Unit 3 Math for AI

Session-1 Statistics & Probability

Learning Outcomes
· Students will be able to understand the importance of mathematics in the field of AI.
· Students will be able to identify the essential mathematical concepts
· Students will be able to define statistics and probability and describe their applications in AI

Activity
Find the missing number in the following series.
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ?
11, 13, 15, 17, ?
20, 17, 14, 11, ?
Dear learners in the above series, you need to find out the missing number? Will you able to
find the missing number without analysing or determining any pattern in the series to solve
the puzzle?

Dear learners in the above series, you need to find out the missing number? Will you able to find the
missing number without analysing or determining any pattern in the series to solve the puzzle?
How Maths and AI is related?
Math is all about exploring patterns and using them to understand the world around us. So, keep
your eyes peeled for patterns, and unleash your inner math detective!
What are Patterns?
Can you identify any pattern in the image ?Patterns are recognizable arrangements of numbers,
shapes, colors, or even sounds. They can be simple repetitions, like the stripes on a zebra, or more
complex arrangements, like the Fibonacci sequence in nature (think spirals in sunflowers or
seashells!).
Math is the study of patterns
• To solve the puzzles, you identify an
identify an order/arrangement in the list
of numbers or the images.
• This arrangement is called a pattern.
• These patterns exist all around us. 1 1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4
• We have patterns in numbers, images, 1 =3 =6 = 10
and language.

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Math, the Pattern Detective
Mathematicians are like detectives who love to crack the code of Number Pattern Challenge
patterns. They use a variety of tools to:
Create your own number pattern
Identify Patterns: The first step is spotting the pattern itself. Is and challenge your friends to
it a sequence of numbers that increases or decreases? Is it a guess the rule. Can they continue
geometric arrangement of shapes? the pattern and predict the next
few numbers?
Describe Patterns: Once identified, we can describe the pattern
using rules or formulas. For example, the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8...
follows the rule "add 2 each time."
Predict Patterns: The magic of math allows us to predict what
comes next in a pattern. This is super useful in areas like finance
or weather forecasting.
Why are Patterns Important in Math?
Patterns are the building blocks of math. Understanding them
helps us:Number Pattern Challenge: Create your own number
pattern and challenge your friends to guess the rule. Can they
continue the pattern and predict the next few numbers?
Solve Problems: Many math problems involve recognizing and
using patterns to find solutions. For example, if you see a pattern
in a multiplication table, you can use it to solve similar problems
quickly.
Develop Thinking Skills: Looking for patterns helps us think
logically, analyze information, and make connections between Fig: AI Model identifying a dog.
different ideas.
Patterns are everywhere in nature, science, and even music! Understanding them helps us appreciate
the beauty and order in the world.
Understanding math will help us to better understand AI and its way of working, but what kind of
math is needed for AI?
Let us take a look!
Essential Mathematics for AI
Let's think and answer the following questions:
1. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 – Can you find out the middle value
from the given numbers?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. In the given figure, which of the two lines is more slanted?
Line 1 or Line 2?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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3. A has 2 plants, B has 3 plants, C has 1 plant, D has
7 plants. How many plants are there in total?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. If the coin shown in the figure below is used for a toss,
what can be the possible result?
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Just like us, AI can also solve 4 type of problems using Math.
The way humans can learn to recognise patterns in numbers, images, speech & text similarly AI can
also learn the same. These patterns help AI to solve puzzles, for example identifying a dog or cup cake
or predicting a cyclone!

