BASIC

ELECTRONICS
COMPONENT
S
Learning Outcomes of Basic
Electronics Components

Learning about basic electronics components

can lead to several important outcomes:
1. Understanding Fundamental Concepts: Grasp
the essential principles of electronics, including
voltage, current, resistance, and power.
2. Identifying Components: Recognize and describe
the function of basic components like resistors,
capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and
integrated circuits.
3. Circuit Analysis: Learn how to read and interpret
circuit diagrams, and analyze simple circuits to
understand how components work together.
4. Practical Skills: Develop hands-on skills in
assembling and testing circuits, using tools like
multimeters, oscilloscopes, and soldering irons.
5. Troubleshooting: Gain the ability to diagnose and
fix common issues in electronic circuits.
6. Application Knowledge: Understand how basic
components are used in real-world applications and
systems, such as in computing, communication,
and control systems.
7. Safety Awareness: Learn safety practices to
prevent accidents and damage while working with
electronic components and circuits.
8. Foundation for Advanced Learning: Build a solid
foundation for more advanced studies in
electronics, electrical engineering, and related
fields.
Main Contents

1. Introduction:
- Overview of Electronic Components

- Distinction between Passive and Active

Components

2. Types of Diodes and Applications:

- Rectifier Diodes: Converting AC to DC
- Zener Diodes: Voltage regulation
- LEDs: Light emission
- Photodiodes: Light sensing.

3. Types of Transistors and Applications:

- Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): Amplification
and switching
- Field-Effect Transistors (FETs): Digital and analog
circuits.

4. Types of Resistors and Color Codes:

- Fixed Resistors: General circuit applications
- Variable Resistors: Potentiometers and
rheostats for adjustable resistance
- Thermistors: Temperature sensing and control
- Colour Codes: Interpreting resistor values

5. Types of Capacitors and Their Uses:

- Ceramic Capacitors: High-frequency
applications
- Electrolytic Capacitors: Power supply filtering
- Tantalum Capacitors: Space-sensitive
applications
- Film Capacitors: Audio and radio frequency
applications
- Supercapacitors: Energy storage applications

This outline provides a structured approach to

learning about basic electronic components, their
types, applications, and how to interpret their
specifications.
Explanation

(A) Introduction:

Overview of Electronic Components:

Electronic components are the
essential building blocks used to create
electronic circuits and devices. They are
integral to the functioning of everyday
electronics, from simple household gadgets
to complex industrial machines. These
components come in various forms and
perform different functions, such as
controlling current, storing energy, or
amplifying signals. Understanding these
components is crucial for anyone
interested in electronics, whether for
academic purposes, professional work, or
hobbyist activities.
Distinction Between Passive and Active
Components
Electronic components are generally
categorized into two types: passive and
active components.

Passive Components:
Definition: Components that do not require
an external power source to operate and
cannot introduce energy into the circuit.
They can only absorb, store, or dissipate
energy.
Examples: Resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.
Characteristics:
Resistors: Limit current flow and divide
voltage.
Capacitors: Store electrical energy
temporarily and release it when
needed.
Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic
field when electrical current flows
through them.

Active Components:
Definition: Components that require an
external power source to operate and can
introduce energy into the circuit. They are
capable of controlling the flow of electricity.
Examples: Diodes, transistors, and
integrated circuits.
Characteristics:
Diodes: Allow current to flow in only
one direction and can be used for
rectification.
Transistors: Act as switches or
amplifiers for electronic signals.
Integrated Circuits (ICs): Miniaturized
circuits that can perform a variety of
functions such as amplification, signal
processing, and computation.
Understanding the difference between
passive and active components is fundamental
for designing and analyzing electronic circuits.
Each type of component plays a distinct role,
and their combined use allows for the creation
of complex electronic systems.

