ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS

CAIE IGCSE
FRENCH
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
Prepared for Namrata for personal use only.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Both present and present continuous tenses in English

1. Infinitive Verbs are conveyed in one single tense in French.
Remove -er/-ir/-re from the ending of the verb to form
the present stem
1.1. Infinitives Add the ending from the table below.
The infinitive is the original form of the verb -er -ir -re
Je -e -is -s
All verbs have an –er, -ir or –re ending. Tu -es -is -s
Example: aller, avoir, regarder, manger, jouer Il/Elle/On -e -it
Nous -ons -issons -ons
Vous -ez -issez -ez
1.2. Negative Infinitives Ils/Elles -ent -issent -ent

Example: regarder → regard (present stem)Tu (regard +

Formation:
es) = Tu regardes (You are watching or You watch)
Negation + Infinitive Note: irregular verbs do not follow this pattern

Note: Both negation words must come before the 2.2. Present Perfect Tense
infinitive

Examples: Used to express an action completed in the past

Ne…pas + fumer → Ne pas fumer (Not to smoke) Formation:
Je t’ai dit de ne pas fumer. (I told you not to smoke.) —
Saying ne fumer pas is incorrect and could be interpreted as Subject + Auxiliary verb + Past participle
the imperative ne fumez pas.
All verbs either take avoir or être as auxiliary verbs
1.3. Past Infinitives Verbs that take être as auxiliary:
Refers to something that has happened in the past (DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP → acronym to memorise)
Verb Meaning Past Participle
Formation: Devenir To become devenu(e)(s)
Revenir To return revenu(e)(s)
(aprˋes) + avoir or être + past participle Monter
Rentrer
To climb
To come back
monté(e)(s)
rentré(e)(s)
Sortir To go out sorti(e)(s)
Example: Après avoir mangé… (after having Venir To come venu(e)(s)
eaten…)Après être arrivé…(After having arrived) Arriver
Naître
To arrive
To be born
arrivé(e)(s)
né(e)(s)
Note: avoir/être will be used depending on whether the Descendre To go down descendu(e)(s)
verb takes avoir or être in the past perfect tense Entrer
Retourner
To come in
To give back
entré(e)(s)
retourné(e)(s)
Tomber To fall tombé(e)(s)

1.4. Reflexive Infinitives Rester

Aller
To remain/stay
To go
resté(e)(s)
allé(e)(s)
Mourir To die mort(e)(s)
Partir To leave/depart parti(e)(s)
When a reflexive verb is in its infinitive form, it retains its
ending (er, ir, re) All the past participles verbs taking être must agree with
An additional se is placed before the infinitive the subject/noun in number and gender.
Note: se becomes s’ when the infinitive starts with a All reflexive verbs take être as an auxiliary
vowel and a silent h Add (e) for feminine singular, (s) for masculine plural, (es)
Common Reflexive Verbs in their infinitive form include: for feminine plural — nothing is added for masculine
Verb Meaning singular
Se réveiller To wake up (To wake oneself up)
Se lever To get out of bed (To get oneself out of bed) Example: sortir → sorti
Se coucher To go to bed (To put oneself to bed)
S’endormir To fall asleep Elle + (être in present tense) + (past participle)
Se doucher; Se baigner
To take a shower (To shower oneself); To take a bath (To bath
oneself)
= Elle est sortie (She went out)
Se promener To take a walk (To walk oneself)
S’habiller
Se brosser
To dress up (To dress oneself)
To brush
Forming the past participle for verbs taking avoir
Se dépêcher To hurry up (To hurry oneself)