Activity
Imagine a world where machines can learn, adapt, and even
make decisions! That's the exciting world of Artificial Purpose: To find connections between sets
Intelligence (AI), and guess what? Math is the secret sauce that of images and using that to solve problems,
makes it all possible! Here's why having a strong foundation in think smartly, and grasp tricky ideas.
Maths is super important for AI:
Complete the
1. Language of Numbers: AI deals with massive amounts of
sequence in the
data. Think of all the information a self-driving car needs
left column by
to process – traffic signals, pedestrian locations, and more.
identifying the
Maths provides the tools to understand, analyze, and use
correct missing
this data. It's like a special language that lets AI systems
piece in the right
communicate and make sense of the world.
column out of A
2. Building Intelligent Machines: At the heart of AI are or B.
algorithms – a set of instructions that tell a computer what
to do. These algorithms are based on complex
mathematical concepts like probability, statistics, and
calculus. The stronger your Math skills, the better you can
understand how these algorithms work and even design your own!
3. Training AI with Data: Remember all that data we mentioned? AI systems learn from it. Maths helps us
clean, organize, and interpret this data. It's like preparing a delicious meal – you need the right ingredients
(data) and the proper recipe (Maths) to create something amazing (AI)!
4. Making Predictions: Many AI applications involve making predictions. For example, a weather
forecasting AI uses Maths to analyze weather patterns and predict future conditions. Strong Math skills
help you understand how AI arrives at these predictions and how accurate they might be.

Cool Examples
Facial Recognition Software: Uses Maths (like linear algebra) to recognize faces in images and videos.
Recommendation Systems: Recommends movies or products based on your past preferences. Maths (like
probability) helps analyze this data and make suggestions.

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Let's dive into the fascinating world of finding patterns in numbers and images, and how different areas of math
come into play:
1.1 Finding Patterns in Numbers
Imagine you have a list of your monthly grocery bills. You can analyze them to find patterns and save money!
Here's where math comes in:
Statistics: Exploring Data
We can calculate the average monthly bill to understand your typical spending. Standard deviation tells you how
much your bills vary from the average. Are there months where you spend significantly more?
Example – What is the middle value of the data? Which is the most common value in the data?
1.2 Finding Patterns in Images
Our world is full of visual information! Math helps us extract patterns from images:
Linear Algebra
Images can be represented using matrices, which are like grids of numbers. Linear algebra helps us manipulate
these matrices to identify patterns, like edges and shapes.
Let's use an example!
Imagine a checkerboard image. Each square on the board can be represented by a 1 (white) or 0 (black). By
analyzing this matrix using linear algebra, we can find the straight lines formed by the squares of the same color!
1.3 More Mathematical Superpowers!
Probability: Predicting different events
We can use probability to predict future patterns in numeric data.
For example, if your grocery bills have been steadily increasing, probability can help estimate how much they
might be in the future.
Calculus: Training and improving AI model
This branch of math helps us find the most efficient or quickest way to change something based on patterns.
In image processing, calculus can be used to optimize algorithms that detect patterns, making them faster and
more accurate.
Remember, this is just the tip of the iceberg! These mathematical tools are used extensively in AI and machine
learning to find complex patterns in massive datasets, leading to amazing applications like:
Facial recognition software: Uses patterns in facial features to identify people.
Medical diagnosis tools: Analyzes medical images to detect diseases.
Hence,
• Math is the study of patterns
• AI is a way to recognize patterns in order to take
decisions
• AI needs Math to study and recognize patterns in order
to take decisions.
Can you identify any pattern in the image ?

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2.1 Statistics: Exploring Data
● Can you find out the total weight of your family members?
_____________________________________________________________________
● Can you find out the total number of students in your school?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
● Can you find out the maximum temperature in your city during the last month?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Demystifying Statistics: Turning Numbers into Knowledge
Statistics is a powerful tool that helps us understand the world around us using data. It's like having a
superpower to see patterns and trends hidden within numbers. Here's a breakdown:
What is Statistics?
Imagine a giant pile of pebbles. Each pebble
represents a piece of information, like student grades,
weather data, or customer preferences. Statistics is
the art of collecting these pebbles (data), organizing
them, and making sense of them or drawing
conclusions from data. It involves four key steps:
1. Collecting Data: This is where we gather
information from various sources like surveys,
experiments, or existing records. It's like picking
up all those pebbles!
2. Exploring and Cleaning Data: Not all pebbles are created equal. Some might be chipped or
broken (errors in data collection). We need to clean and organize the data to make it usable.
3. Analyzing Data: This is where the magic happens! We use statistical methods to identify
patterns, trends, and relationships within the data. It's like sifting through the pebbles to see
how they group together.
4. Drawing Conclusions: Based on the analysis, we can draw conclusions and make informed
decisions. It's like using the insights from the pebbles to understand a bigger picture.
How is Statistics Used in the Real World?
Statistics has its fingerprints all over our daily lives!
Here are some examples:

· Predicting Sports Performance: Statistics can help

analyze past game data to predict the chances of a
team winning.

