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Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11/12 Z est for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

General Physics 2
Quarter 4 - Module 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
and LIGHT

Name of Learner:
Grade & Section:
Name of School:
2
Module
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
2
and LIGHT

What I Need to Know

In the previous module, you have learned essential concepts about electricity and
magnetism; this includes magnetic induction, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law. You were
able to determine the similarities and differences between direct current and alternating
current. You also have learned the concepts of LC circuits as energy passes from the
conductor to the inductor.

In this module, you are expected to learn the following:

Content Standard:
1. Maxwell’s synthesis of electricity, magnetism, and optics
2. EM waves and light
3. Law of Reflection
4. Law of Refraction (Snell’s Law)
5. Polarization (Malus’s Law)
6. Applications of reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Relate the properties of EM waves (wavelength, frequency, speed) and the

properties of vacuum and optical medium (permittivity, permeability, and index of
refraction. (STEM_GP12OPTIVb-12)
2. Explain the conditions for total internal reflection. (STEM_GP12OPTIVb-14)
3. Explain the phenomenon of dispersion by relating to Snell’s Law.
(STEM_GP12OPTIVb-16)
4. Calculate the intensity of the transmitted light after passing through a series of
polarizers applying Malus’s Law. (STEM_GP12OPTIVc-18)
5. Solve problems involving reflection, refraction, dispersion, and polarization in
contexts such as, but not limited to, (polarizing) sunglasses, atmospheric haloes,
and rainbows. (STEM_GP12OPTIVc-21)

2
What’s In 10

Activity 1. What’s the Word?

Directions: Recall your previous lessons encountered when you were still in Junior High
School about Electromagnetic Waves and Light. Can you still remember some of the
important terms related to this topic? Below are jumbled letters of some of the essential
terms that you will encounter in this module. Arrange the letters and write your answer
on the blank provided.

1. CTONREFILE -the bouncing of light rays when it hits a

surface
2. ERSIONDISP -separation of white light into different colors of
light
3. AIONRCTEFR -bending of light rays when travelling from one
medium to another
4. GLEAN FO -the angle formed between the incident ray and
NCNCEIDEI the normal line.
5. AECURSPL -rays of light reflects in one direction only
CTIREFLEON
6. ATOTL EANIRNTL -a phenomenon when no light is refracted
TIOFLECNRE instead all light is reflected.
7. VELTHENGWA -the distance measured from one crest of a
wave to the next crest or from one trough to
the second trough
8. UEQCYENFR -the number of waves that pass a certain point
in a specified amount of time
9. MECTROETICAGNEL -waves produced from the combination of
VEWA electric and magnetic waves
10. RIIOPOLANZAT -process of transforming unpolarized light to
polarized light

What’s New
10
Activity 2. Mirror Reflect

What do you think will happen to light as it strikes a smooth and shiny surface like a
mirror? Perform the mirror experiment to learn substantial concepts about the reflection
of light.

Materials needed: Bondpaper, plane mirror, pencil, protractor,

graphing paper and push pin.

3
Procedure:
1. On a bond paper, follow the set-up
shown in figure 1.
2. Indicate the point of intersection of the
perpendicular lines as point X.
3. Push the pin in any location on the left
side of the paper. Indicate it as point Y.

Connect points X and Y by drawing a Figure 1. Set-Up of the mirror experiment

straight line. Refer to figure 2.

4. Position yourself on the right side of
the mirror and push a pin indicated
as point Z. D. Position point Z in a
way that line XY and line XZ appear
perpendicular to each other.
5. Use a protractor to measure the
vertex angle formed between line XY
and the vertical line. This angle is the
angle of incidence 𝜃𝑖 .
6. Use a protractor to measure the
Figure 2. Lines and angles in the mirror experiment
vertex angle formed between line ZY
and the vertical line. This angle is the angle of reflection 𝜃𝑟
7. Repeat procedures 3-6 for five (5) different point Y positions and their
corresponding point Z. Record your data in the table below.
Table 2.Ɵ𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Ɵ𝑟 for Different Positions of the Pushpin
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
𝜃𝑖
𝜃𝑟
8. Plot your data in the graph.

