UNIT-3

MATHSFOR AI
(STATISTICS &PROBABILITY)

Learning Outcomes
Related?
How are Maths and AI " Essential Mathematics for
Statistics Al
Statistics? Application of Statistics
. What is Probability in " Applications of Probability
kamatics is crucial to artiticial intelligence (AI)
for developing, assessing, and because it provides the theoretical foundation and
optimising
nwering machines to prOcess, analyse, and interpretAl systems. It is the backbone of Al algorithms and practical
models,
hneneral, mathematics
vast amounts of data.
guarantees that Al models are precise, effective, and able to resolve
challenging issues.
How are Math and AI related?
Mathematics and AI are interconnected fields, with
Al algorithms. Patterns are repeating mathematics supplying the theoreticalfoundations for many
designs or sequences that can be observed in numbers,
languages, or objects in our surroundings. They follow a specific order or shapes, images,
recognisable. Mathematics aids in the study of these patterns. These arrangement, making them easily
patterns allow you to solve
help identify an order or arrangement in lists of images or numbers. They are present everywhere puzzles. They
around us.
Patterns in Numbers
Number patterns, often simply referred to as patterns, are sets of
numbers that follow a specific order or rule.
Inere are various types of number patterns, including
Fibonacci, geometric, algebraic, and arithmetic patterns.
Some tricks are given below for finding the patterns in numbers:
"
Number Sequences: Look for asequence where each number is related to the one before it in a specific way.
This could be:
Adding a constant value (e.g., 1, 4, 7, 10.. +3 each time)
Multiplyingby aa constant value (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16... x2 each time)
rollowing a formula (e.q. 2n + 1: 3, 5, 7, 9...)
"
Series: Analyse aseries of numbers to identify the underlying rule for example square series, cube series, etc.
"
Even or Odd: Is
the sequence made of even numbers (2, 4, 6.) or odd numbers (1, 3, 5..)?
Prime or Composite: Are the numbers prime (only divisible by 1 and itself) or composite (divisible by more
than two numbers)?
Fibonacci Sequence: This famous sequence starts with 0and 1, and each subsequent number is the sum of the
two
preceding numbers (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8...).
Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) 81
Patterns in Images
Patterns in images refer to recurring visual elements or structures that can be recognised and analysed within
and utilised for various purposes, includin
the context of an image. These patterns can be detected
enhancement.
recognition, classification, compression, and
multiple
" Repeating shapes: Look for shapes that appear
times in the image.
Are they of the same size and colour?
Do they form a larger shape?
where
" Symmetry: Does the image have a mirror effect
one side reflects the other?
Is it symmetrical vertically, horizontally, or both?
2
" Colour patterns: Are there repeating colours or a specific
colour scheme used?
Do the colours alternate or follow a gradient?
colour, or position in apredictable way?
" Progression: Do the elements in the image change in size,
Logical Reasoning
Problem Solving &
Ai Task
1. Identify a pattern in the given image?

2x3 2x5 2x7 2x9

2x1
=6 =10 =14 =18
=2

2 Find the missing numbers in the given series and draw the pattern.

4 25 36
0 1

3. Which skill is used to identify the patterns in above questions?

82 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-|X

Artificial| Intelligence helps computers to understand and recognise patterns, much like how humans do. Just as
we learn to recognise patterns in different things we see or hear, Al can do the same with various types of data,
whether it'ss numbers, images, or even speech and text.These patterns help Al to solve puzzlesS - like identifying
dogs and muffins, or predicting floods, earthquakes, etc.

AiTask Problern Solving &

Logical Reasoning

Let's think and answer a few more!

Eind out the middle value from the given numbers?
2.5, 8, 1l 14

2 Fill in the missing number and find the next number in the
given series?
3,6, 12, 24, 96,

3. ldentify the highest temperature in the given graph and mention the time of it.
Temperature v/s Time
Temperature

60

30

10 A 2 AM 6 AM
Time

4 How many faces are there in adice?

S How many sides does a coin have?