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· Understanding Student Performance: By
analyzing test scores, educators can identify
areas where students might need extra help.

· Shaping Public Policy: Statistics from surveys can

help governments understand public opinion and
make informed decisions about healthcare,
education, and other areas.

· Improving Business Decisions: Companies

use statistics to analyze customer data, track
sales trends, and make better marketing
strategies.

Activity
Purpose: Uses of Statistics in real life.
Write any two applications of Statistics in real life.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Some more applications of Statistics

1.1 Healthcare
Explanation: Statistics in healthcare are used to track
disease outbreaks, patient recovery rates, and the
effectiveness of new treatments.
Examples
• Tracking the spread of diseases like COVID-19.
• Analyzing patient recovery rates after a surgery.

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1.2 Disease prediction
The Government uses statistics to understand which disease is
affecting the population the most.
• This helps them in curing these diseases more effectively.
Example - Government can analyze the areas where COVID cases
are increasing, or where the vaccination drive needs to be improved.
1.3 Disaster Management
Examples
• Authorities use statistics to alert the citizens residing in places
that might be affected by a natural disaster in near future.
• The disaster management teams use statistics to know
about the population, and about the services and
infrastructure present in the affected area.
1.4 Weather forecast
▪ Computers use statistics to forecast weather.
▪ They compare the weather conditions with the
information about past seasons and conditions.

Case Study: The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Introduction
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.
Triggered by a massive undersea earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, it resulted in
widespread devastation across multiple countries.
Statistical Data Related to the Event
1. Magnitude of Earthquake:
o The earthquake that triggered the tsunami had a magnitude of 9.1-9.3.
2. Number of People Affected:
o Approximately 230,000 to 280,000 people died.
o Millions were displaced and affected by the tsunami.
3. Areas Most Impacted:
o Countries affected included Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, and
several others.
o The hardest-hit regions were the coastal areas of Aceh in Indonesia, Tamil Nadu in
India, and various coastal towns in Sri Lanka and Thailand.
4. Speed of Emergency Response:
o The international response was swift, with aid arriving from around the world
within days.

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o Local emergency responses varied significantly, with some areas receiving help
more quickly than others.
Activity for the students: Analyzing the Data
1. Collect Data:
o Collect data from government reports, international organization publications, and
reputable news articles.
2. Analyze the Data:
o create graphs and charts to visualize the data. For example, you can create bar
graphs showing the number of casualties in each country, pie charts representing
the proportion of displaced people, and line graphs tracking the timeline of
emergency response efforts.
3. Interpret the Data:
o Write a report interpreting their findings. Questions to address include:
• Which countries were most severely affected?
• How did the speed of emergency response vary between different regions?
• What factors contributed to the differences in impact and response?
Discussion: The Role of Statistical Analysis in Disaster Management
1. Understanding Impact:
o Statistical analysis helps authorities understand the scale and scope of the disaster. For
example, knowing the number of casualties and displaced individuals helps in
planning relief efforts.
2. Resource Allocation:
o By analyzing the areas most impacted, resources such as food, water, medical
supplies, and rescue teams can be allocated more effectively.
3. Improving Response Times:
o Data on the speed of emergency response can identify bottlenecks and areas for
improvement. For instance, if certain regions received help more slowly, authorities
can investigate and address the reasons behind the delays.
4. Future Preparedness:
o Statistical analysis of past disasters can inform future preparedness plans. Lessons
learned from the 2004 tsunami can help improve early warning systems, evacuation
plans, and international coordination.
Improvements for Future Events
1. Enhanced Early Warning Systems:
o Invest in advanced technology to detect tsunamis and other natural disasters more
quickly.
o Ensure that warning messages reach the affected populations promptly.

