EVO eT (STATISTICS & PROBABILITY) Learning Outcomes ‘© How are Maths and Al Related? + Escential Mathematics for Al + Statistics Application of statistics ‘+ What is Probability in Statistics? * Applications of Probability Mathematics is crucial to artificial intelligence (Al) because it provides the theoretical foundation and practical tools for developing, assessing, and optimising Al systems. It is the backbone of Al algorithms and models, empowering machines to process, analyse, and interpret vast amounts of data In general, mathematics quarantees that Al models are precise, effective, and able to resolve challenging issues. - 3 How are Math and AI related? Mathematics and Al are interconnected fields, with mathematics supplying the theoretical foundations for many Al algorithms. Patterns are repeating designs or sequences that can be observed in numbers, shapes, images, languages, or objects in our surroundings. They follow a specific order or arrangement, making them easily recognisable. Mathematics aids in the study of these pattems. These patterns allow you to solve puzzles. They helps identify an order or arrangement in lists of images or numbers. They are present everywhere around us. Patterns in Numbers Number patterns, often simply referred to as patterns, are sets of numbers that follow a specific order or rule. There are various types of number patterns, includine Fibonacci, geometric, algebraic, and arithmetic patterns, Some tricks are given below for finding the patterns in numbers: «Number Sequences: Look for a sequence where each number is related to the one before it in a specific way. This could be: Adding a constant value (e.g, 1,4, 7, 10... +3 each time) * Multiplying by a constant value (e.g, 2, 4,8, 16. x2 each time) Following a formula (e.g, 2n + 1:3,5,7,9..) + Series: Analyse a series of numbers to identify the underlying rule for example square series, cube series, etc # Even or Odd: Is the sequence made of even numbers (2, 4, 6..) or odd numbers (1, 3, 5..)? + Prime or Composite: Are the numbers prime (only divisible by 1 and itself) or composite (divisible by more than two numbers)? + Fibonacci Sequence: This famous sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding numbers (0,1, 1, 2,3,5,8..). . Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 81 &. LMMPatterns in Images Patterns in images refer to recurring visual elements or structures that can be recognised and analysed within the context of an image. These patterns can be detected and utilised for various purposes, including image recognition, classification, compression, and enhancement. + Repeating Shapes: Look for shapes that appear multiple times in the image. Are they of same size and colour? Do they form a larger shape? + Symmetry: Does the image have a mirror effect where one side reflects the other? Is it symmetrical vertically, horizontally, or both? * Colour Patterns: Are there repeating colours or a specific colour scheme used? Do the colours alternate or follow a gradient? i Du the elena it Une innaye Change it size, colour, oF position in a predictable way? Gs Ai Task 1. Can you identify a pattern in the given image? 2x1 2x3 2x5 2x7 2x9 =2 =6 =10 =14 =18 2. Find the missing numbers in given series and draw the pattern. 3. How did you solve task 1 and 2?Artificial Intelligence help computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do. Just as we learn to recognise patterns in different things we see or hear, Al can do the same with various types of data, whether it’s numbers, images, or even speech and text. These patterns help Al to solve puzzles - like identifying dogs and muffins, or predicting flood, earthquakes, etc. Let's think and answer a few more! 1. 2,5,8,11,14 - Can you find out the middle value from the given numbers? 0,1, 1,2, 3, 5, 8,__~ Can you find the next number in the given series? 3,6 12, 24, 96,__—Can you fill in the missing number and find the next number in the given series? Identify the highest temperature in the given graph and mention the time of it Temperature v/s Time te ea 30 Temperature eau Oka Date ate Time How many faces are there in a dice? How many sides does a Coin have? What is the shape of a ball? @ Essential Mathematics for AI Math will help us to better understand Al and its way of working, but what kind of math is needed for Al? The kind of math needed for Al includes: 1. Probability and Statistics (exploring data): Probability theory and statistics are one of the key fundamentals to many Al algorithms, particularly those involving machine learning, It is useful in tasks such as natural language processing, computer vision, and decision-making. 2. Linear Algebra (finding out unknown or missing values): Linear algebra is involved in large scale data processiny playiny a vital rule ir macltine learnity and Al. It performs operations in neural networks, image processing, and data transformations. 3. Caleulus (training and improving Al model): Calculus is essential for understanding the best possible solution algorithms used in machine learning. It m nimise mistakes and maximise the parameters of machine learning models. 