4
Guide Questions:
1. How does the measured value of the angle of incidence compare with the angle of
reflection?

2. Based on your plotted graph, what can you infer between the relationship of
𝜽𝒊 and 𝜽𝒓?

What is it
The Electric and Magnetic Fields Together
Electromagnetic waves produced from
accelerating electrons have both magnetic and
electric field components.
A changing magnetic field induces an electric
field, and a changing electric field induces a
magnetic field. Both the electric and the
magnetic field oscillate perpendicular to each
other and the propagating wave's direction.

James Clerk Maxwell- described light as a Figure 3.Electromagnetic wave with Magnetic and
wave with components of both electric and Electric field components
Source: Science Learner’s Material Grade 10,p.146
magnetic fields. Hence, he developed
equations that showed the relationship
between electricity and magnetism. An electromagnetic wave with light as a component is
a transverse wave produced by a vibrating electric charge. Since it is a wave, it possesses
the characteristics of wavelength, frequency, and speed. All EM waves travel with a speed
of 3 𝑥 108 in a vacuum and are denoted as c, the speed of light. Wave speed is
𝑚⁄𝑠
expressed in the equation
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 (equation 1)
Where: v is the wave speed orc (speed of light) expressed in meter per second (m/s)
f is the frequency in Hertz (Hz)
𝞴 is the wavelength in meters (m)
As an EM wave enters a medium, various medium properties dictate how the EM wave
propagates. Two of these properties are electric permittivity and magnetic permeability.
Their relationship to light is given by the equation

𝑣 =𝑐 = 1
(equation 2)
√𝑢0𝜀0

From this equation, you can identify that the relationship between the electric
permittivity 𝜺𝟎and magnetic permeability 𝒖𝟎 is inversely proportional to light's speed. This
means that either the electric permittivity or magnetic permeability increases in the
material, the speed decreases, and vice versa.

5
Reflection of Light

Did you get a similar drawing as shown

in figure 4 in Activity 2 “Mirror Reflect”?
Reflectionis the bouncing off of light
rays when it hits a surface like a plane
mirror. The ray of light coming from the
source is the incident ray. The ray from
the reflecting surface is the reflected ray,
and the imaginary line perpendicular to
the mirror surface is the normal line.

From figure 4, the incident ray of light is the

ray from the light source, the ray that Figure 4. Reflection of Light
reflects from surface is the reflected ray and the line perpendicular to the mirror is the
normal line. The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal line all lie in the same plane.
This is one of the laws of reflection.

In Activity 2 “Mirror Reflect”, you found that “the angle of

incidence is equal to the angle of reflection." This is the a.
other law of reflection. In symbols:
𝜽𝒊 =𝜽𝒓 (equation 3)

Types of Reflection:
a. Specular/ Regular Reflection -This reflects light on smooth
surfaces such as mirrors or a calm body of water.
b.
b. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. This reflects light on
rough surfaces such as clothing, paper, wavy water, and the
asphalt roadway.

Figure 5. Specular and Diffuse Reflection

Refraction of Light
Source: Science Learner’s Material Grade
10,p.180-181
Refraction occurs when there is the bending of light
rays when traveling from one medium to another. A
measure of the optical density of a material is its index
of refraction 𝒏 . The index of refraction is the
ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of
light in the medium or,

𝑐 ( 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚) 𝑐 (equation 4)

𝑛= =
𝑣 (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚) 𝑣

Figure 6 shows light refracts when passing through

a material from a lower to a higher index of refraction
𝑛 . This happens because light slows down as it enters
a medium with a greater index of refraction. The
bending of light occurs because of the change of its
speed as it passes from one medium to another. Figure 6. Refraction of light

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If 𝑛1isless than𝑛2 (𝑛1 < 𝑛2), the refracted ray bends towards the normal. But if
𝑛1 is greater than 𝑛2 (𝑛1 > 𝑛2), then the refracted ray bends away from the normal.