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2. Better Infrastructure:-quake-resistant buildings.
3. Community Training and Awareness:
o Conduct regular training and drills for communities in disaster-prone areas to
ensure they know how to respond in an emergency.
4. International Coordination:
o Strengthen international cooperation for disaster response, ensuring that aid can be
mobilized and distributed efficiently.
5. Data Collection and Sharing:
o Improve methods for collecting and sharing data during and after a disaster to
ensure accurate and timely information is available for decision-making.
Few more facts
• Kids watch around 1.5-3 hours of TV per day while being in childcare.
• 72% of teens often (or sometimes) check for messages or notifications as soon as they wake up,
while roughly four-in-ten feel anxious when they do not have their cellphone with them.
• 77% of children don't get enough physical exercise.
• Almost a quarter (23%) of children aged five to 16 believe that playing a computer game with
friends is a form of exercise.
• 69% of all children experience one or more sleep-related problems at least a few nights a week.
• Only 54% of US children aged 3 to 5 years attend full-day preschool programs.
• At least 264 million children worldwide (about 12%) don't go to school.

Activity
Car Spotting and Tabulating
Purpose: To implement the concept of data collection, analysis and interpretation.
Activity Introduction:
• In this activity, you will engage in data collection and tabulation.
• Data collection plays a key role in Artificial Intelligence as it forms the basis of statistics and
interpretation by AI.
• This activity will also require youth to answer a set of questions based on the recorded data.

Data Collection
• Visit the following link or by scanning the QR code:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A5L3x3TVuc&ab_channel=CarvingCanyons
• Fill the table while watching the video using tally.

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Cars colour Numbers of cars spotted
Red
Black
White

Data Analysis
• How many cars are spotted in total?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Which colour has been spotted the maximum amount of time?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Data Interpretation
• What is the most common colour choice for the residents of this area?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Answer hint: The colour observed the maximum number of times.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.1 Probability

Activity
To understand the possibility of occurrence of an event.

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Introduction to Probability: Fun with Predictions!
Have you ever wondered how likely it is to rain tomorrow?
Or how often you might get heads when flipping a coin?
That's where probability comes in – it's the science of
predicting how likely something is to happen!

For example – When a coin is tossed, there are two possible

results or outcomes: heads (H) or tails (T).

The probability equation defines the likelihood of the happening of an event. It is the ratio of
favorable outcomes to the total favorable outcomes. The probability formula can be expressed as,

Number of favorable outcomes of A

P(A)=
Total Number of possible outcomes

Probability of an Event = Number of Favorable Outcomes / Total Number of Possible Outcomes

We say that the probability of the coin landing H is ½ and the probability of the coin landing T is
½ When we talk about probability, we use a few terms that help us understand the chances for
something to happen.
Classifying Events: The Probability Spectrum
Probability isn't just about numbers. It also helps us categorize events based on how likely they are:
• Certain (Probability = 1): Events that will definitely happen. E.g., The sun will rise tomorrow
(almost certainly!).
• Likely (Probability is high, but not certain): Events that have a good chance of happening.
E.g., It might rain today based on the weather forecast.
• Unlikely (Probability is low): Events that are less likely to happen. E.g., Getting struck by
lightning twice in your lifetime.
• Impossible (Probability = 0): Events that cannot happen. E.g., Finding a square watermelon
in nature!
• Equal Probability: When all the outcomes in the sample space are equally likely. E.g., Flipping
a fair coin (heads and tails have the same chance).
If an event is certain or sure to happen, it will have a probability of 1.
For example, the probability that it will rain in the state of West Bengal at least once in a specific
year is 1.
If an event will never happen or is impossible, it will have a probability of 0.

