PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)

MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE AND EARLY ASTRONOMY 4. Aristotle’s Model

 Predictable patterns in the sky have aided humans in  Proved that the earth is spherical
modelling the universe (open, flat, closed [geometry of  Believed that the earth is fixed at the center of
the universe]) the solar system and that everything revolves
around it
Geocentric Model – Earth at the center of the solar system  Believed that all stars are fixed points which
rotate on a single celestial sphere
Heliocentric Model – assumes the sun to be the center of the
 It has 56 spheres (2 realms)
solar system
TERRESTRIAL REALM CELESTIAL REALM
 objects in the realm  at/above moon’s orbit
GEOCENTRIC MODELS moved naturally  5th element called
(Earth and other heavenly bodies were assumed to be spheres) according to their Aether/Ether
material composition  Ether was
 The Pythagorean Model
 ephemeras (lasting for a unchanging and
 Plato’s “Saving the Appearances” very short time) and perpetual (never-
 Eudoxus’ Model undergoing decay ending/changing)
 Aristotle’s Model
 Ptolemy’s Model
5. Ptolemy’s Model
1. Pythagorean Model  Apollomius Ptolemy – the great geometer
 By Pythagoras  Shows the deterrent, circular paths in which
 Earth is round planets move and epicycle (circle where planets
 “The Music of Spheres” – motion of planets was move)
mathematically related to musical standards and  Proposed the equant (a point close to the orbit’s
numbers center)
o Anaxagoras – determined the  Philoaus proposed Pyrocentric Model (bridge that
relative positions of the sun, the earth connected Geocentric to Heliocentric)
and the moon during solar and lunar  Neither earth nor sun as the center
eclipses

2. Plato’s “Saving the Appearances” HELIOCENTRIC MODELS

 Adaptation of Pythagorean Model 1. Aristarchus Model
 Assumed that all motions are perfectly circular  First to place the sun at the center of the universe
 Assumed that all heavenly bodies are  The sun and the stars are fixed
ethereal/perfect  The earth is revolving around the sun in a circular
o Retrograde Motion – motion of orbit
heavenly bodies is from west to east  Did not last because of the general acceptance
(clockwise) of Ptolemy’s model
3. Eudoxus’ Model 
 Celestial spheres share one common center – 2. Copernicus Model
Earth  Celestial motions are uniform, infinite and circular
 First model of geocentric model  Planets revolved around the sun
 Made up of 27 concentric spheres
 Five planets – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and
Jupiter

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
3. Tycho’s Model Law of Equal Areas
 Plotted all of his observations of the heavens using
instruments of his own design  Planets travel equal areas of space in equal periods
of time
 Was extremely thorough to achieve more accurate
methods than any other  Planets travel faster during perihelion, travel slower
during aphelion
 His model was both Heliocentric and Geocentric
with planets revolving around the sun, and the sun Harmonies
revolving the earth
 He witnessed and recorded 2 supernovae which  The larger the planet’s orbit, the longer the revolution
opposed to Ptolemy’s idea that stars were  The square of the revolutions of the planet are
directly proportional to the cubes of their average
unchanging
distance
4. Kepler’s Model
 planetary orbits were based on the
KINEMATICS
geometric shape (ellipse)
 the planets move around the sun were elliptical  Displacement
though  Velocity
 he believed that the closer planets were t the  Acceleration
sun, the faster they orbited
 this enables to predict motions of the universe Magnitude – how small or how large a quantity is (10 meters, 2
fairly accurately hours)
Scalar Quantities – quantities that have magnitude only (50
Galileo’s Astronomical Observations km/hr)
(supported by Copernican Theory)
Vector Quantities – quantities that have both magnitude
1. Lunar Craters (Mountain Valleys Craters) and direction (50 km/hr at 20 North of East)
2. Phases of Venus (Similar Phases of Venus)
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY
3. Moons of Jupiter (Jupiter had 4 moons) 61 moons
Distance (d) – 40m Displacement (s) – 40m east
4. Sunspots (Surface of the sun has blemishes) direction
5. Supernova (stars appeared to be points of light in the Milky Speed (v) – 30ms2 Velocity (v) – 30ms2
Way) Time (r) - 15s Force (F) – 100N upward
6. Apparently identical size of the stars (Stellar Parallax is direction
extremely different to be observed) Energy (E) – 2000J Acceleration (a) – 98ms2
downward direction
Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion (EEH)
Distance vs. Displacement
Law of Ellipses
 How much ground an object has covered during its
 Orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus
motion
o Perihelion – point nearest to the sun
 How far you traveled regardless of direction
o Aphelion – point farthest to the sun
 Total ground covered