2. Tenses
2.1. Present Tense

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Infinitive Meaning Past Participle
Remove the verb ending (-er/-ir/-re) and add the Être
Faire
To be
To do; To make
été
fait
following endings: Avoir To have eu
Voir To see vu
Verb ending Suffix Savoir To know su
-er -é Connaître To know connu
-ir -i Lire To read lu
-re -u Croire To believe cru
Devoir To have to (must) dû
Pouvoir To be able to (can) pu
Note: verbs taking avoir as an auxiliary do not agree with Pleuvoir To rain plu
the noun in gender and number unless a direct object is Vouloir To want voulu
Vivre To live vécu
mentioned previously in the same sentence. Recevoir To receive reçu
Décevoir To disappoint déçu
Example: manger → mangé Dire To say; To tell dit
Prendre To take pris
Nous + (avoir in present tense) + (past participle) Mettre To put mis
= Nous avons mangé (We ate or We have eaten) Rire To laugh ri
Ouvrir To open ouvert
Offrir To offer offert
Past Participle Agreements with Avoir
Not only can verbs taking être agree with the 2.3. Imperfect Tense
subject/noun in gender and number, but verbs taking
Used to express a continuous/habitual action done in the
avoir can, too, in certain conditions.
When the direct object pronouns (le/la/les) or a direct past
object are introduced before the past participle, the Formation:
participle must agree with the direct object.
Add (e) for feminine singular, (s) for masculine plural, (es) Conjugate the verb in present tense nous form
for feminine plural — nothing is added for masculine Remove the nous ending to form the imperfect stem
singular Add the ending from the table below.
Note: The direct object pronouns le/la change to l’ when Note: the ending does not change for different verb
it is met with a vowel types (-er/-ir/-re)

Examples: Je
Ending
-ais
J’ai choisi les chiens (I chose the dogs) (les chiens is Tu -ais
masculine plural) → Les chiens que j’ai choisis (The dogs Il/Elle/On -ait
Nous -ions
that I chose) Vous -iez
Il m’a donné une trousse (He gave me a pencil case) (une Ils/Elles -aient

trousse is feminine singular) → Il me l’a donnée (He gave it

to me) Example: jouer → jouons → jou (imperfect stem)
J’ai perdu mes clés (I lost my keys) (mes clés is feminine Il (jou + ait) = Il jouait (He used to play or He was playing)
plural) → Je les ai perdues (I lost them) Example: finir → finissons → finiss (Imperfect stem)
Je (finiss + ais) = Je finissais (I used to finish or I was finishing)
Common verbs with irregular past participles
2.4. Immediate Future Tense
Used to express actions that are going to occur in the
near future

Formation:
Subject + Aller + The infinitive
Example: Apprendre (to learn)
Vous + (aller in present tense) + (infinitive)
= Vouz allez apprendre (You are going to learn)

2.5. Future Tense

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Used to express actions that will happen sometime in Used to express an action which has just been
the future or actions that will undoubtedly happen completed

Formation: Formation:
Subject + venir + de + infinitive verb
Subject + Future stem + Suffix Example: Je + (venir in the present tense) + de + (infinitive)
To form the future stem, use -ir and -er verb infinitives = Je viens de regarder la télé (I just watched the TV)
For –re verbs, remove the -e
Subject Suffix 3. Imperative
Je -ai
Tu -as
Il/Elle/On
Nous
-a
-ons
3.1. Imperatives
Vous -ez
Ils/Elles -ont
Used to give orders and requests, provide
recommendations and advice and prohibit actions
Example: descendre → descendr (future stem)= Nous
Only exists in tu, nous & vous forms
descendrons (We will go down)
Informal singular: tu form of the present tense.
There are also irregular stems in the future that must be (For –er verbs, take off the –s.)
remembered. Common ones include: Formal singular or Informal plural: vous form of the
present tense.
Infinitive
Être
Meaning
To be
Irregular Stem
ser-
First-person plural: nous form of present tense (e.g. let’s
Avoir To have aur- go)
Aller To go ir-
Faire
Savoir
To do; To make
To know
fer-
saur-
Example:
Vouloir To want voudr- Parle! (Talk!)
Pouvoir
Voir; Envoyer
To be able to (can)
To see; To send
pourr-
verr- ; enverr-
Parlons! (Let’s talk!)
Recevoir; Décevoir; Devoir; (and other To receive; To disappoint; To have recevr- ; décevr- ; Parlez! (Talk!)
verbs that end in -evoir) to (must) devr
Mourir To die mourr-
Venir; Tenir (and other verbs that end To come; To hold viendr- ; tiendr-
Common irregular verbs in the imperative
in -enir)
Infinitive Tu Nous Vous