4. Graph Theory: Graph theory is used in Al representing trends using data visualisation. Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 93 WT5. Information Theory: Information theory provides mathematical tools for data analysis. 6. Logic and set theory: Logic and set theory are used in concepts like expert systems, database systems and knowledge graphs. Mathematics and Al are deeply integrated fields, with mathematics providing the theoretical foundation for many A\ algorithms and techniques 7. Algorithm design: The design of the algorithms often uses mathematical principles and structures such as functions, matrices and graphs. e Statistics Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data. tenable Al systems to detect patterns, identify relationships, and infer conclusions from data. Data is collected from various sources. Data is explored and cleaned to be used Analysis of data is done to understand it better. Conclusions and decisions can be made from the data, Let's consider an example to illustrate these steps: A school wants to improve the performance of its students and decides to collect data on study habits and grades. Aga * Collecting Data: The school conducts a survey where students report the number of hours they 2 7 study each week and their grades in various subjects * Exploring and Cleaning Data: The school first looks at the data to find patterns, like the Be range of study hours and grades. They also clean the data by fixing any missing or incorrect information (c.g,, if some students didn't fil in all the fields or gave unrealistic answers). by * Analysing Data: The school summarises the average study hours and grades to get an overview. (aul They also check if there is a significant relationship between study hours and grades. + Drawing Conelusions: The analysis might reveal that students who study more hours tend Y to have higher grades. Based on this conclusion, the school might decide to implement study 3 support programs to encourage students to study more. Thus, we can Say statistics helps in transforming the raw data into meaningful insights, enabling better decisions and strategies in various fields such as business, healthcare, education, and more. Brainy Fact During the COVID-19 pandemic, statistical models were used to predict the spread of the virus and allocate medical resources efficiently. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2020 that these models helped reduce the strain on healthca’e systems by optimising resource distribution, Application of Statistics Statistics can be used in numerous fields because of its ability to extract meaningful insights from data and assist in decision making. Let us discuss some of the fields where statistics is used. 25% 84 | Touchpad ArificialIntetigence (Ver. 2.0)Sports « Statistics helps you to assess how well players perform, how teams plan their games, and the results of matches. « Statistics gives data that help you make smart decisions about hiring players, training them, performance monitoring, preventing injury, and planning game strategies. * Studying opponents’ strengths and weaknesses :0 devise (Muu better game plans. 4 * The Tokyo 2020 Olympics were postponed due to the developing global situation of the Covid-19 pandemic. Statistics revealed that COVID cases sharply increased in Japan during the planned period of Olympics. Education ‘© Analysing test scores and grades to evaluate student learning, identify areas for improvement and allocating resources effectively. © Using data to identify gaps in the curriculum and areas where students need more support. = Analysing how students and teachers use educational technology for future implementations. ‘© Statistics helps in determining the average skills of students in a particular school ot grade. This information shows which areas need more focus and help improve education strategies. Disaster Management # Authorities use statistics in analysing existing risks and alert the citizens residing in places that might be affected by a natural disaster in near future * The disaster management teams use statistics to know about the population, and about the services and infrastructure present in the affected area. * Studying trends in disaster occurrence and impact to adapt strategies over time, * Designing and evaluating public education campaigns to raise awareness and preparedness levels. Weather Forecast ‘+ Statistical summaries create easy-to-understand weather | “5 forecasts for the public be ae |. Statistics compare the weather conditions with the information about past seasons and conditions. ‘+ Using statistical methods to analyse long-term climate data and detect trends related to global warming and climate change. ‘+ Predicting the future based on data from the past and provide forecasts that express the likelihood of various weather events (eq, “There is a 70% chance of rain tomorrow’) WEATHER INFOGRAPHIC LMMDisease Prediction # Using statistical