IMPEDIMENTS TO HUMAN ACTS of an act.

Here, action is done because of

ignorance and through ignorance.
- Impediments to human acts hinder one  Concomittant – has causal effect on the
from performing his/her moral action. The action is performed in
responsibility. ignorance and with ignorance.
- These impediments either increase or  Consequent – ignorance is dependent on
decrease the moral responsibility of the the will’s decision.
person doing the action.
- These impediments include ignorance,  Concupiscence
concupiscence, fear, violence, habit.
- Happens when inordinate passion hinders
one to exercise correct reasoning.
 Ignorance
- Passions are the emotional elements such
- Ignorance pertains to the lack of pertinent as pride, anger, love, joy, and the likes.
information, as to the nature, - Concupiscence happens when these
circumstances, and effect of a certain passions push the person in doing a
action. certain act without the intervention of
- Either in commission or omission, the reasoning or mind.
willful lack of initiative to extensively
understand the whole picture of the Kinds of Concupiscence
circumstance affects the moral quality of 1. Antecedent – A spontaneous inordinate
an action. passion influences an action before it is
- Ignorance takes place when an individual controlled by the will. The act abruptly or
consciously proceeds to act on a certain suddenly happens.
matter without due consideration of the 2. Consequent – happens when the
relevant or necessary information related intellect is aware of the inordinate
to it. passion and the will still choses to arouse
the said passion and proceed with the
Innocence – freedom from legal guilt of a act. So, it is pre-meditated.
particular crime or offense.
 Fear
Naïve - having or showing a lack of
- Happens when the individual is
experience, judgment, or information;
threatened by impending danger.
credulous.
- The existence of danger or threats can
limit one’s ability to use the will and
Kinds of Ignorance
reason and merely acts base on the
1. Invincible Ignorance
instinct to survive or overcome the
- There is invincible ignorance when situation.
one is totally ignorant of the things
surrounding his/her action and there Kinds of Fear
is no way to remove/dispel it. In  Light Fear – The impending danger or
situations like this, the culpability of threat is light or somewhat like remote.
the individual is negated.  Grave Fear – The impending danger or
2. Vincible Ignorance threat is so serious like a matter of life
and death choices.
- There is a lack of required
knowledge to determine the goodness
 Violence
or badness of a certain action, but
this can be dispelled or learned - Is the application of physical force upon a
through ordinary efforts, resisting person to compel him/her to do
conscientiousness, and proper diligence. or not to do an act like protecting oneself
and others.
Kinds of Vincible Ignorance - There are two persons involve here, the
 Antecedent – when ignorance comes one who attacks and the one who defends
before the will can decide on the morality her/himself.
- What we judge here is the reaction of the  Relative Good
one being attacked since the act of the
- It is suitable to perfect or satisfy
one who attacks is understood as bad.
someone or something else.
- This perspective suggests that the
 Habit
goodness or badness of something is
- Firm and stable behavior pattern of contingent upon the context, situation,
acting. or individual perspective.
- An individual naturally and consciously,
 Essential Good
although most often unconsciously
performs an action, as a result of its - An essential good satisfies the need of
repetitive performance through time. a human person as a human being.
- One acts based on his/her repeated - Food, clothing, shelter, tools and
responses to situations. education are essential goods.
- Good moral habits are called virtues while  Accidental Good
bad habits are vices.
- People are expected to exert utmost - Accidental good is that which satisfies
effort to free themselves from vicious the want of a person because of his
habits. particular situations.
- Expensive clothes, big house, a flashy
GOOD AND GOODNESS car are personal wants of a rich man.
 Real Good
Good
- Real good is anything which has
- Aristotle defines "Good" as "anything intrinsic value.
which fits or suits a function". - These could be things, activities,
- Food is good either because it suits one's relationships, or persons.
taste, or the need for nourishment.
- Clothes are good because they fit the  Apparent Good
personality of the user, or they provide - An apparent good is an evil which is
comfort. viewed subjectively as something of
- In a higher level, actions are good when value, such as cigarettes, prohibited
they fit the moral integrity of a person. drugs and vices.