2.6. Past Perfect Tense

Aller Va Allons Allez
Avoir Aie Ayons Ayez
Être Sois Soyons Soyez
Savoir Sache Sachons Sachez
Used to refer to an action in the past before a time in the Vouloir Veuille Veuillons Veuillez
past which is already referred to
Forming the imperative with reflexive verbs
Formation:
Subject + Imperfect tense (avoir or être) + Past participle Follows the same formation rule as the normal verbs
Disjunctive pronouns toi, nous and vous are added at the
Remember DR & MRS P VANDERTRAMP end and joined with a hyphen
Example: manger → mangé (past participle) Informal singular: add toi
= J’avais mangé (I had eaten) First-person plural: add nous
Formal singular or Informal plural: add vous
2.7. Conditional Tense Example:
Réveille-toi! (Wake up!)
Used to talk about a hypothetical/imagined Réveillons-nous! (Let’s wake up!)
reality/probable action Réveillez-vous! (Wake up!)
Formation:
3.2. Negating the Imperative
Subject + Future stem + Imperfect endings
Formation:
Note: Irregular future stems also apply here
Example: jouer → jouer (future stem) Ne + Verb in the imperative + 2nd part of the negativ
Il + jouer + ait = Il jouerait (He would play)
Example:
Ne parle pas! (Don’t talk !)
2.8. Recent Past Tense

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Ne parlons pas! (Let’s not talk!)
Ne parlez pas! (Don’t talk!) En + V erb in nous f orm ( without − ons) + (−ant)

When negating the imperative with reflexive verbs, the Example:

reflexive pronouns te, nous and vous replace toi, nous manger → mangeons →mange
and vous = En mangeant (while eating)
The reflexive pronouns are placed in between the Ne Je regarde la télé en mangeant du gâteau (I'm watching the
and the verb in the imperative TV while eating cake)
Informal singular: add te Note:
First person plural: add nous
Do not confuse it with the present tense. Present tense
Formal singular or Informal plural: add vous
can also be translated like this: Je parle → I am talking.
Example:
Ne t'inquiète pas ! (Don’t worry!)
Ne nous inquiétons pas ! (Let’s not worry!)
6. Negative
Ne vous inquiétez pas ! (Don’t worry!)

Note: te contracts to t’ when there is a vowel or a silent h

6.1. Negatives
after it. Ne… pas is the most common negative. It means ‘not’.
Most negatives form a sandwich around the main verb.
4. Verbs Example:
Vous ne mangez pas de viande (You do not eat meat).
Remember: ne becomes n’ before a vowel or silent h
4.1. Impersonal Verbs
MORE NEGATIVES
Negatives Meaning Examples
They cannot be used with other subject pronouns except Je ne travaille plus
Ne…plus Not anymore, no longer
il, not even elle or on (I don’t work anymore).
Je ne vois rien
Here are some verbs that are used with weather: Ne…rien Nothing, anything (I can’t see anything).
Ne…jamais Never Je ne vais jamais à la piscine
(I never go to the swimming pool).
Infinitives Sentences Translation Je ne connais personne à Paris
Pleuvoir Il pleut It is raining Ne…personne Nobody, anybody
(I don’t know anyone in Paris).
Neiger Il neige It is snowing Je ne regarde que des films
Ne…que Only (I only watch films).
Geler Il gèle It is freezing
Tonner Il tonne It is thundering Je ne vais ni au cinéma ni au théâtre
Ne…ni…ni Neither…nor (I neither go to the cinema nor to the theatre).
Faire Il fait mauvais The weather is bad
Ne…aucun(e) No Je n'ai aucune idée
(I have no idea).
Note: The verb faire is usually used to describe weather, Ne…nulle part Nowhere, anywhere Je ne vais nulle part
(I am not going anywhere).
even though it means ‘to do’
Example: Il fait chaud. (It (the weather) is hot) Note: Ne…aucun(e) agrees to the noun's gender but not
Other common expressions include: the quantity.
Il y a … (There is/are)
Ex. Il y a des serpents ! (There are snakes!)
Il faut … (You/We/One must/should) 7. Infinitives with Prepositions
Ex. Il faut protéger l’environnement. (We must
protect the environment.) Infinitives with Prepositions