6 What is the shape of a ball?

Essential Mathematics for AI

Math will help us to better understand Al and its way of working. but what kind of math is needed for AI?
The kind of math needed for Al includes
1Probability and statistics (exploring data): Probability theory and statistics are key fundamentals for many
A algorithms, particularly those involving machine learning It is useful in tasks such as natural language
processing computer vision, and decision-making
2inear algebra (finding out unknown or missing values): Linear algebra is involved in large-scale data
processing playing a vital role in machine learning and Al It performs operations in neural networks, image
processing, and data transformations
2Calculus (training and improving Al model): Calculus is essential for understanding the best possible
solution algorithms used in machine learning Itminirrise mistakes and maximise the parameters of machine
learning models
4Graph theory: Graph theory is used in Al representing trends using data visualisation
Maths for Al(Statistics &Probability) 83
S. Information theory: Information theory provides mathematical tools for data analysis.
6. Logic and set theory: Logic and set theory are used in concepts like expert systems,
and knowledge graphs. Mathematics and Al are deeply integrated fields, with mathematics database systems
theoretical foundation for many Al alqorithms and techniques.
7. Algorithm design: The design of the algorithms often uses mathematical principles and providing the
functions, matrices and graphs. structures suuch a

Statistics
Statistics is used for collecting, exploring. and analysing the data. It also helps in concluding data.
Systems to detect patterns, identify It
" Data is relationships, and infer conclusions from data.
collected from various sources. enables
AJ
" Data is
explored and cleaned to be used.
" The analysis of data
is done to
Conclusions and decisions can understand
" it better.
be made from the data.
Let's consider an example to
A school wants to illustrate these steps:
grades.
improve the performance of its students and decides to collect data on
study habits and
Collecting Data: The school conducts a survey
study each week and their where students report the number of hours they
grades in various subjects.
Exploring and Cleaning Data: The school first looks at
range of study hours and grades. the data to find patterns, like the
They also clean the data by fixing any
didn't fill in all the fields or gave missing or incorrect information (e.g., if some
unrealistic answers). students
Analysing Data: The school summarises the isasi
They also check if there is a average study hours and grades to get an
significant relationship between study hours and overview. Autho
grades.
Drawing Conclusions: The analysis might
to have higher reveal that students who study
grades. Based on this conclusion, more hours tend The d
support programs to encourage students to the school might decide to implement study
study more.
ete
Thus, we can say statistics helps in
and strategies in various fields suchtransforming the raw data into Satisti
as business, meaningtul insights, enabling better
healthcare,education, and more. decisions zapt
Satisti
Brainy Fact Drase
During the COVID-19 pandemic,
statistical models were used to predict the
allocate medicalresources efficiently.
these models helped reduce the The World Health
Organization (WHO)
spread of the virus and VBATH
strain on healthcare systems by reported in 2020 tha+
optimising resource distribution
)Application of Statistics
Statistics
in
can be used in
numerous fields
decision-making. Let us discuss some because of its
of the fields ability to extract meaningful insights
where from data and
84
Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. statistics used.
is aseie.
2.0)-1X
Sports
Statistics helps you to assess how well players perform, how
plan their games, and
the results of matches.
teams
Statistics gives data that helps you make smart decisions
10.6
about hiring players, training them, performance monitoring,
preventinginjury, and planning game strategies.
, Studying opponents' strengths and weaknesses to devise
bettergame plans.
The Tokyo 2020 Olympics were postponed due to the
developing global situation of the Covid-l19 pandemic. Statistics revealed that COVID
Japan during the planned period of the Olympics. cases sharply increased in

Education
Analysing test scores and grades to evaluate student learning,
areas for improvement and allocate resources identify
effectively.
Using data to identify gaps in the curriculum and
areas where
students need more support.
Analysing how students and teachers use educational
future implementations. technology for
Statistics helps in determining the average skills of
students in a
particular school or grade. This information shows which
more focus and help improve education areas need
strategies.
Disaster Management
" Authorities use statistics in analysing existing risks and alert the citizens 96 96

residing in places that might be affected by a natural disaster in the 96

Storm
near future.
96 96
" The disaster management teams use statistics to know about the
population, and about the services and infrastructure present in the 96
affected area.
" Statistics are used to study trends in disaster
occurrence and impact to 96
adapt strategies over time. Thunderstoem
96
Toemo
Statistics are used to design and evaluate public education campaigns 96

to raise awareness and

preparedness levels.