Goodness  Perfective Good

- The quality or state of being good. - Perfective good is that which

contributes to integral growth or
Kinds of Good development of a person, such as
education, virtue, food, sports, and
 Objectively Good medicines.
- In a way that is based on facts and not  Non-Perfective Good
influenced by personal beliefs or
feelings. - Non-perfective good is anything which
- Anything that is good in itself. merely contributes to the external
appearance or convenience of a
 Subjectively Good person, such as expensive clothes,
- Means based on the personal money, title, or car.
perspective or preferences of a person  Perfect Good
—the subject who's observing
something. - Has the fullness of qualities enabling it
to fully satisfy human desire.
 Absolute Good
 Imperfect Good
- That which possesses the perfections
proper to its nature. - Possesses only certain qualities so
- Something is good absolutely when it that it does not fully satisfy human
is what it should be. desire except in a relative or limited
sense.
- All "earthly" goods are imperfect. of being. It is the state of perfection
- Only God, in the absolute sense, is arising from the possession of what is
perfect good. good. Just as the possession of wealth
makes an individual a rich man, the
 Ontological Good
possession of the greatest good makes a
- Relating to or based upon being or person perfectly happy.
existence. - Now, which is the greatest good that
 Physical Good would completely fill up all of man's
longing and desires.
- Natural, man-like
 Moral Good BEATITUDES

- The state of possessing what is generally 1. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is
regarded as good character, rooted in the kingdom of heaven.
virtue. 2. Blessed are those who mourn, for they
will be comforted.
Common Good 3. Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit
- If you do something for the common the earth.
good, you do it for the benefit or 4. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst
advantage of everyone. for righteousness, for they will be filled.
5. Blessed are the merciful, for they will be
Greatest Good shown mercy.
- Every human activity is a tendency 6. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will
towards the attainment of something see God.
good. 7. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they
- Not only individual actions are tending will be called children of God.
towards the acquisition of good, but 8. Blessed are those who are persecuted
human life itself, which is the sum of all because of righteousness, for theirs is the
activities, is a movement towards the kingdom of heaven.
possession of the greatest good.
- The greatest good, or the "summum Virtue – It is thinking and doing what is right
bonum" in the words of Scholastic and avoiding what is wrong.
philosophers, is that which is perfect in
itself and capable of satisfying all human  Cardinal Virtues - four principal moral
desires. virtues
- It is also the ultimate good, because it is
the absolutely final thing which is sought 1. Prudence - It is the virtue that allows us
for its own sake. to judge correctly what is right and what
- The purpose of human existence is the is wrong in any given situation.
attainment of the greatest good. 2. Justice - It is the cardinal virtue that
- The greatest good, according to Aristotle, disposes one to do what is right and to
is happiness. want to do what is right.
3. Fortitude – It allows us to overcome fear
Happiness and to remain steady in our will in the
- Happiness is either objective or face of obstacles.
subjective. Objectively, happiness refers 4. Temperance – It is the restraint of our
to something having intrinsic value and desires or passions. Temperance is the
capable of satisfying a human need. virtue that attempts to keep us from
Subjectively, it is the psychological state excess, and, as such, requires the
of feeling contented resulting from the balancing of legitimate goods against our
attainment of that which is good in itself. inordinate desire for them. It is the
The toy (objective) makes the child happy "golden mean" that helps us determine
(subjective). how far we can act on our desires.
- Happiness contributes to the perfection of
a person. Hence, happiness is not just an  Theological Virtues - are those that
emotion or something of value but a state order man to God, allowing him to
participate in God’s own Trinitarian,
divine life. They provide the foundation
for the Christian’s entire moral life
because they guide, direct, and give life
to all other virtues. These virtues are gifts
given to us by God freely and it is up to
us to decide whether or not we want to
accept and use them.
1. Faith - enables us to believe in God and
believe what He has revealed to us as
truth because He is Truth Himself.
2. Hope - is the virtue by which we desire
and seek our ultimate good and
happiness which is eternal life in the
kingdom of heaven.
3. Charity/Love - which we love God above
all things for his own sake, and our
neighbor as ourselves for the love of God.

FRUITS AND GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT

Fruits of the Holy Spirit

1. Charity
2. Joy
3. Peace
4. Patience
5. Kindness
6. Goodness
7. Generosity
8. Gentleness
9. Faithfulness
10.Modesty
11.Self-Control
12.Chastity

Gifts of the Holy Spirit

1. Wisdom
2. Understanding
3. Counsel
4. Fortitude
5. Knowledge
6. Piety
7. Fear of the Lord