The following verbs require à/de before them at all

5. Present Participle times:

5.1. Present Participle

Used to express the -ing form of the verb
Used to express an action that is happening
simultaneously with another action
Never takes a subject (je, tu, il…)

Formation:

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Verbs requiring à Verbs requiring de
S’attendre
S’amuser
(S’)arrêter
Décider
Generally, plural nouns are formed by adding -s at the
Apprendre Essayer end of words
Commencer S’occuper Ex. le chat → les chats
Consister Se souvenir
Continuer S’approcher Most singular nouns that end with -eau, -eu, -au become
Encourager Promettre plural by adding -x.
S’intéresser Refuser
Réussir Regretter Ex. le tableau → les tableaux (painting)
Servir Rêver Ex. le cheveu → les cheveux (hair)
Ex. le noyau → les noyaux (pit of a fruit)
Example: Standard exceptions for the rule include: pneu (tire)
Il commence à comprendre. (He is beginning to understand.) and bleu (blue)
Some infinitives can have à, de or nothing and have Most singular nouns that end with -ou become plural by
different meanings adding -s
Ex. le sou → les sous (penny; not to be confused with
Example: sous meaning under)
Tu viens à parler de la fête (You end up talking about the Other common singular nouns like: bijou (jewelry),
party) chou (cabbage), genou (knee) and hibou (owl)
Tu viens de parler de la fête (You just talked about the party) become plural by adding -x
Tu viens parler de la fête (You come to talk about the party) All singular nouns that end with -s, -x and -z do not
change when becoming plural
7.1. Manquer à Ex. le cas → les cas (case)
Ex. le prix → les prix (price)
It is a regular -er verb meaning to miss Ex. le gaz → les gaz (gas)
Has a special property when used with the preposition à Most singular nouns that end with -al become plural by
The subject and the object inverts their position in the changing into -aux
sentence Ex. l’animal → les animaux (animal)
Formed by placing what you or someone misses as the Other common singular nouns like carnaval (carnival)
subject of the sentence followed by the subject as the and festival (festival) become plural by adding -s.
indirect object Some singular nouns that end with -ail become plural by
adding -s, and some change into -aux
Examples: Common examples that add -s include: chandail
(sweater), détail (detail) and portail (doorway)
Tu me manques. (I miss you.) Common examples that change into -aux include:
The translation You miss me for this example is travail (work)
incorrect
Je te manque. (You miss me.) Distinct Plurals
The translation I miss you for this example is
incorrect Some nouns have no rules and have distinct differences
Paris me manque. (I miss Paris.) between singular and plural versions
Vous allez nous manquer. (We are going to miss you.) Common examples include:
Antoine manque à Dominique. (Dominique misses Un œil → Des yeux (eye)
Antoine.) Monsieur → Messieurs
Madame → Mesdames
8. Nouns Mademoiselle → Mesdemoiselles

8.1. Gender 9. Adjectives and Adverbs

All nouns have either a masculine or a feminine gender.
The articles, verbs, adjectives and pronouns agree with
the noun in gender and number.

8.2. Plural Noun Formation

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

plus (que) = more (than).