WEATHER INFOGRAPHIG Weather Forecast

LORDOe mosco
Statistical summaries create easy-to-understand weather
+10
VOK
-5
TONIO
forecasts for the public.
23 +14
2 +97.2 +14 Statistics compare the weather conditions with information
about past seasons and conditions.
23
Statistical methods are used to analyse long-term climate data
and detect trends related to global warming and climate change.
Statistics are used to predict the future based on data from the
26
past and provide forecasts thatexpress the likelihood ofvarious
weather events (e.g. "There is a 70% chance of rain tomorrow").
Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 85
Disease Prediction
" Statistical models are used to predict the spread and impact of
infectious diseases, such as influenza, COVID- 19, and Ebola.
" Data analysis creates epidemic curves that show the
disease outbreaks over time.
progression of
" The US government uses statistics to understand which disease is
affecting the population the most. This helps them in curing these
diseases more effectively. To understand the extent of any of the
infectious diseases in a given population.
For example, the government can analyse the areas where COVID cases
are increasing, or where the vaccination drive needs to be improved.

Options of Voters
VOTE " Statistics are used in elections to enhance
CVOTE
transparency
voters and encourage voters to partiCipate in elections
" By surveying a group of voters and
analysing the
statistics can reveal what the majority of people think resut
ah.
political candidates, policies, or upcoming elections. This hal.
politicians and decision-makers to understand
public opinion,
Statistics play an important role in Election
Forecastsbased
Campaign Strategies and micro-target individuals , making
available data.

Ai Reboot
Explain any two applications of statistics in education.

What is Probability in Statistics?

Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with the likelihood or chance of an event to happen or
outcomes occurring in a given situation. different
" It measures the amount of certainty of an event.
" It helps us make predictions about future events based on the data we have.
" It helps us understand how likely something is to happen.
The formula for probability is given as the ratio of the Number of Favourable
Possible Outcomes. Outcomes to the Total Number o
Number of Favourable Outcomes
P(A) =
Total Number of Possible Outcomes
86 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-lX
understandit using the example of a coin.
Lets tossed, there are two possible Outcones: head or tail.
us

coini s
Whena probability of getting a head?
the
Whati s
P(Head) = 1
1
seethe
chances of getting head is and the chances of getting tail is 1
So, we 2
Therefore, we conclude that when we toss a coin, there are equal chances of getting a head or a tail.
Letustakeanother example, consider the probability of rolling a fair six-sided die.
six-sided die has six faces numbered fromn 1to 6.
Afair
Theprobability of rolling any specific number (say, 3) on afair six-sided die is calculated as,
Number of favourable outcomes (rolling a 3) = 1
Total number of possible outcomes = 6 (since there are 6 faces on the die)
So, the
probability of rolling a 3 on a fair six-sided die is:
P(6) =
number of favourable outcomes
S
total number of possible outcomes =

Can you find the probability of getting even numbers in aDice?

9 Ai Task Digital Literacy

Let's understand probability with the following activity.

Purpose: To understand the possibility of occurrence of an event.
Case 1: Varun went to the park to play football. Which pet is he more likely to see, a cat
or adog?

(A) Cat (B) Dog

in class? t's Ankita's birthday; which sweet is she most likely to distribute toffee or chocolate to her friends

oURTE

(A) Chocolate (B) Toffee

Case 3: In the summer, Veer starts to drive and reaches a diversion, where one road takes him to Sunny Beach
andthe other takes him to the mountains. What is the probability that he would select the mountain road?