One of the laws of refraction states that “The normal line, the incident and the refracted
ray all lie in the same plane."

Snell’s law describes how a ray is refracted at the interface between two mediums of
different indices of refraction. It is mathematically stated as:

𝒏𝟏𝐬𝐢𝐧Ɵ𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧Ɵ𝟐 (equation 5)

where 𝒏𝟏 is the refractive index of the first medium

𝒏𝟐 is the refractive index of the second medium
Ɵ𝟏 is the angle of incidence
Ɵ𝟐 is the angle of refraction

Dispersion of Light

Sir Isaac Newton- used a glass prism to

show that white light consists of
different colors. Dispersion is a
phenomenon in which a prism separates
white light into its component colors.

Dispersion of white light is caused by

multiple refractions of the different
colors of light. The angle of refraction
depends on the index of refraction of the
medium. Also, n depends on the Figure 7. Dispersion of Light
wavelength. Note that the index of
refraction is given as 𝑛 = 𝑐, and speed is v=f𝞴. From these, we can infer that for a given medium,
𝑣
n increases as wavelength decreases.

We know that white light is dispersed in this order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, with violet having
the shortest wavelength and red the longest wavelength. For a given medium, n increases as wavelength
decreases. Thus, n is greatest for violet and least for the red light. In the same way, violet
light is bent more than red light.

Sample Problem 1

A beam of light enters from water (with index

of refraction of 𝑛1=1.33) to glass (with index of
refraction of 𝑛2=1.52). The incident ray makes
an angle of 40˚ with the normal. Find Ɵ𝒓 and
Ɵ𝒃.

Solution:

We have known values for the angle of

incidence Ɵ1 = 40˚, 𝑛1=1.33, and 𝑛2= 1.52.
Remember that the law of reflection states Figure 8. Reflection and refraction of light as it
that Ɵ𝒊 = Ɵ𝒓. Therefore,Ɵ𝒂 = Ɵ𝒓 = 𝟒𝟎˚ passes through water to a glass

7
To find Ɵ𝒃, we use the Snell’s equation,
𝑛𝑎 sin Ɵ𝑎 = 𝑛𝑏 sin Ɵ𝑏 (1.33) (sin 40)
𝑛 sin Ɵ𝑎
Ɵ𝑏 = sin−1 ( 𝑎 )= sin−1 ( ) = 34.22˚
𝑛𝑏 1.52

Therefore, the angle formed between Ɵ𝒃= 34.22˚

Since 𝑛𝑎 is less than 𝑛𝑏 (𝑛𝑎 < 𝑛𝑏), the refracted ray bends towards the normal and Ɵ𝒂 > Ɵ𝒃.

Total Internal Reflection occurs if light passes from a dense (with a higher refraction index)
to a less dense medium (with a lower refraction index). Its angle of incidence 𝜃𝑎 is greater
than the critical angle 𝜃𝑐. The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90˚ is
becomes the critical angle 𝜃𝑐 shown in figure 6 (b). If the angle of incidence is greater than
the critical angle, then the refracted ray will not exist, and all light rays will
be reflected as shown in Figure 9 (c).

The critical angle may be solved using: 𝜃 =𝑐 sin−1 𝑛2

(equation 6)
𝑛1

Figure 9. Total internal reflection

Polarization of Light

Polarization is a characteristic of all

transverse waves. A simpler example of a
transverse wave is a wave produced on a
string. Moving the string upward and
downward causes it to produce waves
propagating in a single plane vertically. Light
that propagates, in the same way, are
linearly polarized waves. Moving the string in an
upward and sideward motion produces waves
with a random direction in
different planes—light propagating in
this manner are unpolarized waves. Light Figure 10. Unpolarized light passing through the polarizer and the
waves produced from a single analyzer.