9.1. Adjective Agreement Ex. Je mange plus lentement que toi. (I eat more
slowly than you)
Adjectives must agree in number and gender with the moins (que) = less (than).
noun that they describe.
Ex. Il parle moins vite que moi. (He speaks less
To make an adjective feminine singular →, add -e
quickly than me)
To make an adjective masculine plural →, add -s aussi (que) = as (as).
To make an adjective feminine plural →, add -es Ex. Elle chante aussi bien que moi. (She sings as well
These rules apply to regular adjectives as me)
Adjectives that end with -s or -x do not change their form
An adjective or an adverb must come after plus, moins or
in the masculine singular and plural.
aussi.
Adjectives that end with -eux or -eur
Change to -euse in the feminine singular Mieux, Meilleur, Pire and Plus mal
Change to -euses in the feminine plural
However, there are exceptions where Mieux (better) is the comparative form of bien
An additional e is added Ex. Il joue bien → Il joue mieux que toi. (He plays
Ex. supérieur, inférieur, intérieur, extérieur better than you)
etc. Plus mal (worse) is the comparative form of mal
It changes to -rice Ex. Il joue mal → Il joue plus mal que toi. (He plays
Ex. directeur, acteur, etc. worse than you)
Adjectives that end with -eau add -x in the masculine Meilleur (better) is the comparative form of bon(ne)
plural Ex. Ce plat est bon→ Ce plat est meilleur que le tiens.
Adjectives that end with -al (This dish is better than yours)
Change to -aux in the masculine plural Pire (worse) is the comparative form of mauvais
However, there are exceptions where it changes Ex. Ce plat est mauvais → Ce plat est pire que le tiens.
to -als (This dish is worse than yours)
Ex. fatal, final, glacial, etc.
Adjectives that end with -er change to -ère in the
feminine singular 9.3. Superlative
Adjectives that end with -et change to -ète in the
feminine singular Formation of superlatives:
Adjectives that end with -f change to -ve in the feminine Le/La/Les + noun + Le/La/Les + plus/moins +
singular adjective
Adjectives that end with consonants -n, -l or -t change or
into the feminine singular by Le/La/Les + plus/moins + adjective + noun
Doubling up the consonant
Note: They are not interchangeable
Adding an additional e Adjective placement determines which superlative form
Certain adjectives their ends change to -l when the noun to use
it precedes starts with a vowel or a silent If the adjective comes after the noun, the first one
Common adjectives include:
should be used
Adjectives New Form Example Ex. La question la plus difficile (The most difficult
Beau Bel Un bel arbre question)
Fou Fol Un fol été
Nouveau Nouvel Un nouvel ami If the adjective comes before the noun, the second
Vieux Vieil Un vieil homme one should be used
Ex. Le moins petit parc (The smallest park)
9.2. Comparative When describing something using a superlative the
following formation must be followed:

Le + plus/moins + adjective
Example:
Mon père conduit le plus vite. (My father drives the fastest)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Elle parle le moins vite. (She speaks the least fast)
Cette maison est la plus grande. (This house is the biggest) These are some of the many adverbs of place and time
used to describe when an action is taking place
Note: Le is always with adverbs no matter what
Tard Late
Le meilleur (the best); Le pire (the worst); Le moindre Tôt Early
(the least) Dans un moment In a while
Aussitôt Immediately
Finalement Finally

9.4. Quantifiers Tout de suite

Toujours
Straight away
Always
Jamais Never
Beaucoup de A lot of, many Souvent Often
Moins de Less Rarement Rarely
Plus de More Longtemps (for) a long time
Trop de Too much, too many Brièvement Briefly
Assez de Enough Autrefois In the past
Bien Well/ a lot Actuellement At present
Comme As/ like La veille The day before
Fort Large Le lendemain The next day
Peu/ un peu Not much/ little Déjà Already
Si If Pas encore Not yet
Tellement So much