models to predict the spread and impact of infectious, diseases, such as influenza, COVID-19, and Ebola. # Analysing data to create epidemic curves that show the progression of disease outbreaks over time. # The US government uses statistics to understand which disease is affecting the population the most. This helps them in curing these diseases more effectively. To understand the extent of any of the infectious diseases in a given population. + Forexample, the government can analyse the areas where COVID cases, are increasing, or where the vaccination drive needs to be improved, Options of Voters « Statistics are used in elections to enhance transparency for voters and encourage voters to participate in elections. * Bysurveying a group of voters and analysing the results, statistics can reveal what the majority of people think about political candidates, policies, or upcoming elections. This helps politicians and decision-makers to understand public opinion * Statistics play an important role in Election Forecasts, making Campaign Strategies and micro-target individuals based on available data. a 7 od Sod Bai Reboot Explain any two appl ion of statistics in education. (B)wrat is Probability in Statistics? Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of an event to happen or different ‘outcomes occurring in a given situation * It measures the amount of certainty of an event. «* Ithelps us make predictions about future events based on the data we have. + Ithelps us understand how likely something 1s to happen. The formula for probability is given as the ratio of Number of Favourable Outcomes to the Total Number of Possible Outcomes. oa) = Number of Favourable Outcomes Total Number of Possible OutcomesLet us understand it using the example of a COIN, When a coin is tossed, there are two possible outcorres: HEAD or TAIL. What is the Probability of Getting a Head? PtHead) = 3 So, we see the chances of getting head is $ and the chances of getting tail is t Therefore, we conclude that when we toss a coin, there are equal chances of getting a head or a tal Let us take another example, Consider the probabilty of rolling a far six-sided die A fair six-sided die has six faces numbered from 1 to 5 The probability of rolling any specific number (say, 3) on a fair six-sided die is caleulated as, Number of favourable outcomes (rolling a 3) = 1 Total number of possible outcomes = 6 (since there are 6 faces on the dle) $0, the probability of rolling a 3 on a fair suc-sided die is: number of favourable outcomes total number of possible outcomes P() = Can you find the probability of getting even numbers in a Dice? Let's understand Probability with the following activty. Purpose: To understand the possibilty of occurrence of an event. Case 1: Varun went to the park to play football. Which petis he more likely to see, a cat or a dog? XG KF (A) Cat (8) Dog Case 2: It's Ankita's birthday; which sweet is she most likely to distribute toffee or chocolate to her friends et MJ vet fF vet vo (A) Chocolate (8) Toffee Case 3: In the summer, Veer starts to drive and reaches a diversion, where one road takes him to Sunny Beach and the other takes him to the mountains, What is the probability that he would select the mountain road? aL (A) Beach Road (3) Mountain Road Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 87 WTees of dubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades. Each of the clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades have 13 cards each, which sum up to 52. Game Structure Find the probability of drawing a heart from a standard deck of 52 cards? About the game ‘A deck containing 52 cards is grouped into four s What is the probability of drawing a spade or diamond from a standard deck of 52 cards? When discussing probability, we often rely on specific terms to describe the likelihood of events occurring. Here's an elaboration on each of these terms: Certain events These events are guaranteed to happen; there is no doubt about their occurrence. It will have a probability of 1 For example: If you flip a fair coin, the probability of it landing heads up or tails up guaranteed. % The occurrence of sunrise and sunset each day is certain When you flip a light switch, the light bulb will either turn on or off. The act of inhaling and exhaling is certain as long as a person is alive. Time consistently moves forward, and each passing moment is certain. The beating of the heart is a certain event, as long asa person is alive certain, as one of these outcomes is + If it is Sunday today, itis certain, tomorrow is going to be a Monday. Likely events These events have a higher probability of occurring as compared to other events. For example: > If you roll a fair six-sided die, the likelihood of rolling @ number greater than 2 (3, 4,5, or 6) is higher than rolling a number less than or equal to 2 (1, oF 2). > Ifyou visita store known for carrying a wide variety ef brands, i’ likely that you'll find your favourite brand among their products > If you study well for an exam, you're more likely to pass with good grades. If you buy many raffle tickets compared to others, you're more likely to win a prize. Unlikely events These events have a lower probability uf uccurriny Cumpared to other events. For example, % If you randomly select a card from a standard deck, the probability of drawing an ace of spades is lower compared to drawing a card of a different suit. + Observing a shooting star in the night sky is an unlikely event compared to seeing regular stars. 