8
light source are polarized, while light from multiple sources such as the sun, flames, and
incandescent bulbs produces unpolarized waves..

Unpolarized light can be linearly polarized using a polarizer; it permits only waves with a
particular polarization direction to pass. If we place a second polarizing element along
the path of an unpolarized beam of light, the first is called the polarizer, and the second is
the analyzer.

When unpolarized light with intensity 𝑰𝟎is incident on an ideal polarizer, the transmitted
𝑰
light's intensity is exactly half that of the incident unpolarized light 𝟎⁄𝟐, no matter how
the polarizing axis is oriented.

When the linearly polarized light emerging from a polarizer passes through a second
polarizer or analyzer, the analyzer's polarizing axis makes an angle Ɵ with the first
polarizer's polarizing axis. The intensity transmitted in the analyzer is given by Malus’s Law:
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐Ɵ (equation 7)

Where 𝑰𝟐 is the intensity of light that emerges through the analyzer.

𝑰𝟏 is the transmitted intensity from the polarizer.
Ɵ is the angle formed between the transmission axes of the polarizer and the
analyzer.

Malus’s law applies only if the incident light passing through the analyzer is already
linearly polarized.

Sample Problem 2

An unpolarized light with an intensity of 100 W/𝑚2passes through two polarizing filters,
the polarizer then to the analyzer with transmission axes forming an angle of 30˚. What is
the intensity of the light as it passes through each filter?

Solution:
Remember that the intensity of the polarizer's transmitted light is exactly half that of the
incident unpolarized light. Therefore,
I0 100W/m2 𝟐
I1= ⁄ ⁄2 = 50 𝐖/𝐦
2=

To solve for the intensity of light emerging from the analyzer, use the Malus’s Law
equation:

I2 = I1cos2Ɵ
= (50 W/m2 ) ( cos2 30 )
= 37.5𝐖/𝐦𝟐
The intensity of light emerging from the analyzer is 37.5 𝐖/𝐦𝟐

Sample Problem 3
An unpolarized light with an intensity of 80 W/m2 passes through two polarizing filters. If
the light that emerges from the analyzer has an intensity of 10 W/m2 , what is the angle
between the two filters?

Solution:
To find the angle between the two filters, we need to develop an equation that describes
I2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 I0 since we have known values for both.

9
I I
Remember that I1 = 0⁄2, substitute I1 in Malus’s Equation with 0⁄2.
(Malus’s Equation) I2 = I1cos2Ɵ
I I
(Substitute 0⁄2 to I1 ) I2 = 0⁄2 cos 2Ɵ

Finally, we get the formula for Ɵ,

W
2I 2 (10 )
Ɵ = cos−1 √ 2
=cos−1√ m2
80W/m2
= cos−1√𝑜. 25 = cos−1 (0.5) = 60˚
I0

The angle between the two filters is 60˚

What’s More
10
Activity 3. Break the Code

For you to break the code, match the problems in the rectangles with their
answers in oblongs. Write the letter of your answer in the blank before each item.
(2 points each)
An incident ray of light passing
1. through the air (n=1.0) strikes the
crown glass's surface (n=1.52) at an
angle of 35˚. What will be the angle of 45˚ 45 W/𝑚2
refraction?

If the refraction index of plexiglass is

2. 1.51 and the refraction angle is 20˚ for
a ray of light traveling from the air
(n=1.0). What is the angle of 61˚ 22˚
incidence?

Light striking a mirror makes an angle

3. of incidence of 45˚. What is the angle
of reflection?
30˚ 52 W/𝑚2
An unpolarized light with an intensity
4. of 150 W/𝑚2passes through the first
polarizer. What is the intensity of light
that emerges through it?
13˚ 75 W/𝑚2
An unpolarized light with an intensity
of 120 W/𝑚2passes through the
5. polarizer then to the analyzer with
transmission axes forming an angle of
30˚. What is the intensity of the light
125 W/𝑚2 60˚
as it passes through the analyzer?

CODE: !

10
What I Have Learned 10
Activity 4. Make it Right!
Great! You’re almost done with the module. To summarize what you have learned
from the lesson, underline the word inside the parenthesis that makes the
statement correct.

1-2. Electromagnetic waves are (transverse, longitudinal) waves that can propagate with
or without a medium. The medium wherein EM waves propagate has properties such
as electric permittivity and magnetic permeability, which is both (directly, inversely)
proportional to light's speed.

3-4 When light cannot get out of the boundary between transparent media, an
interesting phenomenon occurs called total internal reflection. In this event, the
incident angle must be (greater, lesser) than the critical angle and all light rays are
(refracted, reflected).

5-6. The separation of white light into seven component colors of light, when allowed to
pass through a glass prism, is called (polarization, dispersion). Snell's Law can
explain this phenomenon. Since the index of refraction depends on the wavelength
of the color of light, then the refractive index is greater for (orange, indigo) light.

7. According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence is (greater than, lesser
than, equal to) the angle of reflection.

8-10 Electromagnetic waves having a definite direction relative to the direction of the
wave's propagation, like standing waves on a string, are said to be (polarized,
unpolarized). Unpolarized light waves pass through two polarizing filters. The first
one is called the polarizer, which reduces the light intensity in half, while the latter
is called the (polarizer, analyzer, filter). (Malus’s Law, Snell’s Law) quantifies the
light intensity that emerges from these series of polarizing elements.

What I Can Do
20
Activity 5A. Label Me!

Directions: The diagram shows a light ray path as it travels from one medium to another.
Label what is indicated in the diagram by writing your answer on the blank. Choose your
answer from the box.

angle of incidence reflected ray angle of refraction

greater than refracted ray less than
incident ray normal line angle of reflection

11
Activity 5B. Completion

The first column shows the path of a light ray as it passes through two different media.
Fill in the missing values by choosing from the box below.

Media 𝑛1 Ɵ1 𝑛2 Ɵ2
1. Air to 1.00 25˚ 11.34˚
diamond
2. Ethyl alcohol 51˚ 1.58 42˚
to light flint
glass
3. Water to 1.33 30˚ 1.52
crown glass
4. Water to ice 1.33 1.31 23˚
5. Air to zircon 1.00 40˚ 19.6˚
6. Ice to 1.31 54.6˚ 45˚
plexiglass

0.47 2.15 25.94˚ 1.92 34.85˚

1.36 1.84 23.37˚ 1.51 22.63˚

12
An unpolarized beam of light with intensity 𝐼0 passes through two polarizing elements.
Determine the missing values in the table by choosing from the box.

Light beam 𝐼0 (W/m2) 𝐼1 (W/m2) 𝐼2 (W/m2) Ɵ

1 220 110 73.8
2 45.0 39.7 20˚
3 150 40.1 43˚
4 75 37.5 9.40
5 180 90.0 55˚
6 60 30 15˚

60˚ 90 58 75 28.0
30˚ 40˚ 29.60 65 35˚

Assessment
15

Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the letter of your answer on the
blank provided.

1. Which of the following is NOT true about electromagnetic waves?

A. A combination of electric and magnetic fields produces Electromagnet waves.
B. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium.
C. All electromagnetic waves travel with a speed of 2 𝑥 108 in a vacuum
𝑚⁄𝑠
D. Electromagnetic waves possess the characteristics of wavelength, frequency,
and speed.
2. It states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
A. Law of Refraction C. Snell’s Law
B. Law of Reflection D. Malus’s Law
3. What do you call the reflection of light on rough surfaces?
A. Regular Reflection C. Diffused Reflection
B. Specular Reflection D. Both A and B
4. Which of the following is an example of specular reflection?
A. Reflection on the surface of the water
B. Mirror reflection
C. Light striking a cemented road
D. Light striking a sprite bottle.

13
5. A ray of light goes from medium A to B with an angle of incidence at 40˚ and an
angle of refraction at 30˚. How will you compare the speed of light?

A. The speed of light in B is less than that in A

B. The speed of light in B is the same as that in A
C. The speed of light in B is greater than that in A
D. Both A or B

6. An incident ray of light travels from air to

water, as shown in the figure. Which is
the refracted ray?

7. You are looking at stones at the bottom of a clear and still pond. Your line of vision
is directly above the water. You observed that the stones appear closer to the
surface than it actually is. Which of the following statements best explain your
observation?
A. Light entering the water is dispersed.
B. Specular reflection is observed on the surface of the water.
C. Light reflects in a different direction as it strikes the surface of the water
D. Light bends as it enters through the water.
8. A beam of light enters from water (index of refraction 𝑛𝑎 =1.33) to glass
(index of refraction 𝑛𝑏=1.52). Which of the following statements is true to
this situation?
A. All light rays reflect from the surface of the glass
B. Light refracts away from the normal since 𝑛𝑎 < 𝑛𝑏
C. Light refracts towards the normal since 𝑛𝑎 < 𝑛𝑏
D. The angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.
9. The following are the conditions for total internal reflection to occur
except-
A. The index of refraction of the first medium should be lesser than the
second medium.
B. The incident angle must be greater than the critical angle.
C. All light rays are reflected.
D. None of the light rays are refracted.
10. A ray of light travels from the air (n=1.00) to water (n=1.33) with an angle of
incidence of 45˚ with respect to the normal, what is the angle of refraction?
A. 32.1˚ B. 28.9˚ C. 25.5˚ D. 35.1˚
11. It is the phenomenon that explains the appearance of a rainbow.
A. Refraction B. Reflection C. Dispersion D. Polarization
12. The dispersion of white light through multiple refractions of its component colors
depends on its wavelength and the index of refraction of the medium. What
happens to the index of refraction of a given medium if wavelength increases?
A. Increases B. decreases C. remains the same D. either B or C
13. A beam of light that is composed of many rays having random
polarization directions.
A. Polarized light C. Filtered Light
B. Unpolarized light D. Unfiltered light

14
14. An unpolarized light with the intensity 𝐼0 passes through a polarizer.
What is the intensity of light 𝐼1that emerges through it?
A. One-half of 𝐼0 C. Twice the 𝐼0
B. ¼ of 𝐼0 D. Equal to 𝐼0
15. An unpolarized light passing through a polarizing filter achieved an
intensity of 50 𝑤⁄𝑚 2. What will be its intensity after passing through
the
second filter oriented at an angle of 40˚ from the first one?
A.1.3 𝑤⁄𝑚 2 B. 29.3 𝑤⁄𝑚 2 C. 2000 𝑤⁄𝑚2 D. 90.0 𝑤⁄𝑚2

Additional Activities
10

Activity 6. Problem Solving

Directions: Solve the following problems and show your solution in the space
provided.

1. Snell’s Law: An incident ray of light passes through two media, oil, then to water at an
incident angle of 38˚. If refractive indices are 1.45 and 1.33, respectively, what will be
the angle of refraction? To what direction will the light ray bend with respect to the
normal line as it passes through water? (5 points)

2. Malus’s Law: An unpolarized light with an intensity of 150 W/𝑚2passes through the
polarizer then to the analyzer with transmission axes forming an angle of 24˚. What is
the intensity of the light as it passes through each polarizing filter? (5 points)

15
References
Books:
Physics Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year, Reprint Edition,2007,2009
Science Learner’s Material Grade 10 pages 146,175, 180-181
Science Learner’s Material Grade 7 page 180

Electronic Resources:

Polarization is a characteristic of all transverse waves. Retrieved from

https://www.coursehero.com/file/77431374/Polarization-5ppt/
When the linearly polarized light. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/jee/malus-law/
Malus's law. Retrieved from https://physicsmax.com/polarizing-filters-4831

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