2. Type of Diodes and Applications:

A diode is a semiconductor device that
permits current to flow in only one direction,
acting as a one-way valve for electric current.
They are formed by combination of p-type and
n-type semiconductor material. When p-type
and n-type are connected to positive and
negative terminal of battery respectively it is
said forward-biased connection otherwise
reverse-biased connection. It has two
terminals: an anode (positive side) and a
cathode (negative side). When forward-biased,
it allows current to pass through; when
reverse-biased, it blocks current.
(a). Forward-biased connection (b) Reverse-
biased connection

Fig(1). Diode connection

They come in various types, such as
rectifier diodes, Zener diodes, and Schottky
diodes, each suited for specific functions in
electronic circuits.

(A).Rectifier Diode:
A rectifier diode is a type of diode that is
primarily used to convert alternating current
(AC) to direct current (DC). This process is
known as rectification, which is essential in
power supply circuits where a stable DC
voltage is required
Structure: Typically made from silicon,
rectifier diodes have a PN junction with two
terminals: an anode (positive side) and a
cathode (negative side).
Symbol: The schematic symbol consists of a
triangle pointing towards a line. The triangle
represents the anode, and the line represents

the cathode.

Fig(2). Rectifier Diode

Application:
(1).Power Supplies: Converting AC from the
mains to stable DC voltage for electronic
devices.
(2).Battery Chargers: Ensuring current
flows in the correct direction to charge
batteries.
(3).AC-DC Converters: Providing DC power
from AC sources.

(B). Zener Diode:

A Zener diode is a type of
semiconductor diode designed to allow
current to flow in the reverse direction
when a specific reverse voltage, known as
the Zener voltage, is reached.
Structure: Similar to a regular diode, a
Zener diode has a PN junction, but it is
heavily doped to have a precise and low
breakdown voltage.
Symbol: The schematic symbol for a Zener
diode includes a regular diode symbol with
bent edges at the cathode end to indicate

the Zener effect.

Fig(3). Zener diode

Applications:
(1).Voltage Regulation: Maintains a stable
output voltage despite variations in input
voltage or load conditions.
(2).Overvoltage Protection: Clamps voltage
spikes to a safe level, protecting sensitive
components.
(3).Voltage Reference: Provides a precise
and stable reference voltage for analog and
digital circuits.
(C). Light Emitting Diode(LED).
A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a
semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. LEDs are
highly efficient and are widely used in various
applications for illumination, displays, and
indicators.
Structure: An LED consists of a PN junction
made from materials such as gallium arsenide
(GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), or gallium
nitride (GaN). When forward-biased, electrons
recombine with holes, releasing energy in the
form of light.
Symbol: The schematic symbol for an LED is
similar to a standard diode symbol but with two
arrows pointing away to indicate light emission.

Fig(4). Light Emitting Diode

Applications:
(1).Indicators: Show operational status in
devices (e.g., power on/off).
(2).Displays: Used in digital clocks, calculators,
and TV screens.
(3).Lighting: Provide efficient and long-lasting
lighting for homes, streets, and vehicles.
(4)Signal Lamps: Traffic lights, turn signals, and
brake lights.

(D). Photodiode:
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that
converts light into electrical current. It operates
by absorbing photons and generating a flow of
electrons, which creates an electric current
proportional to the intensity of the light.
Structure: Made from semiconductor materials
like silicon or germanium. It has a PN junction
with a transparent window to allow light to
reach the junction.
Symbol: The schematic symbol includes a
standard diode symbol with arrows pointing
towards it, representing incoming light.
Fig(5). Photodiode

Applications:
(1).Light Sensing: Used in light meters and
automatic brightness control.
(2).Optical Communication: Converts light
signals to electrical signals in fiber optic
systems and remote controls.
(3).Safety Systems: Detects light changes in
smoke detectors and security alarms.
(4).Solar Cells: Converts sunlight to electrical
energy in solar panels.
3. Types of Transistors and
Applications:
A transistor is a semiconductor device
used to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is a fundamental building
block in modern electronic devices, found in
everything from computers and smartphones
to radios and industrial machinery. There are
basically two type of Transistors.
(A).Bipolar Junction Transistors(BJT).
(B).Field Effect Transistors(FET).