88 | Touchpad Artfcial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)1X OSA* Getting into a really good university, especially one that’s really hard to get into, is not very likely because there are so many people applying, If board result is declared, the chances to be the topper of the school is very unlikely as there is only one topper in the school Impossible events These events have no chance of occurring; they are rot feasible outcomes. The event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of 0. For example, + Rolling a fair six-sided die to get a number greater than 6 or less than 1 + Drawing a card from a standard deck and it tums out to be both a red card and a black card at the same time. * The probability that you can pick a red ball from a bag containing only blue balls is 0. + Picking a random day of the week, and it turns oct to be both Monday and Friday at the same time. Picking a guava in an orchard of apples. The probability of a fish to climb a tree is an impossible event. Equal Probability events In this scenario, each event has an equal chance of occurring. For example, If you roll a fair six-sided die, the probability of rolling any specific number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) is the same because each face of the die has an equal chance of landing face up. + To quess a number between 1 and 10, each numter has an equal probability of being selected. + The chances of selecting a particular coloured marble from a bag of marbles containing equal number of red, blue, and green marbles are equal. + When students enter in a classroom and select their seats, each desk or chair has an equal chance of being chosen. + Selecting a boy ora gil from a class having equal number of girls and number of boys has an equal probability The probability of an event occurring is somewhere between impossible and certain. fan event is certain or sure to happen, it will have a probability of 1 For example, the probability that it will rain in the state of Florida at least once in a specific year is 1. Ifan event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of 0. So, the probability of an even occurring lies between 0 and 1 \\ \ a Impossible Unlikely Even Chance Likely Certain o t t 1 eo e 1Lin-6 Chance 4-in-5 Chance Maths for Al (Statisties & Probabilty) | 89 9 LMIts Arshia's Birthday and she has a bag full of 7 toffees and 3 chocolates. She asked you to pick one from the bag. Ty to fill in the blanks with likely, unlikely, certainly, impossible, equal probability 1. Ifyou pick from the bag without looking, itis that you will pick toffee. 2. Ifyou pick from the bag without looking, itis that you will pick a chocolate. 3. Ifyou pick from the bag without looking, itis that you will pick a cake 4, Ifyou remove 4 toffees from the bag, and pick without looking, there is an that you pick a chocolate or a toffee. 5. Ifyou pick from the bag with all toffees removed and pick without looking, you will pick a chocolate. Case 1 Health insurance companies often use probability to determine how likely itis that certain individuals will spend a certain amount on healthcare each year and determine risk factors for contracting a disease and for being cured. For example, a company might use factors like age, existing medical conditions, current health status, etc. to determine that there's a 90% probability that a certain individual will spend $10,000 or more on healthcare in a given year. Individuals who are likely o spend more On healthcare will be Cherged higher pre company knows that they'll be more expensive to insure, 1s because Uhe insurance # Scenario 1: f the person is young, below 25 years of age, then insurance premium will be very low. ‘Age below 25)) Premium very low oe SS Premium very high [age 25-40 | [Age above 60 # Scenario 2: If the person is middle-aged (25-40), then tne insurance premium will be of higher value than that in the first category. ‘Age below 25 Premium very low Premium very high + Scenario 3: If the age of the person is 40-60, then the premium charged will be quite high. [Age below 25 Premium very low Premium very high [Age 25-40 | | Age above 60 | * Scenario 4: If the person is above 60 years of age then the premium charged is of highest bracket. 