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18ENG15 - Module 04-2

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23 views

18ENG15 - Module 04-2

Uploaded by

Sohini Dey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 04

C E N T RO I D,
CENTER OF
G R AV I T Y A N D
MOMENT OF
I N E RT I A
NAMRATHA BHARADWAJ
C E N T R E O F G R AV I T Y
• The point where the whole weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated
Or
• The point through which the weight of the body is assumed to act.
• Denoted by C.G. or G.
• The body can be balanced on this point.

Centre of Gravity
C E N T RO I D
• The point where the whole area of a plane figure is assumed to be concentrated.
• Also denoted by C.G. or G.
• Located by 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦.
ത

σ 𝑎𝑖 𝑥𝑖
• 𝑥ҧ = σ 𝑎𝑖

σ 𝑎𝑖 𝑦𝑖
• 𝑦ത = σ 𝑎𝑖

Centroid of a Plane Figure


AXES OF REFERENCE
• The axes with respect to which the centroid of a
figure is determined.
• The bottom left corner is typically considered as
the origin (O), and the edges lying along the x and
y axes are considered as the reference axes.
C E N T RO I DA L A X I S
• The axis which passes through the centroid of a given plane figure.

X-X and Y-Y are


the centroidal
axes
SYMMETRICAL AXIS
• The axis which divides a figure into equal parts.
1. For a figure which is symmetrical about both the axes, 𝑥ҧ = 0 and 𝑦ത = 0
2. For a figure which is symmetrical about the Y–Y axis, 𝑥ҧ = 0.
3. For a figure which is symmetrical about the X–X axis, 𝑦ത = 0.
4. For a figure which does not have any axis of symmetry, both 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦ത must be calculated.
S T E P S TO F I N D C E N T RO I D
1. The centroid always lies on the symmetrical axis.
2. Identify the symmetrical axes, if any. Chose them as the reference axes.
3. If no symmetrical axis is available, choose the left-hand bottom corner of the given figure as
the origin so that the entire figure lies in the first quadrant (to avoid the negative centroidal
values).
4. Sub-divide the given figure into known geometrical shapes and identify their individual
centroids by denoting them with Ci where i is the number of the sub-divided shapes.
5. Enter the values in a table by indicating the calculations and result.
σ 𝑎𝑥 σ 𝑎𝑦
6. Compute the centroidal values as 𝑥ҧ = σ𝑎
and 𝑦ത = σ𝑎
MOMENT
O F I N E RT I A
• It is a measure of an object’s
resistance to (change in its
state of) rotation.
• Also defined as the capacity of
a cross-section to resist
bending.
• It must be specified with
respect to a chosen axis of
rotation.
• Units: m4 or kgm2.
• Also known as the second
moment of area.
M O M E N T O F I N E RT I A ( I )
• Consider a plane lamina of area A, whose centroid is at a distances of
x and y from the y and x axis respectively.
• First moment of area about the y axis: = 𝑨𝒙
• Moment of inertia about the y axis: 𝑰𝒚𝒚 = 𝑨𝒙𝟐
• Moment of inertia about the x axis: 𝑰𝒙𝒙 = 𝑨𝒚𝟐

• Given ത𝑰𝒙 and ത𝑰𝒚 are the moment of a plane figure about its centroidal
axes,
• The greater of the two is the greatest moment of inertia
• The least of the two is the least moment of inertia.
• Least moment of inertia indicates tendency of an object to bend along
an axis.
R A D I U S O F G Y R AT I O N ( k )
• The distance from a given axis about which the whole
area of a plane figure is assumed to be concentrated, such
that the moment of inertia about the axis is not altered.

𝐼11 = 𝐴𝑘 2
𝐼11ൗ
𝑘= 𝐴

𝐼𝑥ҧ ൗ 𝐼𝑦ҧ
𝑘𝑥 = 𝐴 and 𝑘𝑦 = ൗ𝐴
PA R A L L E L A X I S T H E O R E M
• The second moment of area of an object about any axis parallel to the centroidal
axis is the sum of MI about its centroidal axis and the product of area with the
square of distance from the reference axis.
𝐼 = 𝐼 ҧ + 𝐴𝑑 2
Where 𝐼 is the moment of inertia about an axis parallel to the centroidal axis
𝐼 ҧ is the moment of inertia about the centroidal axis (x-x or y-y)
𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the figure
𝑑 is the distance between the two axes
PERPENDICULAR
AXIS THEOREM
• The moment of inertia (MI) of a plane
area about an axis normal to the plane is
equal to the sum of the moments of
inertia about any two mutually
perpendicular axes lying in the plane and
passing through the given axis.
𝐼𝑧ҧ = 𝐼𝑥ҧ + 𝐼𝑦ҧ
Moments of inertia of common geometric shapes

𝐼𝑥 = 0.11𝑟 4
S T E P S TO
FIND MI OF
COMPOUND
SECTIONS

a. Identify the reference axes about which MI is to be computed. Take the symmetrical axis as
the reference axis if available. If the figure is unsymmetrical, select the left bottom corner as
origin and take x and y axes as reference axes.
b. Subdivide the compound figure into common geometric shapes and identify their centroids.
c. Calculate and enter the values as per the reference table.
d. Determine the position of the centroid of the figure, i.e., 𝑥ҧ and 𝑦.
ത
Component Area (A) x y Ax Ay Ax2 Ay2 𝐈ҧ 𝐱 𝐈ҧ 𝐲
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Σ𝐴 Σ𝐴𝑥 Σ𝐴𝑦 Σ𝐴𝑥 2 Σ𝐴𝑦 2 Σ𝐼𝑔𝑥 Σ𝐼𝑔𝑦

1. Component or sub-figure
2. Area of the component
3. Centroidal distance of the component from the reference y-axis
4. Centroidal distance of the component from the reference x-axis
5. Product of 2 and 3
6. Product of 2 and 4
7. Product of 3 and 5
8. Product of 4 and 6
9. Moment of Inertia of the component about its individual centroidal x-axis
10. Moment of Inertia of the component about its individual centroidal y-axis
e. Determine the moment of inertia about the reference x-axis using the parallel axis
theorem:
𝐼1−1 = ΣIxҧ + Σ𝐴𝑦 2
f. Determine the moment of inertia about the reference y-axis using the parallel axis
theorem:
𝐼2−2 = ΣI𝑦ҧ + Σ𝐴𝑥 2
g. Determine the moment of inertia of the given section about its centroidal x-axis using the
parallel axis theorem:
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼1−1 − Σ𝐴𝑦ത 2
h. Determine the moment of inertia of the given section about its centroidal y-axis using the
parallel axis theorem:
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼2−2 − Σ𝐴𝑥ҧ 2

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