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Imagine you have a bag full of stars where 7 stars are and 3 stars are

Try to fill in the blanks with - likely, unlikely, certainly, impossible, equal probability

1. If you pick a star from the bag without looking, it is ____________ that you will pick

2. If you pick a star from the bag without looking, it is ____________ that you will pick a

3. If you pick a star from the bag without looking, it is ____________ that you will pick a

4. If you remove 4 from the bag, and pick a star without looking, there is an ____________
that you will pick either or .

5. If you pick an object from the bag without looking, you will ____________ pick a star.
Let's try to understand the concept of Probability using a relatable example.
Consider a relatable scenario!
You want to go to your best friend's birthday party next Saturday. Your parents decide to make a
deal with you.
Scenario 1

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Scenario 2

Scenario 3

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Scenario 4
Hope the terms impossible, unlikely, even, likely and certain are clearer now! Moving on, take a
look at some applications of Probability in Real Life!

PROBABILITY IN ACTION: MAKING EVERYDAY PREDICTIONS!

Probability isn't just about problems in math class – it's a superpower that helps us navigate the
real world! Here are some cool ways probability is used in our daily lives:
1. Cricket Champions: The Power of Averages
Imagine your favorite cricket player. Probability
helps us understand their batting average, which
tells you how many runs they score on average before
getting out. Let's say they scored 45 runs from
boundaries in their last match (without running
between the wickets). Based on probability, there's a
chance they might score around 45% of their runs
from boundaries in the next match too! This helps
cricket analysts predict how a player might perform.
2. Weather Detectives: Predicting Rain or Shine
Next time you check the weather forecast, you're
using probability! Forecasters use complex data to
calculate the probability of rain, snow, sunshine,
etc. They might say, "There's a 70% chance of rain
today between 4 PM and 6 PM." This means it's
pretty likely to rain during that time.

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3. Beating Traffic Jams: The Art of the Guesstimate
Ever wonder if you'll get stuck in rush hour traffic?
Probability comes to the rescue again! We use it to make
educated guesses (probability predictions) about traffic
based on factors like time of day, location, and weather. If it's
usually bumper-to-bumper from 6 PM to 7:30 PM in your
area, there's a high probability of getting stuck. Knowing this,
you might choose to leave earlier or take a different route.
4. Gaming the System (Honestly!)
Probability is even used in board games you love! Think
about rolling dice in a board game. The probability of each
number coming up is the same (assuming a fair die). This
helps make the game fair and exciting!

LET'S DISCUSS
1. Does math play a crucial role in AI life cycle?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is statistics?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is probability? ____________________________________________________________________________

LEARNING POINTS
C 1. Math is essential for understanding AI models in depth.
2. Different math concepts used for AI are Statistics, Probability, Linear Algebra and
Calculus.
3. Applications of math can be found in everyday life.

k e y wo r d s
• Statistics (Exploring Data) : Statistics is used for collecting, exploring, and analyzing
the data. It also helps in drawing conclusions from data.
• Probability (predicting different events):It is a way to tell us how likely something is
to happen.
• Calculus (training and improving AI model):: This branch of math helps us find the
most efficient or quickest way to change something based on patterns.
• Linear Algebra (finding out unknown or missing values): Linear algebra is the branch
of mathematics that studies vectors, matrices, and linear transformations.
• Patterns : Patterns are recognizable arrangements of numbers, shapes, colors, or even
sounds.

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CONCEPTUAL SKILLS ASSESSMENT