90 | Touchpad Artifcial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)1X OSAAge below 25 ) Age 40-60 Premium very low Premium very high Age 25-40 Brainy Fact GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is a large language model, released by OpenAl in 2020, has 175 billion parameters and uses probabilistic sampling techniques for text generation. Case 2 Let there be a bet among friends that a person will have to perform a dare if the rolls out 5 or 6 and otherwise the person has to speak the truth # Scenario 1: When die rolls into any number betweex 1-4, The person replies a question with truth @ (2) Applications of Probability Probability has a wide range of applications across verious fields, making it an essential concept in many areas of study and professional practice. Here are some key applications of probability. Sports «In cricket, the batting average represents how many runs a batsman would score before getting out. Probability can help in estimating the batting average. For instance, if @ batsman had scored 20 runs out of 80 from only boundaries in the last match, Then, there is a ckance that he will score 25% of his runs in the next match from boundaries Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 91 LM‘* Probability helps in predicting the outcomes of sports events by analysing historical data and other relevant factors. For example, in football (soccer) the probability of a team winning can be calculated based on home advantage, current form, and historical head-to-head results. + Coaches and analysts use probability to predict individval player performance. For example, probability of a player making a free throw can be estimated based on their past success rate. ‘* During games, coaches use probability models to make strategic decisions. For example, in football, when a team scores a touchdown, they have a choice. They can either kick the ball for an easy point or try for a more challenging two-point conversion by running or aassing the ball into the end zone again. Coaches use probability to decide which option gives them the best chance of scoring more points. + Match Conditions: Teams with players suited to the ground conditions may have a higher probability of winning, For example, if the nature of the pitch favours batsmen or bowlers, can have a substantial impact. basketball, the Weather Forecasting THE WEATHER FORECAST «+ Probability is used by weather forecasters to assess how likely its that there will be rain, wind, snow, clouds, etc, on a given day in a certain area. For example, forecasters may say things like "there is a 70% chance of rain today = S between 4 PM and 6 PM" to indicate a medium to high likelihood of rain during |_20°C )NZ0°0 | gh certain hours cma * Probability helps in understanding long-term climate patterns and changes. Me a Forexample, estimating the probability of extreme weather events under different | p59 climate scenarios aids in planning and mitigation efforts. Traffic Estimation «People often use probability when they decide to drive to someplace. Vehicular traffic flow is examined an estimate vehicle waiting time in each direction is estimated through probability. @ Based on the time of day, location in the city, weather conditionsete. people tend to make probability predictions about how bad traffic will be during a certain time. For exampe, if you think there's a 90% chance that traffic will be heavy from 6 PM to 7:30 PM in your vicinity then you may decide to wait during that time, Finance « Probability is used to assess the risk of investments and financial decisions, For example, calculating the probability of a stock's return falling within a certain range helps investors make informed decisions. ‘« Probability models help investors spread their investments across different assets to reduce risk Forexample, by looking at the chances of returns for variousinvestments, investors can build a balanced portfolio. + Probability is crucial in figuring out insurance costs and how policies are structured by various insurance agencies For example, actuaries use probability to predict events like accidents or natural disasters and set insurance premiums based on those chances.Eee Vedicine an ar of probability! * Probability helps in understanding how diseases spread and how well treatments work. For example, by estimating the chance of disease transmission in different situations, we can better plan public health measures. + Probability is used to determine the effectiveness of new treatments or drugs. For example, researchers calculate the probability that observed treatment. effects are due to the drug rather than random chance, Education * Probability is used to estimate how well students will do in exams based on different factors. For cxample, considering the study habits and ottendance can predict the chances of students getting certain grades, * Probability helps create fair and accurate standardised tests, For example, figuring out the chances of different scores in tests, it can better reflect how well students understand the subject taught. © At a Glance ‘Mathematics is crucial to artificial intelligence (Al) because it provides the theoretical foundation and practical tools for developing, assessing, and optimising A\ systems. ‘+ Mathematics and Al are interrelated fields, where mathematics provides theoretical