(A).Bipolar Junction Transistors:

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is
a type of transistor that uses both electron
and hole charge carriers. BJTs are widely
used for amplification and switching
purposes.

Types of BJT :
(a).NPN Transistor: Consists of two N-type
semiconductor materials separated by a
thin layer of P-type material.
(b).PNP Transistor: Consists of two P-type
semiconductor materials separated by a
thin layer of N-type material.

Structure:
It is a three-layer semiconductor device
with three terminals: emitter, base, and
collector.
(a).Emitter(E): Heavily doped region that
emits charge carriers.
(b).Base (B): Thin and lightly doped region
that controls the transistor’s operation.
(c).Collector (C): Moderately doped region
that collects charge carriers.
Symbol:
Fig(6).npn transistor

Fig(7). pnp transistor

Applications:
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are
used in a variety of applications, including-
(1).Amplifiers: BJTs are used to amplify
audio, radio, and other signals in devices
like radios, televisions, and audio
equipment.
(2).Switches: BJTs can function as electronic
switches in digital circuits, such as in logic
gates and microprocessors.
(3).Oscillators: They are used in generating
oscillating signals for clocks and other
timing applications.
(4).Signal Modulation: BJTs help in
modulating signals in communication
systems.
(5).Voltage Regulators: They are employed
in voltage regulation circuits to maintain a
stable output voltage.
These applications leverage the
BJT’s ability to control current flow and
switch states efficiently.

(B).Field Effect Transistor(FET):

A Field-Effect Transistor (FET) is a
type of transistor that controls the flow of
current using an electric field. Unlike
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), which
use current to control current, FETs use
voltage to control the flow of current
between two terminals through a
semiconductor channel. There are three
terminal in FET:
(a).Gate: The terminal that controls the
current flow between the source and drain.
The gate voltage determines the
conductivity of the channel.
(b).Source: The terminal through which
current enters the channel.
(c).Drain: The terminal through which
current exits the channel.
Types of FET:
(1).Junction Field Effect Transistor(JFET)
(2).Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor(MOSFET).

(1).Junction Field Effect Transistor:

A Junction Field-Effect Transistor
(JFET) is a type of FET that controls the
flow of current between the source and
drain terminals through a
semiconductor channel, which is
modulated by a voltage applied to the
gate terminal. There are two type of
JFET:
(a).N-channel JFET: In an N-channel
JFET, the channel is made of N-type
material, and a positive voltage applied
to the gate (relative to the source)
decreases the channel’s conductivity
by depleting the N-type region of
charge carriers.
(b).P-channel JFET: In a P-channel JFET,
the channel is made of P-type material,
and a negative voltage applied to the
gate (relative to the source) depletes
the P-type channel of holes, reducing
the current flow.

Structure & Symbol:

Fig(7).N-channel JFET
Fig(8).P-channel JFET

Applications of JFET:
(1).Amplifiers: Used in high-impedance
input stages of amplifiers, where they
offer low noise and high gain.
(2).Analog Switches: Employed in
analog signal switching and routing
applications due to their low on-
resistance.
(3).Buffer Circuits: Serve as impedance
matching devices to prevent loading of
signal sources.
(2).Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor(MOSFET):
A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a
type of FET that controls the flow of
current between the source and drain
terminals using an electric field applied
to the gate terminal. The gate is
insulated from the channel by a thin
layer of oxide, which makes MOSFETs
ideal for various electronic applications
due to their high efficiency and
versatility.
There are two types of MOSFET
(a).Depletion type
(b).Enhancement type

(a).Deplation type:
A Depletion-mode MOSFET (D-
MOSFET) is a type of MOSFET that
is normally on (conducting) when
the gate-to-source voltage (V_GS)
is zero: There are two type of
Depletion type mosfet-
(a).N-channel D-MOSFET: Conducts
when the gate-to-source voltage is
zero or negative; a positive gate
voltage reduces the current flow.
(b).P-channel D-MOSFET: Conducts
when the gate-to-source voltage is
zero or positive; a negative gate
voltage reduces the current flow.
Symbol of Depletion type MOSFET:

Fig(9). Depletion type MOSFET

(2). Enhancement type MOSFET:
An Enhancement-mode MOSFET (E-
MOSFET) is a type of MOSFET that
is normally off (non-conducting)
when the gate-to-source voltage
(V_GS) is zero. There are two type
of Enhancement type MOSFET:
(a).N-channel E-MOSFET: Conducts
when a positive voltage is applied
to the gate relative to the source.
(b)P-channel E-MOSFET: Conducts
when a negative voltage is applied
to the gate relative to the source.
Fig(10). Enhancement type
MOSFET

Applications of MOSFET:
(1).Switching Power Supplies (SMPS):
Efficient power conversion in power
supplies.
(2).Motor Control: Driving and
controlling electric motors in
applications like electric vehicles.
(3).Digital Logic Circuits: Used in
microprocessors and memory devices.
(4).Amplifiers: Signal amplification in
audio and RF applications.
(5)Inverters: Converting DC to AC in
systems like solar power inverters and
UPS.
(3).Types of Resistors and Colour
Codes:
A resistor is a passive electrical component
that restricts the flow of electric current in a
circuit. Its primary function is to provide
resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), to limit
current, divide voltages, and manage signal
levels within electronic circuits. There are
following type of Resistors:
(1).Fixed Resistors
(2).Variable Resistors
(3).Special Resistors

(1).Fixed Resistors:
A fixed resistor is a type of resistor with a
resistance value that cannot be changed or
adjusted. The resistance remains constant
under normal operating conditions. Fixed
resistors are used to control the flow of
electrical current in a circuit by providing a
specific amount of resistance.
Fig(11). Symbol of fixed resistor
Examples of Fixed Resistors:
Here are examples of fixed resistors with
their corresponding resistance values:
(1).Carbon Composition Resistor: 1 kΩ
(2).Metal Film Resistor: 10 kΩ
(3).Carbon Film Resistor: 4.7 kΩ
(4).Wire Wound Resistor: 100 Ω
(5).thick Film Resistor: 220 Ω
(6).thin Film Resistor: 1 MΩ

(2).Variable Resistors:
A variable resistor is a type of resistor
whose resistance can be adjusted or
varied. It is used in electronic circuits to
control current, voltage, or signal levels.
Variable resistors are typically used for
tuning, calibration, and adjustment
purposes.
Fig(12). Variable Resistors
Types of Variable Resistors:
(1).Potentiometers:
Description: A three-terminal resistor with
an adjustable middle terminal (wiper) that
moves along a resistive track.
Function: Used to adjust voltage levels in a
circuit, such as in volume controls for audio
devices.
Example: Volume control on a radio.

(2).Rheostats:
Description: A two-terminal variable
resistor used to control current by adjusting
the resistance.
Function: Used to adjust the current in a
circuit, such as in light dimmers or motor
speed controllers.
Example: Light dimmer switches.
(3).Trimmers:
Description: Small, adjustable resistors
designed for fine-tuning and calibration of
circuits.
Function: Used for precision adjustments in
circuits, often during the manufacturing or
repair of electronic devices.
Example: Calibration adjustments in a
television set.

(3).Special Resistors:
Special resistors are designed to meet
specific needs beyond those of standard
fixed and variable resistors.
Here are some common types of special
resistors:
(1) Thermistors:
Description: Resistors whose resistance
varies significantly with temperature.
Types:
NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficient): Resistance decreases
as temperature increases.
PTC (Positive Temperature
Coefficient): Resistance increases
as temperature increases.
Applications: Temperature sensing,
temperature compensation, and circuit
protection.

(2) Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs):

Description: Resistors whose resistance
decreases with increasing light
intensity.
Applications: Light sensing in
automatic lighting systems, light
meters, and light-activated switches.