Distance
 Length between two points
 Traveled length of an object

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
Displacement Inertia
 Defined as the change in position of an object  the natural tendency of ALL objects to remain at rest
 How far the object is from its starting point or in uniform motion along a straight line; “resists
Vectors changes in motion”
o MASS – quantitative measure of inertia of a
 Vectors are quantities represented by a line segment body
with an arrowhead o FORCE – action exerted upon by/to a body
 Tail – Origin that changes its state of motion
 Line segment – magnitude  The larger the mass of a body, the more force is
 Arrowhead – direction needed to overcome its inertia/change its state of
motion
Displacement (Resultant Vector)

 Description of the final position of a moving object SECOND LAW: LAW OF ACCELERATION
with respect to its initial position, regardless of the
path taken  An unbalanced force produces an acceleration with the

Force ( 𝐹⃗ )is directly proportional to acceleration ( 𝑎⃗

o Vector Addition direction of the force.
o Pythagorean Theorem 
o SOH-CAH-TOA ) (or vice versa)
o More Force, more Acceleration
Vector Addition – sum of 2 or more vectors is represented by a o Less Force, less Acceleration
single vector called resultant o Acceleration is inversely proportional to the
mass.
o Less acceleration, the object is more massive
o More acceleration, the object is less massive
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Net Force
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) o Vector sum of all the forces acting on an object

o The SI unit of force is NEWTON (N) or kg⋅ m/sec2

o Can change an object’s state of motion
 Only 25 when he formulated most of his discoveries
in math and physics
 His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
is considered to be the most important publication in Force, Mass, Acceleration
the history of Physics
A. a = F/m
FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA B. If we double the force, we double the acceleration.
C. If we double the mass, we half the acceleration.
 In the absence of external forces, an object at rest
remains at rest and an object in motion continues in
THIRD LAW: LAW OF INTERACTION
motion with a constant velocity.
o Newton’s First Law describes what happens in  For every action, there is an equal and
the absence of a force. opposite reaction.
 The First Law also allows the definition of force as  Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body,
that which causes a change in the motion of an the second body exerts a force back on the first that
object. is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
 Action Force
 Reaction Force
 Fa = - Fb or m1a1 = -m2a2
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PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
LOCOMOTION – constantly affect our everyday activities Two Types of a Projectile Motion
Projectile motion 1 (PM 1)
FREELY FALLING BODIES (Uniformly accelerated rectilinear  Horizontally Launch
motion)
Projectile motion 2 (PM 2)
 Freely falling motion is a motion of an object when
gravity is the only significant force acting on it.  Angled Launch
 The acceleration of an object due only to the effect In presence of gravity:
of gravity is known as free-fall acceleration.
 A projectile travels with a constant horizontal
𝑚
 This motion is an example of uniformly accelerated
velocity and a downward vertical acceleration.
𝑠
rectilinear motion. (constant acceleration = - 9.80 2)  The horizontal and vertical motions of a projectile
 This motion is moving in a straight line (vertical line @ are completely independent of each other.
y-axis) wherein its speed is constantly changing.

Total Time of Flight ( ttotal ) Horizontally Launched Projectiles

 Total time of flight is the amount of time spends in
the air until it reaches to the ground.
 The time of flight is just double the maximum-
height time.

MOTION AND FORCES IN TWO DIMENSIONS: PROJECTILE

Horizontal velocity is constant. Vertical velocity is changing due
MOTION
to gravitational acceleration.
 the motion of object in two dimensions (horizontal and
vertical components)
 an object following a projectile motion is called a Vertically Launched Projectiles
projectile
 Gravity is the only force acting on a projectile
 the path that a projectile follows is called its trajectory
 trajectory of a projectile results in a parabola (since it
moves both along the horizontal and vertical directions)
 Since a projectile moves in two dimensions, therefore it
has two components: The horizontal velocity component remains the same size
o Horizontal velocity (Vx) throughout the entire motion of the cannonball.
o Vertical velocity (Vy)

Two independent motions happening at the same time:

 Rectilinear Motion @ X- axis
 Freely Falling Bodies @ Y-axis
Two velocities happening at the same time:

 Vx (velocity at x)
 Vy (velocity at y)

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PHYSICAL SCIENCE REVIEWER (3RD QUARTER)
meters. What was the velocity at this height? How
long did the pencil take to reach at 12.20 meters?

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