concepts to many of the Al algorithms. «Artificial Intelligence assist computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do. ‘+ Number patterns, often referred to as patterns, ate sets of numbers that fit into a particular order. « Patterns in images refer to recurring visual elements or structures that can be recognised and analysed within the context of an image. + Probability theory and statistics are one of the key fundamentals to many Al algorithms, particularly ‘those involving machine learning. «Linear algebra is involved in large scale data processing, playing a vital role in machine learning and Al. ‘ Calculus is essential for understanding the best possible solution algorithms used in machine learning, «Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data. « ‘Statistics can be used in numerous fields because of its ability to extract meaningful insights from data and assist in decision making. + Probability isa branch of statistics that deals with -he likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring in a given situation. LMExercise —____ e Solved Questions SECTION A (Objective Type Questions) __ Quiz A. Tick (V) the correct option. 1 are repeating designs or sequences that can be observed in numbers, shapes, images, languages, or objects in our surroundings. a. Patterns Ob tterations €. Sequences O 4 Statistics 2. Which of the following statements is not true? a. Mathematics helps in a study of patterns. b. With the use of mathematics, you can solve puzzles. © Mathematics help to identity an order/ arrangement in the list of images or numbers. 4, The patterns only exist in mathematics. 3, _____ measures the amount of uncertainty of an event 2. Probability QO be cateats © Series O © 4 Pattern 4 also helps in drawing conclusions from data a, Statistics O Information «&. Probability O 4 Sequence 5. The of an event occurring is somewhere between impossible and certain. a. possibilty Ob eiistence ©. probability O 4 outcome 6. Ian event is certain or sure to happen, it wil have a probability of ao Oo OO OO OO OO OOOO OO « Twe O 4 None 7. Picking a random day of the week, and it turns out to be both Monday and Friday at the same time. Identify events. 2 Likely evens QO > Unlikely events oO & Impossible events O 4 cenain events oO 8. Hfyou toss coin, the chance of getting head or tail is an example of 2 O be untikely events oO «. impossible events O 4 cenain events oO B. Fill in the blanks. 1 assist computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do. 2 is used in Al representing trends using data visualisation. 3. is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data, 94 | Touchpad Artfcial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)1Xisa branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring in a given situation. events have a lower probability of occurring compared to other events Certain events are guaranteed to happen and have a probability helps in understanding long-ter" climate patterns and changes. the famous sequence starts with 0 and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. . State whether the following statement is True or False. 1 2 3 4 Mathematics helps in the study of lines, Data is collected only from a single source. Conclusions and decisions can be made from the data, Probability helps create fair and accurate standardised tests. Moan ic used ta determine the offectiveness af new treatments or drugs Al can see pattems only in numeric data types Information theory provides mathematical tools for data analysis Statistical methods are used to analyse long-term climate data and detect trends related to global warming and climate change. SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions) ‘A. Short answer type questions. 1 Ans. Ans, Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. Ans. What is Probability in Statistics? Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of different outcomes occurring in a given situation. How do you calculate probability? ‘The formula for probability is given as the ratio of Number of favourable outcomes to the total Number of Possible outcomes. Number of Favourable Outcomes Total Number of Possible Outcomes Define Statistics. Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data Explain the use of statistics in disease prediction Statistics models can predict the spread and impact of diseases, helping in planning public health measures. ‘What isan impossible event? Provide an example. ‘An impossible event has no chance of occurring, such as rolling a number greater than 6 on a fair six-sided die. Why is calculus important for Al models? Calculus is crucial for training and improving Al models by understanding the best possible solution algorithms What is an example of a certain event in probability? ‘The occurrence of sunrise and sunset each day isa certain event with a probability of 1. Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 95 WT8 Ans Find the probability of getting two heads when five coins are tossed? Number of outcomes of getting two heads = 5 x 2 = 10 Total number of Outcomes = 2x 2x 2% 2% 2=32 10 2 P (two heads) 5 6 B. Long answer type questions. 