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

1. What is the main benefit of recognizing patterns in math and AI?
a. Improves memorization skills
b. Helps solve problems and make predictions
c. Makes learning more fun
d. Develops artistic abilities
2. Which mathematical concept helps describe patterns using rules or formulas?
a. Geometry b. Statistics
c. Probability d. Algebra
3. AI can learn patterns in what types of data?
a. Numbers only b. Images only
c. Text only d. All of the above
4. AI excels at finding patterns in large amounts of data. What branch of
mathematics is most helpful in describing these patterns?
a. Algebra b. Calculus
c. Geometry d. Statistics
5. In the series 2, 4, 6, 8, ..., what is the rule used to find the next number?
a. Add 1 b. Add 2
c. Multiply by 2 d. Divide by 2
6. Which of the following is NOT a common application of statistics in AI?
a. Identifying trends in customer behavior
b. Recognizing objects in images
c. Predicting the weather
d. Solving systems of linear equations
7. The process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions is
called?
a. Probability b. Statistics
c. Calculus d. Algebra
8. Which mathematical concept helps calculate the likelihood of an event
happening?
a. Geometry b. Statistics
c. Probability d. Algebra
9. AI algorithms are like recipes that tell a computer what to do. What
mathematical concept is similar to a recipe with steps?
a. Geometry b. Statistics
c. Probability d. Algebra

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10. In the image processing field of AI, what mathematical concept helps analyze
the arrangement of pixels in an image?
a. Geometry b. Statistics
c. Probability d. Algebra
11. With one throw of a 6-sided die, what's the probability of getting an even
number?
a. 1/5 b. 2/5
c. 5/6 d. 1/2
12. Which of the following is an equation?
a. 2x + 5 b. x + 2 = 4x
c. x^2 + 2x d. 5 + 5x + 5x^2
13. What is the value of x? 10x-8=6x
a. 8 b. 4
c. 2 d. 6
14. What is the probability of getting head when you toss a coin once?
a. 0.75 b. 1
c. 0 d. 0.5
15. The median of the data: 155, 160, 145, 149, 150, 147, 152, 144, 148 is
a. 149 b. 150
c. 147 d. 144
B. Fill in the Blanks.
Pattern, Math, Cleaned, Organized, Algorithm, Data
1. The ability to recognize arrangements of numbers, shapes, or colors is called
__________.
2. AI uses _____________ to solve complex problems by finding patterns in data.
3. Data used to train AI systems needs to be _____________ and _____________ before it
can be used effectively.
4. A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do is called an ______________.
5. When training an AI system, large amounts of ____________ are needed to help it
learn patterns.
C. Match the following.
A B
I. Probability a. exploring data
ii. Calculus b. finding out unknown or missing values
iii. Statistics c. predicting different events
iv. Linear Algebra d. training and improving AI model.

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D. Short Answer Questions.
1. Explain two ways that math helps AI systems work.
2. Describe the role of statistics in the field of AI.
3. How does understanding patterns help us solve problems in math and AI?
4. Explain the relationship between Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence,
providing justification for their interconnection.
5. Define Certain events and likely events with examples
6. Write any two examples of Impossible and equal probability events
E. Long Answer Questions.
1. Identify the likely, unlikely, impossible and equal probability events from the
following.
a. Tossing a coin
b. Rolling an 8 on a standard die
c. Throwing ten 5's in a row
d. Drawing a card of any suite
2. Explain the concept of "The Language of Numbers" in the context of AI.
3. Discuss the importance of math skills for someone interested in pursuing a
career in AI development.
4. Choose a real-world application of AI (e.g., facial recognition software, self-
driving cars) and explain how math is used in its development and operation.
F. Scenario Based Questions.
1. Imagine you're training an AI to identify different types of flowers in pictures.
How would you use math to achieve this?
2. A scientist is studying weather patterns to predict the likelihood of a hurricane.
How might they use statistics and probability in their research?
G. Competency Based Questions.
Age (in years) 10 12 14 15 16

Cases admitted (in a day) 5 7 9 22 11

1. Radhika collected the data of the age distribution of cases admitted during a
day in a hospital. Find the average number of cases admitted in hospital. Also,
draw a line graph to represent the data graphically.
2. You are tasked with designing a simple AI program that can identify basic
shapes (circle, square, triangle) in images. How would you approach this
problem using your understanding of math and patterns?
3. Imagine you're working on a team developing a new AI application for your
school. What mathematical skills would be most valuable for you to contribute
to the project? Explain your reasoning.

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