(3).Varistors:
Description: Voltage-dependent
resistors that change resistance based
on the applied voltage.
Applications: Surge protection and
voltage clamping to protect circuits
from voltage spikes.
¤ Colour Codes:
Resistor color codes are used to
indicate the resistance value, tolerance,
and sometimes reliability of resistors. The
color code consists of colored bands
printed on the resistor. The number of
bands can vary, typically four, five, or six.
Colour code table:

Colour Digit Multiplie Toleranc

r e
Black 0 1

Brown 1 10¹ ±1%

Red 2 10² ±2%
Orange 3 10³
Yellow 4 10⁴
Green 5 10⁵ ±0.5%
Blue 6 10⁶
±0.25%
Violet 7 10⁷ ±0.1%
Gray 8 10⁸
±0.05%
White 9 10⁹
Gold - 10^- ±5%
1
Silver - 10^- ±10%
2
No - - ±20%
colour
Interpreting the Color Bands:
(1).Four-band Resistor:
First Band: First significant digit.
Second Band:Second significant
digit.
Third Band: Multiplier (number of
zeros).
Fourth Band: Tolerance.
(2)Five-band Resistor:
First Band: First significant digit.
Second Band: Second significant
digit.
Third Band: Third significant digit.
Fourth Band: Multiplier.
Fifth Band: Tolerance.

How to read Colour code:

Example: (1)
Example: (2)

Note:-Trick to summarize colour code

“B B Roy of Great Britain has
Very Good Wife”
(Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet,
Grey, White <=> 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
(4).Types of Capacitors and
Applications:
A capacitor is an electronic
component that stores and releases electrical
energy in a circuit. It consists of two conductive
plates separated by an insulating material
called the dielectric. When a voltage is applied
across the plates, an electric field develops,
and charge accumulates on the plates, creating
a potential difference.
Symbol of Capacitor:

Fig(13). Capacitor

There are several types of capacitors,

each designed for specific applications and
characteristics. Here are the main types:
(1).Ceramic Capacitors.
Ceramic capacitors are one of the most
commonly used types of capacitors in
electronic circuits. They are valued for their
small size, low cost, and high-frequency
performance.

Key Points:-
Dielectric Material: Ceramic
Types:
Class 1: Stable, low-loss (e.g., C0G, NP0)
Class 2: Higher capacitance, less stable
(e.g., X7R, Y5V)
Capacitance Range: pF to µF
voltage Rating: Up to several kV
Advantages:Small size, Low cost, Non-
polarized,Excellent high-frequency
performance.
Applications: RF circuits, power supplies,
decoupling applications, high-frequency
filtering.
(2).Electrolytic Capacitor:
Electrolytic capacitors are known for their
high capacitance values, making them ideal for
applications requiring significant energy

storage.
Key points:-
Dielectric Material: Electrolyte-soaked paper or
aluminum oxide
Capacitance Range: µF to thousands of µF
voltage Rating: Up to a few hundred volts
Advantages: High capacitance values,
relatively inexpensive.
Disadvantages: Polarized, larger in size, limited
lifespan, sensitive to temperature.
Applications: Power supply filtering, audio
circuits, bulk energy storage.

(3). Tantalum Capacitors:

Tantalum capacitors are known for
their reliability, stability, and high capacitance
in a compact size.

Key Points:-
Dielectric Material: Tantalum pentoxide
Capacitance Range: µF to hundreds of µF
Voltage Rating: Up to a few hundred volts
Advantages: Stable, reliable, high capacitance
in small size.
Disadvantages: Polarized, more expensive than
electrolytic capacitors, failure can be
catastrophic
Applications: Space-sensitive applications,
mobile phones, computers, high-reliability
circuits.
(4). Film Capacitors:
Film capacitors are known for their
stability, reliability, and low loss characteristics,
making them ideal for high-voltage and high-

current applications.