1 Ans Ans. Ans Ans. Ans. 96 What are the possible ways to express probability? Probability can be expressed in the following ways: + Cer in events: An event will happen without a doubt + Likely ever : The probability of one event is higher than the probability of another event + Unlikely events: One event is less likely to happen than another event + Impossible events: There's no chance of an event happening + Equal Probability events: Chances ot each event rappening is same List down the areas of applications of Statistics The following are the areas of applications of Statistics: + Sports + Education + Disaster Management + Weather forecast + Diseace prediction + Opinion of voters In the upcoming elections, the election commissionerwants to know whether it will be a hung parliament or a party will have a clear majority. Can this be achieved using Statistics? How? Yes, it can be achieved. By sutveying a group of voters and analysing the results, statistics can reveal what the majority of people think about political candidates, policies, or upcoming elections. This helps politicians and decision-makers understand public opinion. How is probability helpful for a student in studying a specific topic? + Students can use probability to estimate the likelinood of achieving certain grades based on their past performance and study habits + By analysing the probability of different outcomes, students can prioritise their study time more effectively + Ifa topic has a high probability of ape: 19 on ar exam, students can prioritise their study efforts accordingly. How can probability help in the field of medicine? + Probability helps in understanding how diseases spread and how well treatments work. For example, by estimating the chance of disease transmission in different situations, we can better plan public health measures, + Probability is used to determine the effectiveness of new treatments or drugs. For example, researchers calculate the probability that observed treatment effects are due to the drug rather than random chance. | Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)X OSA8 Unsolved Questions SECTION A (Objective Type Questions) A. Tick (V7) the correct option. 1, _____ are used in concepts like expert systerns, database systems and knowledge graphs. a. Math Ob Logic and set theory oO a pray O 4-caleutus oO 2, Inan___event, there's no chance of an event happening. 2. unlikely O © beertain Oo . impossible Oa likely oO 3. lan event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of a O bro QO eo O aa Oo 4, Ifyou throw an arrow to this pie chart, in which colour is the arrow more likely to fall on? [CBSE Handbook} a Red O e eve O° Orange QO 4 aren oO 5, Ifyou select a balloon from a bag having equal number of red, green and yellow balloons, how likely is it that you pick up a blue balloon? [CBSE Handbook] a. Probable O be oO c Unlikely © 4 impossible oO 6. With one throw of a 6-sided die, what's the probabilty of getting an even number? [CBSE Handbook as O bas O 5/6 O amr oO 7. Time consistently moves forward, and each passing moment is, 2. uncertain Ob likely oO © certain OC danikely oO 8, GPT-3, released by Opendl in 2020, has 175 billion parameters and uses sampling techniques for text generation. a. data O _ b probabilistic oO & statistical O 4 pattern Oo B. Fillin the blanks. 1 can see patterns in different types of data. 2 compare the weather conditions wih the information about past seasons and conditions. 3. In events chances of each event happening is same. Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 97. & LMM4, The probability that you can pick a red ball from a bag containing only blue balls is 5. During games, coaches use ‘models to make strategic decisions 6. If someone asks you to guess a number between 1 and 10, each number has an probability of being selected. helps us make predictions about future events based on the data we have. ‘ean be used to analyse data to create epidemic curves that show the progression of disease outbreaks over time. State whether the following statement is True or False. Data is explored and cleaned to be used Getting seven in die thrown is a possible event. Probability can be used in es ating batting average in Cricket. Statistics can only be used in the mathematical field because of its ability to extract meaningful insights from data and assist in decision making, ‘Analysis of data is done to understand it better. Linear algebra is involved in small data processing. Understanding math will help us to better understand Aland its way of working, The design of the algorithms often uses Scientific derivations SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions) Short answer type questions. 41. How is mathematics and Al related? Explain in short. ‘What are pattems? Explain with examples. ‘What is meant by equal probability events? ‘What is the role of "Collecting Data" in Statistics? 2 3. 4 5. Give any two applications of Statistics in real life. 6. If you have 10 red dresses and 3 white dresses. What isthe probability of wearing white dress? 7. Give one use of statistics in disaster management. 8, Give one use of probability in finance. Long answer type questions. “Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analysing the data.” Elaborate with the help of an example. List any three uses of statistics in Education Explain the concept of probability with the help of an example of a deck of 52 cards. ‘When discussing probability, we often rely on specific terms to describe the likelihood of events occurring. Explain any one likelihood of an event with examples 5, What role does probabilly play in estimating the talc en the road? List any three with examples. 6. Identity the likely, unlikely, impossible and equal probability events from the following with proper explanation: a. Tossing a coin b. Rolling an 8 on a standard die «Throwing ten 5's in a row d. Drawing a card of any suite 98 | Touchpad Artfcal Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)1X¢ 41. Imagine a stuclent preparing for a math exam that covers five topics. Based on past exams and the instructor's hints, the student estimates the probability of each topic appearing on the exam as follows: ication-based questions: Topic A: 08 Topic 8:06 Topic 04 Topic D: 0.7 Topic £05 How wil this help him in preparing for the exam to score good marks? 2. Let’s say a company wants to launch a new product—a smartphone—into the market, Before launching the product, the company conducts market research to understand consumer preferences and potential demand for the new smartphone, What role will the statistics play in smoothening this process? 3. Predicting earthquakes with precise accuracy is incredibly challenging due to the complex nature of seismic activity. However, probability can still play an important roe in this. Can you find a few of the important applications of probability in predicting earthquakes? 4, Aman is confused, how probability theory is utilised in artifical intelligence, help Aman by providing two examples to illustrate its importance. » Ai In Life ———>—------ Students are introduced to the concept of probability at a vety early stage of life, it begins with a real life situation. For ‘example, flip a coin and ask what the chances are that it will come out heads. Or, place the coin in one hand, and put both hands behind your back. Ask one student to guess which hand itis in. Discuss your findings with your classmates, and illustrate some more examples from real if. & Ai Deep Thinking The adoption of Alin healthcare could save between 5% to 10%. Alin healthcare statistics shows that 20% of nursing tasks will sill be performed by humans in 2030, Considering the above facts, create a report on which all tasks of nurse shall be taken over by Al ee LMes Class Activity = 1. Identify Dogs [CBSE Handbook] 1D:0 ei Type: Dog 1 Breed: Chihuahua (41.0%) Emotion: Scared (98.0%) Scared (98.0%), Angry (2.0%), Happy (0.0%), Neutral (0.0%), Sad (0.0%) 2. Identity Owl from Apples i, We is 1 cerita OAType: Owl Breed: Bam Active: 100% (Awake) 0% (Sleeping) Takeaways from the above activity ‘= Just like we can recognise patterns in numbers, words, pictures, etc. Alcan also recognise similar patterns. + Alisa way to recognise pattems in order to make decisions, ‘+ Alneeds Math to study and recognise patterns in order to take decisions Can you identify any pattern in the image given below? [CBSE Handbook] 1x9+2=11 12x943=111 1 123 x944=1111 14 1234x945=11111 v2 125 x 946= 111111 1331 123456 « 9+ 7 = 1111111 14641 123457 x 9 + 8= 11111111 15 101051 12345678 x 9 +9 = 11111111 1615 20 15 61 123456789 x 9 + 10= 111111111 17 2135 35 2171 Find connections between sets of images and use that to solve problems, think smartly, and grasp tricky ideas Complete the sequence in the left column by identifying the correct missing piece in the right column ut of the given options, i Column A ‘ec0ece “900060 000080 | 000008 “900800 5 9000800 Column B | oo Loo | 20 loo oo *e00000 eo t bu 2 by Column A. [CBSE Handbook] Column B. en LMEEf'Ai Lob Data Collection © Visit the following link: https: ‘© Fillthe table while watching the video using tally. ww-youtube.com/watch? Red Black White Use the given Reference Tally to maintain the count of each Lo 1 i 6 ae 2 0 7 air 3 w 8 ae 4 im 8 Jar 5 ar 10 ite ar ‘Answer the following questions based on the table filed above: Data Analysis How many cars are spotted in total? -4513x3TVuctvab_channel=CarvingCanyons Car Colour Number of Cars spotted ‘Which colour has been spotted the maximum amount of time? Data Interpretation ‘What is the most common colour choice for the residents ofthis area? Answers. -- Exercise (Section A) Ala 2d 93a 4a se 6b Ze B 1. Artifcil nteligence 2. Graph theory 3. Statistics 4. Probability 6. order Probability 8, Flbonacc\ Series C 1. False 2 False 3. Tue 4 Tue 5 false 6 False 7. True ~ 102. | Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-1X A 8a 5. Unlikely 8. True