9.9. Common Adverbial Phrases

Tout The whole/the entire
Très Very
Trop Too much/ very

Dans l’avenir/la passé In the future/past

9.5. Interrogative Adjectives En ce moment
En avance
In a moment
Early
En retard Late
They are used to ask for more detail than just ‘yes’ or ‘no’ À l’heure On time
En face Across the way/ in front of
They agree with the noun in gender and number Sans doute Without doubt/Undoubtedly
They mean ‘which’ or ‘what’
Quel Masculine singular 9.10. Adjective Placement
Quels Masculine plural
Quelle Feminine singular
Quelles Feminine plural Most of adjectives come after the noun
Ex. La maison blanche (The white house)
9.6. Possessive Adjectives However, adjectives can also come before the noun
BAGS (Beauty, Age, Good and bad and Size) ← acronym
These come before the noun and agree with that noun to remember
Remember: mon, ton and son are used before a Common adjectives that come after the noun include:
feminine word starting with a vowel or silent h. Adjective Meaning
Grand(e) Big/Tall
English Masculine Feminine Plural Bon(ne) Good
my Mon Ma Mes Jeune Young
your (singular, informal) Ton Ta Tes Petit(e) Small
his, her, its Son Sa Ses Mauvais(e) Bad
our Notre Notre Nos Vieux/Vieille Old
your (plural, formal) Votre Votre Vos Meilleur(e) Best
their Leur Leur Leurs Beau/Belle Beautiful/Handsome
Faux/Fausse False/Fake
Gros(se) Large/Fat
9.7. Indefinite Adjectives Haut(e)
Bas(se)
High/Tall
Low
Joli(e) Pretty
Indefinites always come before a noun and agree with Même Same
Nouveau/Nouvelle New
the noun in both number and gender.
Chaque Each/every (only in singular form) Meaning-Dependent Placement
Chacun Each one
Quelque Some/Any (in questions)
Même The same thing Some adjectives can be placed before or after the noun
N’importe quel Any The meaning changes whether the adjective is placed
Pareil The same
Plusieurs Several before or after the noun
Tel Such

9.8. Adverbs of Place and Time

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Example: propre (own or clean)
Ma propre chambre (My own bedroom) Adverbs are formed by adding –ment to the feminine
Ma chambre propre (My clean bedroom) singular form of the adjective.
Ex. positif → positive + ment → positivement
Common adjectives of this type include: (positively)
Adjectives that end with é, -i and -u become adverbs by
Adjectives Meaning before a noun Meaning after a noun
Propre Own Clean adding -ment to their masculine singular form.
Cher Dear Expensive Ex. aisé + ment → aisément (comfortably)
Ancien Former Old
Dernier Last (of something) Last (recent event) Ex. poli + ment → poliment (politely)
Prochain Next (when it happens again) Next (upcoming event) Ex. résolu + ment → résolument (firmly)
Même Same Very
Vrai Real True When the masculine singular adjective ends in –ent,
remove the –ent and add –emment.
Ex. récent → réc + -emment → récemment
9.11. Irregular Adjectives When the masculine singular adjective ends in -ant,
remove the -ant and add -amment.
Some adjectives have no proper rule that describes the
noun to which it agrees Ex. étonnant → étonn + -amment → étonnamment
Found in a lot adjectives that describe nationality (surprisingly)
Some adjectives in their feminine singular forms need to
Common irregular adjectives include:
change from -e to and -é in order to become adverbs
Adjectives (Masculine Singular) Adjecives (Feminine Singular) Ex. profond → profonde → profondé →
Beau Belle
Vieux Vieille
profondément
Fou Folle
Nouveau
Gros
Nouvelle
Grosse 9.14. Adverb Placement
Faux Fausse
Sec Sèche
Public Publique
Frais Fraîche
Favori Favorite
Blanc Blanche
Doux Douce

9.12. Compound Adjectives

Adjectives can exist as multiple words called compound
adjectives
Most compound adjectives are invariable meaning they
do not agree in number and gender

Example: Les jupes bleu foncé (The dark blue skirts)