Key Point:-
Dielectric Material: Polyester, polypropylene,
polycarbonate, etc.
Capacitance Range: pF to µF
voltage Rating: Up to several kV
Advantages: Stable, reliable, low loss, non-
polarized.
Disadvantages: Larger in size compared to
other types for the same capacitance.
Applications: High-voltage and high-current
applications, power electronics, audio circuits.
(5). Supercapacitors (Ultracapacitors):
Supercapacitors, also known as
ultracapacitors, are known for their very high
capacitance and energy storage capabilities.

Key Points:-
Dielectric Material: Electrochemical double
layer
Capacitance Range: Farads (F)
Voltage Rating: Low (usually up to a few volts)
Advantages: Very high capacitance, high
energy density, long life cycle, fast
charging/discharging.
Disadvantages: Low voltage rating, expensive,
large size.
Applications: Energy storage, backup power,
regenerative braking systems, power leveling
in renewable energy.
Summary

The "Basic Electronics Component"

introduction offers a thorough overview of
fundamental electronic components, essential for
anyone starting in electronics. It begins by
distinguishing between passive and active
components. Passive components, such as
resistors, capacitors, and inductors, do not require
external power to operate and do not amplify
signals. In contrast, active components, like diodes
and transistors, need an external power source and
can amplify or switch electronic signals.
The section on diodes describes their
various types, such as rectifier diodes, Zener
diodes, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), each with
unique applications. For example, rectifier diodes
are used in converting AC to DC, Zener diodes in
voltage regulation, and LEDs in display and lighting
systems.
Transistors are covered extensively,
detailing different types such as bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs).
Their applications range from amplification in audio
equipment to switching in digital circuits,
showcasing their versatility.

Resistors are discussed with an emphasis

on understanding color codes, which are crucial for
identifying their resistance values and tolerance.
This knowledge is vital for designing and
troubleshooting circuits.
Capacitors, another key component, are
explained in terms of types and uses. The guide
highlights their role in storing electrical energy,
filtering signals, and managing power supply
fluctuations.
Overall, this introduction serves as a
foundational guide to understanding the various
electronic components and their practical
applications, providing a solid base for further
study in electronics.
Glossary

Resistor: A passive component that restricts the

flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
Capacitor: A passive component that stores and
releases electrical energy, measured in farads (F).
Inductor: A passive component that stores energy
in a magnetic field when electric current flows
through it, measured in henrys (H).
Diode: An active component that allows current to
flow in only one direction, used for rectification and
signal modulation.
Transistor: An active component used for
amplification and switching of electronic signals.
Integrated Circuit (IC): A miniaturized electronic
circuit consisting of multiple components
(transistors, resistors, etc.) on a single chip.
Switch: A device that can open or close an
electrical circuit, controlling the flow of current.
Relay: An electrically operated switch that allows a
low power signal to control a high power circuit.
Connector: A device used to join electrical circuits
together, ensuring secure and reliable connections.
Battery: A device that stores and provides electrical
energy through chemical reactions.
Passive Component: An electronic component that
does not require an external power source to
operate (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors).
Active Component: An electronic component that
requires an external power source to operate and
can amplify signals (e.g., diodes, transistors).
Rectifier Diode: A diode used to convert alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC).
Zener Diode: A diode used for voltage regulation.
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A diode that emits light
when current flows through it.
Photodiode: A diode that converts light into
electrical current.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): A type of transistor
used for amplification and switching.
Field-Effect Transistor (FET): A transistor that
controls current using an electric field.
Potentiometer: A variable resistor used to adjust
current or voltage.
Thermistor: A temperature-dependent resistor used
for temperature sensing and control.
Farad (F): The unit of capacitance.
Henry (H): The unit of inductance.
Ohm (Ω): The unit of electrical resistance.
Question With Answer

Fill in the blanks:

1.The two main categories of electronic
components are _____ and _____.
Answer: passive, active
2.An example of a passive component is a _____.
Answer: resistor
3.An example of an active component is a _____.
Answer: transistor
4.Passive components do not require an external
_____ to operate.
Answer: power source
5.Active components can amplify _____.
Answer: signals
6.A resistor is a type of _____ component.
Answer: passive
7.A transistor is a type of _____ component.
Answer: active
8.Capacitors store _____ energy.
Answer: electrical
9.Diodes allow current to flow in _____ direction.
Answer: one
10.Inductors store energy in a _____ field.
Answer: magnetic
11.The _____ diode is used in rectification.
Answer:rectifier
12.A _____ diode is used for voltage regulation.
Answer: Zener
13.Light Emitting Diode (LED) emits _____ when
current passes through it.
Answer: light
14.The _____ diode can conduct in reverse bias
above a certain voltage.
Answer: Zener
15.Photodiodes are used to detect _____.
Answer: light
16.The two main types of transistors are _____ and
_____.
Answer: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), Field-
Effect Transistor (FET)
17.Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) have three
regions: _____, _____, and _____.
Answer: emitter, base, collector
18.Field-Effect Transistors (FET) are controlled by
_____.
Answer: voltage
19.Transistors can be used as _____ in circuits.
Answer: switches
20.The MOSFET is a type of _____ transistor.
Answer: Field-Effect
21.Resistors are used to limit _____ in a circuit.
Answer: current
22.The first band in a resistor color code represents
the _____ digit.
Answer: first
23.A gold band in a resistor color code indicates a
_____% tolerance.
Answer: 5
24.Variable resistors are also known as _____.
Answer: potentiometers
25.Resistors in series add their resistances _____.
Answer: together
26.Capacitors are used to store _____ energy.
Answer: electrical
27.The unit of capacitance is the _____.
Answer: farad
28.Electrolytic capacitors have _____ polarity.
Answer: fixed
29.Ceramic capacitors are often used in _____
frequency applications.
Answer: high
30.Capacitors can be used for _____ coupling in AC
circuits.
Answer: capacitive
True or False:
1.Resistors are considered active components.
(False)
2.Transistors can amplify electrical signals. (True)
3.Capacitors store energy in a magnetic field.
(False)
4.Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction.
(True)
5.LEDs emit light when current passes through
them. (True)
6.Inductors store energy in an electric field. (False)
7.Zener diodes can regulate voltage in circuits.
(True)
8.BJTs have three regions: emitter, base, and gate.
(False)
9.FETs are controlled by voltage rather than
current. (True)
10.Variable resistors are also known as
potentiometers. (True)
11.The first band in a resistor color code represents
the tolerance. (False)
12.Electrolytic capacitors do not have a fixed
polarity. (False)
13.Ceramic capacitors are used in high-frequency
applications. (True)
14.Passive components require an external power
source to operate. (False)
15.Photodiodes are used to detect light. (True)
16.MOSFETs are a type of Bipolar Junction
Transistor. (False)
17.A gold band in a resistor color code indicates a
5% tolerance. (True)
18.Resistors in series add their resistances
together. (True)
19.The unit of capacitance is the henry. (False)
20.Capacitors can be used for capacitive coupling
in AC circuits. (True)
21.A rectifier diode is used to convert AC to DC.
(True)
22.Active components cannot control the flow of
current. (False)
23.A photodiode generates current when exposed
to light. (True)
24.The capacitance of a capacitor is measured in
ohms. (False)
25.Transistors can be used as switches in electronic
circuits. (True)
Reference Books & E-
Resources
Here are some textbook reference name:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuit
Theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis
Nashelsky
2.Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S.
Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith
3.The Art of Electronics by Paul Horowitz
and Winfield Hill
4.Principles of Electronics by V.K. Mehta
and Rohit Mehta
5.Fundamentals of Electric Circuit by
Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O.
Sadiku

Here are some important usefull links

1.https://www.wileyindia.com
2.https://www.quora.com
3.https:/www.easyengineering.net
4.https://youtu.be/4sBgu_tUpiI?si=kY-
iEYqZTxdQgXvf
5.https://youtu.be/u7Dgm9hux0U?
si=e9vzeOtfNhQdk5GX

Questions & Answers

Short Type question:

1.Define a passive component.
2.Define an active component.
3.Give an example of a passive component.
4.Give an example of an active component.
5.What is the primary function of a diode?
6.Name a type of diode.
7.What is a Zener diode used for?
8.What does LED stand for?
9.What is the main function of a transistor?
10.What does NPN stand for in transistors?
11.What does PNP stand for in transistors?
12.What does FET stand for?
13.Name an application of a BJT.
14.What is the unit of resistance?
15.What is the function of a capacitor?
16.Name a type of capacitor.
17.What is the unit of capacitance?
18.What is the purpose of a resistor in a circuit?
19.What is the symbol for a diode in circuit
diagrams?
20.What does a Light Emitting Diode (LED) emit
when current passes through it?
21.What is the primary material used in the
construction of most diodes?
22.Name a component that stores electrical energy
in an electric field.
23.What does MOSFET stand for?
24.What is the purpose of a decoupling capacitor in
a circuit?
25.Name the component that limits the flow of
electric current.
26.What is the symbol for a resistor in circuit
diagrams?
27.What does the term ‘biasing’ refer to in the
context of transistors?
28.Name a type of resistor with an adjustable
resistance.
29.What is the main function of a rectifier?
30.What does the color code on a resistor indicate?
Multiple Choice Questions:
1.Which of the following is a passive component?
a) Transistor b) Diode
c) Resistor d) Integrated Circuit
2.Which component is used to store electrical
energy?
a) Resistor b) Capacitor
c) Diode d) Transistor
3.What does LED stand for?
a) Light Emission Diode b) Light Energy
Diode
c) Light Emitting Diode d) Light Enabling
Diode
4.Which type of transistor has the layers arranged
as P-N-P?
a) NPN transistor b) PNP transistor
c) FET d) MOSFET
5.What is the primary function of a Zener diode?
a) To emit light b) To amplify signals
c) To regulate voltage d) To rectify AC to DC
6.What does FET stand for?
a) Field Energy Transistor b) Field Effect
Transistor
c) Field Emission Transistor d) Field Enabled
Transistor
7.In resistor color codes, what does the color red
represent in the multiplier band?
a) 1 b) 10
c) 100 d) 1000
8.Which of the following is an active component?
a) Capacitor b) Inductor
c) Transistor d) Resistor
9.What is the unit of capacitance?
a) Ohm b) Farad
c) Henry d) Coulomb
10.Which of the following components is used to
limit current flow in a circuit?
a) Capacitor b) Resistor
c) Inductor d) Diode
11.What is the primary function of a diode in a
circuit?
a) To store energy b) To resist current flow
c) To allow current to flow in one direction only
d) To amplify signals
12.What does MOSFET stand for?
a) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor
b) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Free-Electron
Transistor
c) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Fast-Electron
Transistor
d) Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Emission
Transistor
13.Which component is commonly used for filtering
signals in electronic circuits?
a) Transistor b) Diode
c) Capacitor d) Resistor
14.What is the typical use of a varistor?
a) Voltage regulation b) Current amplification
c) Surge protection d) Signal filtering
15.What is the symbol for a resistor in circuit
diagrams?
a) Z b) R c) Ω d)L
16. Which component can amplify electrical
signals?
a) Resistor b) Capacitor
c) Transistor d) Inductor
17.What is the primary function of a rectifier?
a) To store charge b) To limit current
c) To convert AC to DC d) To amplify voltage

Long type Questions:

1.What are passive electronic components?
Provide examples.What are active electronic
components? Provide examples.
2.What is the primary distinction between
passive and active components?
3.List three types of diodes and describe one
application for each.
4.What are the main types of transistors, and
how are they used in electronic circuits?
5.How do you identify the resistance value of a
resistor using its color code?
6.Explain the different types of capacitors and
their specific uses.
7.Describe the function and application of a
rectifier diode.
8.How does a Zener diode work, and what is its
common application?
9.Compare and contrast bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors
(FETs) in terms of structure and application.