PTW implemented based on the identified hazards for safe execution of the work.

PTW is also required for communication purposes, a PTW raised provides

information to all concerned parties / individuals that a certain activity would be
carried out in a certain area at a specific date and time.
Work Permit is the written document authorizing a person or a group to perform
maintenance, inspection, or construction work.
Types of Cold Work Permit Hot Work Permit ( Category A-Continuous source of
Permits as per ignition and B-Potentially source)CS Entry Permit Excavation Permit
Radiography Permit Vehicle Entry
work category:
Certificates:
Gas Test Isolation Certificate

Hazardous Substances Symbols: