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Science
Quarter 4-Module 3
Week 3, SOLAR ENERGY
AND THE ATMOSPHERE
Science - Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 3: SOLAR ENERGY AND THE ATMOSPHERE
Revised Copy, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler/s: Mie P. Obejero, SST-III, Abellana National School

Content Editors: Dr. Febelyn Bendulo, PSDS, ND 5

Mrs. Nezel B. Leorag, Principal I, Tagba-o National High School

Language Editor: Mrs. Nenita Nacional, School Principal, Pardo Extension Elementary
School

Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science
Dr. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: New Imus Avenue, Barangay Day-as Cebu City
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Science
Quarter 4-Module 3
Week 3, SOLAR ENERGY
AND THE ATMOSPHERE
Lesson SOLAR ENERGY
AND THE ATMOSPHERE
What I Need to Know

A. Content Standard
● The learners demonstrate understanding of the different phenomena
that occur in the atmosphere.
B. Performance Standard
● The learners should be able to analyze the advantage of the location of
the Philippines in relation to the climate, weather, and seasons.
C. Most Essential Competency
● The learners should be able to discuss how energy from the Sun
interacts with the layers of the atmosphere. (S7ES-IVd-5)
D. Learning Objectives
● Discuss how energy from the sun interacts with the layers of the
atmosphere.
● Explain how some human activities affect the atmosphere.

INTRODUCTION

Our planet receives an abundant supply of life-giving energy from the Sun. The
heat of the Sun or solar energy also propels atmospheric phenomena.
Since weather events happen in the atmosphere - the envelope of air that
surrounds the Earth- it is important that students be familiar with the structure and
composition of the atmosphere. They can then give reasons for the weather events as
well as global atmospheric phenomena that result from changes in the composition of
the gases in the atmosphere.

1
What I Know
Pre-assessment

Directions: Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the MOST abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere?
A. Argon B. Carbon Dioxide C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen
2. What is the CORRECT order of atmospheric layers from Earth’s surface going up?
A. Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
B. Stratosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Exosphere
C. Troposphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
D. Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
3. Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
A. Mesosphere B. Stratosphere C. Thermosphere D. Troposphere
4. In which layer do virtually all-weather phenomena take place?
A. Exosphere B. Mesosphere C. Stratosphere D. Troposphere
5. What is meant by ‘trace’ gases? They are _____.
A. not harmful c. naturally occurring on Earth
B. emitted by trees d. present in very small amount
6. In which atmospheric layer is most water vapor found?
A. Mesosphere B. Stratosphere C. Thermosphere D. Troposphere
7. What is the basis for the division of layers of the atmosphere surrounding the Earth?
A. changing temperature c. changing amount of oxygen
B. changing weather patterns d. changing composition of gases
8. Why is the presence of ozone above the troposphere important for the survival of
living things on Earth? It ________.
A. helps in cloud formation
B. warms the Earth’s surface
C. makes jet flying more comfortable
D. offers protection from the Sun’s harmful UV rays
9. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Without natural greenhouse effect,
the temperature of the Earth would be about -18 °C instead of 14°C at present. Why
are scientists concerned about the greenhouse effect?
A. There is no technology that will keep the temperature of Earth constant.
B. Planting trees in wider areas is not possible; Earth has many desert areas.
C. Human activities like burning of fossil fuels and deforestation enhance the
greenhouse effect.
D. The human population is increasing rapidly; more carbon dioxide will be
released to the atmosphere.
10. Why do hikers put on thicker clothes when climbing a high mountain?
A. For protection against insect bites.
B. The air temperature decreases with altitude.
C. So that they can easily be located when they get lost
D. To add more weight so they will not be pushed by the wind.
11. What happens when air is heated? It ________.
A. expands, then rises C. spreads in all directions
B. stays in place D. moves towards a lower elevation
12. In which atmospheric layer do meteors burn up?
A. troposphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. thermosphere

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13. What is the natural heating process of Earth caused by gases trapping heat in the
atmosphere?
A. climate B. global warming C. greenhouse effect D. season

14. Which of the following correctly describes layer C of the atmospheric layers?

A. mesosphere; coldest C. stratosphere; coldest

B. mesosphere; hottest D. stratosphere; hottest

15. What is the SECOND MOST abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A. Argon B. Nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Ozone

What’s In

Activity No. 1
4 Pics 1 Word
Directions:
Guess the word that describes the 4 pictures in each group. Refer to the given
letters as hint of the correct term. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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Sentence Completion
The _________ is the thin envelope of gas molecules surrounding the ___________.

Question:
1. Can you cite at least 1 reason why earth is a habitable planet.
______________________________________________________________

What’s New

In the previous module, you learned that the presence of different natural resources in
the Philippines is related to the country’s location. It was also mentioned that the climate in a
certain area depends on its latitude. In this module, you are going to learn more about how
the location of the Philippines influences its climate and weather. To prepare you for this
lesson, you must first learn about the envelope of air that surrounds the Earth where all
weather events happen – the atmosphere.

Activity 2
What is the Basis for Dividing Earth’s Atmosphere into Layers?
Objectives
In this activity, you will be able to gather information about earth’s atmosphere based
on the graph. Specifically, you are expected to:
1. describe the features of each layer of the atmosphere.
2. compare the features of the five layers of atmosphere; and
3. explain the basis for the division of atmosphere by layers.
Materials:
● Graph in Figure 1
● A ruler, if available
Directions: Study the graph and answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 1. What are the layers of

the Atmosphere?

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Questions:
Q1. What are the five layers? Estimate the height of each layer. ________________
Q2. In which layer is temperature increasing with increasing altitude? ____________
Q3. In which layer is temperature decreasing with increasing altitude? ___________
Q4. What is the relationship between temperature and height in the
a. troposphere? ________________________________________________
b. stratosphere? ________________________________________________
c. mesosphere? ________________________________________________
d. thermosphere? _______________________________________________
e. exosphere? __________________________________________________
Q5. Observe the whole graph. What is the basis for the division of Earth’s atmosphere?
________________________________________________________________
Q6. From the graph, can you generalize that the higher the layer of the atmosphere
(that is closer to the Sun), the hotter the temperature? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________
2. Read the succeeding paragraphs. Copy the table below and summarize the data about
the atmosphere from the graph and the information in the discussion that follows. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Table 1. Layers of the Atmosphere.
LAYER RANGE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS
(km)

The troposphere is the layer closest to Earth’s surface. The temperature just
above the ground is hotter than the temperature high above. Weather occurs in the
troposphere because this layer contains most of the water vapor. Remember the water
cycle? Without water, there would be no clouds, rain, snow or other weather features.
Air in the troposphere is constantly moving. As a result, aircraft flying through the
troposphere may have a very bumpy ride – what we know as turbulence. People who
have used the airplane for travelling have experienced this especially when there is a
typhoon in areas where the plane passes through.
The stratosphere is the layer of air that extends to about 50 km from Earth’s
surface. Many jet aircraft flies in the stratosphere because it is very stable. It is in the
stratosphere that we find the ozone layer. The ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun’s
harmful radiation that would otherwise be dangerous to plant and animal life.
The layer between 50 km and 80 km above the Earth’s surface is called the
mesosphere. Air in this layer is very thin and cold. Meteors or rock fragments burn up
in the mesosphere.
The thermosphere is between 80 km and 110 km above the Earth. Space
shuttles fly in this area and it is also where the auroras are found. Auroras are caused
when the solar wind strikes gases in the atmosphere above the Poles. Why can we not
see auroras in the Philippines?

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The upper limit of our atmosphere is the exosphere. This layer of the
atmosphere merges into space. Satellites are stationed in this area, 500 km to 1000
km from Earth.

What is It

More than three quarters of Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen while one fifth
is oxygen. The remaining 1% is a mixture of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. These
gases not only produce important weather features such as cloud and rain, but also have
considerable influence on the overall climate of the Earth, through the greenhouse effect and
global warming.

What is Greenhouse Effect?

In order to understand the greenhouse effect, you need to first understand how a real
greenhouse works.
In temperate countries, a greenhouse is used to grow seedlings in the late winter and
early spring and later, planted in the open field when the weather is warmer. Greenhouses
also protect plants from weather phenomena such snowstorm or dust storms. In tropical
countries, greenhouses are used by commercial plant growers to protect flowering and
ornamental plants from harsh weather conditions and insect attack.
Greenhouses range in size from small sheds to very large buildings. They also vary in
terms of types of covering materials. Some are made of glass while others are made of plastic.

Figure 2. Different sizes of greenhouses. How does a greenhouse work?

Greenhouses allow sunlight to enter but prevent heat from escaping. The transparent
covering of the greenhouse allows visible light to enter without obstruction. It warms the inside
of the greenhouse as energy is absorbed by the plants, soil, and other things inside the
building. Air warmed by the heat inside is retained in the building by the roof and wall. The
transparent covering also prevents the heat from leaving by reflecting the energy back into the
walls and preventing outside winds from carrying it away.
The Earth’s atmosphere is compared to a greenhouse. You know that besides nitrogen
and oxygen, earth’s atmosphere contains trace gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor,
methane, and ozone. Like the glass in a greenhouse, the trace gases have a similar effect on
the Sun’s rays. They allow sunlight to pass through, resulting in the warming up of the earth’s
surface. But they absorb the energy coming from the earth’s surface, keeping the earth’s
temperature suitable for life on earth. The process by which the earth’s atmosphere warms up
is called “greenhouse effect,” and the trace gases are referred to as “greenhouse gases.”

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Figure 3. Why are greenhouse gases like the glass in the greenhouse?

The “greenhouse effect” is a natural process and it warms the Earth. Without the
greenhouse effect, earth would be very cold, too cold for living things, such as plants and
animals.
To further understand the effect of greenhouse gases, look at Figure 4. It contains
some data about Venus and Earth, planets that are almost of the same size and if you
remember from elementary school science, are near each other, so they are called twin
planets. The composition of atmosphere and the average surface temperature of the two
planets are also given. Why is the average temperature of Venus very much higher than that
of Earth? What could have caused this phenomenon?

Both Earth and Venus

have carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas,
in their atmospheres. The small amount
of carbon dioxide on Earth gives the right
temperature for living things to survive.
With the high surface temperature of
Venus due to its high carbon dioxide
concentration, do you think life forms like
those we know of could exist there? Why
or why not?

Figure 4. What gas is present in the

atmosphere of Venus that explains its high
surface temperature?

Is Earth Getting Warmer?

What is the evidence? Studies have shown that before 1750 (called the pre-
industrialization years), carbon dioxide concentration was about 0.028 percent or 280 parts
per million (ppm) by volume. The graph below shows the concentration of carbon dioxide from
1958 to 2003. What information can you derive from the graph?

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Recent studies reported that in
2000-2009, carbon dioxide rose by 2.0
ppm per year. In 2011, the level is
higher than at any time during the last
800 thousand years. Local
temperatures fluctuate naturally, over
the past 50 years but the average
global temperature has increased at
the fastest rate in recorded history. So,
what if there is increasing emission of
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere? What is the
problem with a small increase in carbon
dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere?

Figure 5. Carbon dioxide measurements in Mauna

Loa Observatory, Hawaii
More carbon dioxide means that more heat is trapped in Earth’s atmosphere. More
heat cannot return back into space. More heat trapped by the carbon dioxide means a warmer
Earth.
The increasing temperature phenomenon is known as “global warming”. Global
means that all countries and people around the world are affected even if that country is not a
major contributor of greenhouse gases. Many scientists now agree that many human activities
emit more greenhouses gases into the atmosphere, making the natural greenhouse effect
stronger. Scientists are also saying that if we carry on polluting the atmosphere with
greenhouse gases, it will have a dangerous effect on the Earth.

Sources of Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide is naturally produced when people and animals breathe. Plants and
trees take in and use carbon dioxide to produce their own food. Volcanoes also produce
carbon dioxide. Methane comes from grazing animals as they digest their food and from
decaying matter in wet rice fields. Ozone is also naturally present in the stratosphere.

But human activities emit a lot of greenhouse

gases into the atmosphere. Study Figure 6.

Figure 6. Does burning of fossil fuels raise the

carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

Which fossil fuel has the highest contribution to carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere?
What human activities use this fuel? Think of at least three.

Recall Module 1. What kind of fossil fuels are used in the Philippines?

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Are we also contributing to the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere? Why or why not?
Carbon dioxide comes from the burning of fossil fuel such as coal, crude oil and natural
gas. Cutting down and burning of trees release carbon dioxide. Methane can also be released
from buried waste. For example, the left-over food, garden wastes, and animal wastes
collected from our homes are thrown into dumpsites. When lots of wastes are compressed
and packed together, they produce methane. Coal mining also produces methane.
Another group of greenhouse gas includes the chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs for short.
CFCs have been used in spray cans as propellants, in refrigerators as refrigerants, and in
making foam plastics as foaming agents. They become dangerous when released into the
atmosphere, depleting the ozone layer. For this reason, their use has been banned around
the world.
What have you learned about the atmosphere? There are natural processes in the
atmosphere that protect and sustain life on Earth. For example, the greenhouse effect keeps
temperature on Earth just right for living things. For as long as the concentration of greenhouse
gases are controlled, we will have no problem.
But human beings’ activities have emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere,
increasing their levels to quantities that have adverse effects on people, plants, animals and
the physical environment. Burning of fossil fuels, for example, has increased levels of carbon
dioxide thus trapping more heat, increasing air temperature, and causing global warming.
Such global phenomenon is feared to melt polar ice caps and cause flooding to low-lying areas
that will result to reduction in biodiversity. It is even feared that global warming is already
changing climates around the globe, causing stronger typhoons, and creating many health-
related problems. You will learn more about climate change later.

What’s More
Activity 3
Does a Greenhouse Retain or Release Heat?

Objectives
1. Construct a model of greenhouse.
2. Find out if your model greenhouse retains heat.
3. Relate the concept of greenhouse to the increasing temperature of Earth’s
atmosphere.
Materials Needed:
●2-liter empty plastic bottle of soft
drink
● 2-plastic food containers to serve as
base of the bottles
● knife or scissors
● transparent tape
● 2-thermometers
● one reading lamp (if available), otherwise bring the setups under the Sun.
Procedure: (Constructing the model of greenhouse)
Note: For each model of greenhouse, you will need a two-liter empty, plastic soft
drink container (with cap) and a shallow plastic/food container for the base.
1. Remove the label of the soft drink bottle but keep the cap attached.
2. Carefully cut the end of the bottle approximately 5-6 cm from the bottom. Discard or
dispose the bottom part of the bottle.

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3. Place the bottle with cap in the plastic base/food container. This is your model
greenhouse. Label it Bottle A.
4. Use scissors or knife to cut several elongated openings or vents (1.5 x 5.0 cm) on the
sides of Bottle B. Leave Bottle A intact.
5. Tape a thermometer onto a piece of cardboard. Make sure that the cardboard is
longer than the thermometer so that the bulb will not touch the plastic base. Make
two thermometer setups, one for Bottle A and another for Bottle B. Place one
thermometer setup in each bottle.

Figure 7. How to construct a model greenhouse

6. Place the bottles approximately 10 cm away from the lamp. DO NOT turn on the lamp
yet. Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper,
Q1. Predict which bottle will get hotter when you turn on the light or when they
are exposed to the sun. How will you know that one bottle is hotter than the
other? ________________________________________________________
Q2. Write down your prediction and the reason why you predicted that way.
________________________________________________________

7. Turn on the light and begin collecting data every five minutes for 25 minutes. (Note:
But if you have no lamp, place the setups under the sun. Read the temperature
every 20 minutes for over two hours.)

8. Record the temperature readings of Bottle A and Bottle B on the table below.
Table 2. Temperature Reading of Bottle A and B
TIME TEMPERATURE READING
BOTTLE A BOTTLE B

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9. Using the graph below, plot the data from Table 2. In the y-axis, plot the temperature
reading and the time in the x-axis. Then connect using red-colored pen for Bottle A and
black-colored pen for Bottle B. Answer the questions on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 8. Graph on Temperature Reading of Bottle A and B

Q3. Describe the graph resulting from observations in Bottle A. ____________

Q4. Describe the graph resulting from observations in Bottle B. ___________
Q5. Explain the similarities in the graphs of Bottles A and B. ______________
Q6. Explain the differences in the graphs of Bottles A and B. ______________
Q7. Does this activity help you answer the question in the activity title? Do
greenhouses retain heat. What is the evidence? __________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the
underlined term to make the statement true. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

__________1. The atmosphere is made up of four main layers.

__________2. The place where the troposphere stops getting colder is called the
ionosphere.
__________3. Ozone is a form of oxygen that can be broken down by the compound CFC.
__________4. With increasing altitude in the stratosphere, the temperature decreases.
__________5. Ozone stops most of the ultraviolet light from the Sun.
__________6. The stratosphere is the closest layer to Earth’s surface.
__________7. The ionosphere is the layer of the atmosphere where an aurora can occur.
__________8. Meteors are stationed in this area, 500 km to 1000 km from the Earth.
__________9. Air in the mesosphere is thin and cold, between 50 km and 80 km above the
earth’s surface.
__________10. Atmosphere allows sunlight to enter but prevent heat from escaping the Earth.

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What I Can Do

Directions: Make a pop-up layer of the atmosphere. Each circle must contain descriptions
of the layer of the atmosphere.

Materials:
ballpen
bond paper
coloring materials
glue
pencil
scissors
Procedure:
1. Trace the half-circled pattern into a piece of paper. Include the tab in each pattern
for pasting. There must be 5 half-circled patterns to represent the layers of the
atmosphere. (see pattern below)
2. Label each pattern with the corresponding layers of the atmosphere.
3. Write the descriptions of each layers of the atmosphere. You may paste some
pictures if available on each layer.
4. You may design each layer according to your creativity.
5. Paste the tab to fasten the layers on a bond paper with a picture of the Earth at
the top of it. (see sample below)

sample output:

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Figure 9. Pattern of the layers of the atmosphere

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Post-Assessment

Directions. Read and understand each question below. Write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following correctly describes the stratosphere? It

is/has_____________.
A. an atmospheric ozone layer
B. high concentration of ionized particles
C. a layer important to telecommunications
D. a layer extending to a height of about 8km
2. What characteristics differentiate troposphere from other layers of atmosphere?
I. It is where most water vapor is found.
II. It begins about 16 km above the Earth’s surface.
III. It is where all weather phenomena virtually take place.
IV. It is where temperature decreases with altitude at 2°C/1000 ft.
A. I and III only C. II and III only
B. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV
3. How does the energy from the sun enter the atmosphere?
A. The sun’s energy enters anywhere in the space including the Earth.
B. It reaches Earth and enters the atmosphere through radiation.
C. It enters the atmosphere by vibrating through air particles of the atmosphere.
D. The plants in the Earth attract the sun’s energy making it enter the Earth’s
atmosphere.
4. Which of the following is MOST likely to cause a rise in the average temperature of
the Earth’s atmosphere in the future?
A. Atomic warfare C. Dust clouds from volcanoes
B. Carbon dioxide from the fossil fuels D. Depletion of the earth’s ozone layer
5. What is the reason to support the statement, “Cutting of trees in large areas
contributes to global warming?”
A. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. When trees are cut, CO2 in the
atmosphere will not be used up.
B. Plants use oxygen to make food. When trees are cut, oxygen in the
atmosphere will not be used up.
C. Plants use water vapor to make food. When trees are cut, water vapor in the
atmosphere will not be used up.
D. Plants use nitrogen to make food. When trees are cut, nitrogen in the
atmosphere will not be used up.
6. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. nitrogen gas D. water vapor
7. What is the effect of global warming to living organisms?
A. Air becomes polluted.
B. Melting of polar ice caps.
C. Flooding to low-lying areas.
D. Creating many health-related problems.
8. Which of the following makes up 21 percent of our atmosphere?
A. carbon dioxide B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. water vapor

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9. Why is ozone layer important to living things? It ________________.
A. protects us from UV light
B. contains 3 oxygen atoms
C. is just like a regular oxygen
D. makes up a layer in our atmosphere found in the stratosphere
10. Which of the following is NOT part of earth’s atmosphere?
A. asthenosphere B. mesosphere C. stratosphere D. troposphere
11. What condition best describes global warming? There is ___________.
A. too much oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere
B. too little carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere
C. too much carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere
D. just the right amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere
12. Which of the following is TRUE about the air’s temperature at different elevations?
Air closer to _________.
A. space is cooler C. the ground is cooler
B. space is warmer D. the ground is neither cold nor warm
13. What gas is the second most abundant in the Earth’s atmosphere?
A. argon B. carbon dioxide C. nitrogen D. oxygen
14. Which of the following actions is NOT done by the earth’s atmosphere? It ________.
A. forms volcanoes
B. keeps the Earth warm
C. provides air for living things on Earth to breathe
D. protects the Earth from ozone, comets, and meteorites
15. What layer has large temperature changes – protecting the Earth from solar
radiation and creates the auroras?
A. mesosphere B. stratosphere C. thermosphere D. troposphere

Additional Activities

Directions: Copy the table on a separate sheet of paper. Decide which layer of the
atmosphere is described by each characteristic listed in the table. Place a check
mark in the correct column. You may check more than one column.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Characteristic Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere

1. Contains a layer of ozone
2. Where weather takes place
3. Contains the Ionosphere
4. Where airplanes travel
5. Located closest to Earth
6. Where the air pressure is
greatest
7. Where meteors burn up
8. Where air temperature
decreases with altitude
9. Where air temperature
increases with altitude
10. The coldest layer

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