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Integration IGCSE Notes

a level integration exercises

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35 views

Integration IGCSE Notes

a level integration exercises

Uploaded by

asherisboi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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8.1.1: Indefinite Integrals Let F(x) and f(x) be functions such that Jiro = f(a). Then J f(x) de = We write "+c" because F(x) is not the only function with derivative f(x). In fact, there are infinitely many functions with derivative f(x) and they are all written in terms of the arbitrary constant c. Such integrals are also known as indefinite integrals and the solution with the arbitrary constant is known as the general solution. From Chapter 7 Differentiation, we have seen a few rules and we can establish corresponding rules for integration: dy . rule: Ity = x"!, then & = Power rule: If y ther ‘Therefore, ifn # -1, then Je d= 1 Note: The integral ft dx will be discussed in Pure Mathematics 3. + Addition / subtraction rule: Jit + g(2)] d= + Scalar multiple rule: J Kf(x) de = Note: + For the integration of sum of a few terms, clear brackets should be written in the integral + Itis recommended to simplify an expression before integrating, and write the powers of each term clearly. Example 1. Find y in terms of x for each of the following. 8y _ toys oy @ q = lor OrExample 2. Find each of the following indefinite integrals. 2 @ Jsor-neenar ©) fore Example 3. Differentiate (41° — 5)’ with respect to x and hence find froe = 5)° de. Example 4. Differentiate Vix? — 6x with respect to x and hence find JWhen we are given the derivative of a curve, we can find the equation of the curve by integration. In this ease, the arbitrary constant c can be determined if additional information about the curve (such as the coordinates of a point on the curve) is given. 4 Example 5. Find the equation of the curve, given and a point P on the curve dy _ dy _ ver @ qe th P(1.4) OR aE POD F Example 6, A function f is defined for.x ¢ R and is such that {"(x) = 8 - 2x, The range of the functio {(x) g(x) forall x values between a and b. Then we can find the area of R as follows: ‘As we can see, it does not matter whether the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) lie above or below the x-axis. All we need is to identify the "upper" curve and the "lower" curve. In the case where both f(x) > g(x) and f(x) 0, and a straight line with equation y =3—x. The curve crosses the x-axis at A (4,0) and crosses the straight line at B and C. (a) Find, by calculation, the x-coordinates of B and C. ta o A(4.0) (b) Show that B is a stationary point on the curve. 21 (©) Find the area of the shaded region. (61 [9709 w20 gp! q12]5.1: Integration of Functions 5.1.1: Exponential Functions Recall from P3 Chapter 4, we have seen that Gye = A (earidy = » fay Zee ent) = zo Therefore, + fears + fem acs + foraz Example 1. Find the following integrals @ Jera to) fs a Jarsac (frm ar Example 2. Evaluate the following integrals: 2 1 1 (a) fie de (b) ferases ax (©) fie rent ac Example 3. (a) Find foc + 6¢*) dr, where a is a positive constant. 14]ae Example 4. By considering = (re —e*), find the area bounded by the curve y = xe*, the x-axis and the line x = 3. 5.1.2: Functions of the form axed Recall from PI Chapter 8, if n # -1 and a # 0, then + ferace + fasta ax For the case n = —1, we first recall the following result from P3 Chapter 4: . Zany = : Stier») = Therefore, Jee ‘Sass The graph of y = + is defined forx #0, but the first result only holds for x > 0. 4 genni sea were

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