(A) Beach Road (B) Mountain Road

Maths for Al (Statistics & Probability) | 87

ExperientialLearning

AiTask
About
A deck the Game 52 cards is grouped into four suits of clubs, diamonds, hearts, and spades Each of
containing
have 13 cards each, which sum up to b2.
the clubs, diamonds. hearts. and spades
Game Structure
heart from a standard deck of 52
cards?
rina the probability of drawing a

cards?
drawing a spade or diamond from a standard deck of 52
What is the probability of

When discussing probability, we often rely on specific terms to describe the likelihood of events occurring. Le

us discuss the specific terms in detail.

Certain Events
to happen; there is no doubt about their occurrence. It will have a probabilih.ats
These events are quaranteed
For example:
a fair coin, the probability of it landing heads up or tails up is certain, as one of these outComex:
* If you flip
guaranteed.
certain.
* The occurrence of sunrise and sunset each day is
* When you flip a light switch, the light bulb will either
turn on or off.
* The act of inhaling and exhaling is certain as long as a person is alive.
* Time consistently moves forward, and each passing moment is certain.
* The beating of the heart is a certain event, as long as a person is alive.
* If it is Sunday today, it is certain, tomorrow is going to be a Monday.
Likely Events
These events have a higher probability of occurring as compared to other events. For example:
* lf you rolla fair six-sided die, the likelihood of roling a number greater than 2 (3, 4, 5, or 6) is higher than
rolling a number less than or equal to 2 (1, or 2).
* If you visit astore known for carrying awide variety of brands, it's likely that you'llfind your favourite brand
among their products.
* If youstudy well for an exam, you're more likely to pass with good grades.
* If you buy many raffle tickets compared to others, you're more likely to win a prize.
Unlikely Events
These events have a lower probability of occurring compared to other events. For example,
* If you randomly select a card from astandard deck, the probability of drawing an ace of spades is lowe
compared to drawing acard of a different suit.
* Observing ashootingstar in the night sky is an unlikely event compared to seeing regular stars.

88 Touchpad Artificial Intelligence (Ver. 2.0)-|X

Getting intoa really good university, especially one that's really hard to get into, is not very likely because
rmariy people applying
there are so
1fa board resultis declared, the chances to be the topper of the school is very unlikely as there is only one
school
topper in the
ImpossibleEvents
events have no chance of occurring, they are not feasible
These outcomes. The event will never happen or is
impossible it will have a probability of 0. For example,
Rolinggafair six-sided die to get a number greater than 6 or less than 1.
Drawing acard from a standard deck and it turns out to be both a
red card and a black card at the same time.
The probability that you can picka red ball from abag containing only blue
Gicking arandorm day of the week, and it turns out to be both balis is 0.
Monday and Friday at the sarme time.
x Picking a guava in an orchard of apples.
The orobability of a fish to climb a tree is an
impossible event.
Equal Probability Events
to this scenario, each event has an equal chance of
occurring. For exarnple,
* 1f you roll a fair six-sided die, the
probability of roling any
because each face of the die has an equal chance of landing specific
face up.
number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) is the sane
x Toquess a number between 1 and 10, each
1 number has an equal probability of being selected.
* The chances of selecting a partícular coloured
marble from abag of marbles containíng the equal nurmber of
red, blue, and green marbles are equal.
* When students enter in a classroom and
select their seats, each desk or chair has an equal chance of
chosen. being
*Selecting a boy or a girl from aclass having equal number of girls
and nurnber of boys has an equal probability.
The probabilíty of an event occurring ís sornewhere between
impossible and certain. If an event is certain or sure
to happen, it will have a probability of 1.
For exarmple, the probabilitythat it will rain in the State of Floridaat least once in a
specific year is 1 If an event
will never happen or ís impossible, it will have a probability of 0.
0, the probability of an event occurring lies between 0 and 1.

Impossible Unlikely Even Chance Likely Certain

1-ín-6 Chance 4-in-5 Chance

Maths for Al (Statistics &Probability) 89

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