However, some compound adjectives can still agree in

number and gender found in:
Dual nationalities
Fixed expressions

9.13. Adverb Formation

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Singular Plural
Adverbs can be placed in front or behind the sentence Masculine
Feminine
Tout
Toute
Tous
Toutes
Ex. Hier, j’ai rencontré un homme. (Yesterday, I met a
man).
Ex. J’ai rencontré un homme hier. (I met a man 10. Articles
yesterday).
Adverbs can also be placed in the middle of the sentence
Ex. Il parle aisément de la fête. (He comfortably 10.1. Definite Articles
speaks about the party.)
Note: Adverbs cannot be placed in between the These articles mean ‘the’
subject and conjugated verb They appear before the noun
Note: Adverbs of time (not to be confused with Example: la femme → the woman
adverbs of frequency) are not usually placed in the Le Masculine singular
middle of the sentence La Feminine singular
When a composed tense (Ex. passé composé) is used, Les
L’
Plural
Singular starting with vowel or h
the adverb is placed in between the auxiliary verb and
the past participle.
Ex. Elle a bien écrit la lettre. (She wrote the letter 10.2. Indefinite Articles
well.)
Generally, adverbs used in a negative sentence go after These articles mean ‘some’ or ‘a’
the 2nd part of the negation They come before the noun
Ex. Il ne mange pas vite. (He doesn’t eat quickly.) Note: after negative verb forms, un, une and des change
Some adverbs must always go before the 2nd part of the to de
negation notably including: Un Masculine singular
Peut-être (Maybe) Une Feminine singular
Des Plural
Même (Even)
Probablement (Probably)
Généralement (Generally) 10.3. Au, à la, à l’, aux
Certainement (Certainly)
Sans doute (With a doubt) These mean ‘to the’ or ‘at the’
Some adverbs can also go both before or after the 2nd Au Masculine singular
part of the negation, but its meaning changes notably À la Feminine singular
including: Aux
À l’
Plural
Singular starting with vowel or h
Vraiment
Ex. Je ne lui ai pas vraiment parlé. (I didn’t talk to Example: au cinema (to/at the cinema)
him/her really.) à la gare (to/at the station)
Ex. Je ne lui ai vraiment pas parlé. (I didn’t really à l’hôpital (to/at the hospital)
talk to him/her) aux magasins (to/at the shops)
Toujours
Ex. Je n’ai pas toujours compris ça. (I didn’t
understand it always.)
10.4. Partitive articles
Ex. Je n’ai toujours pas compris ça. (I still didn’t
These articles mean ‘some’ or ‘any’.
undestand it.)
Du Masculine singular

9.15. Tout as an Adjective De la

De l’
Feminine singular
Singular word beginning with vowel
Des Plural

Simply means all, whole or every

Agrees in the number and gender
Placed before the noun and article
11. Interrogatives
Example: Tous les lycées (All the highschools) 11.1. Interrogatives
Common words to start a question:

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Qui Who Vous écoutez de la musique ?
Que/ Qu’est-ce que What
Quand When
Où
Pourquoi
Where
Why 11.3. Open-ended Questions
Comment How
Combien How much/How many
À quelle heure? At what time?
Open-ended questions are questions whose answers are
Combien de temps ? How long?/How much time? not limited to a fixed response.
Lequel Which one?
They can be formed by adding the question words
To ask - Demander; To ask a question - Poser une mentioned:
question In front of inverted questions
You cannot say Demander une question as it is Ex. Que fais-tu ? (What are you doing?)
incorrect In front of questions using est-ce que
Qu’est-ce que tu fais ? (What are you doing?)
Note: Que becomes Qu’ when met with a vowel
11.2. Close-ended Questions or y.
They can also be formed by adding the question words
Close-ended questions are questions whose answers are after a sentence
limited (Yes or No)
Example:
Inversion Tu vas où? (Where are you going?)

Used in very formal situations Note: Que at the end of the sentence changes to Quoi
A question is formed when the subject pronoun and the
conjugated switch places and are joined with a hyphen Example:
Tu fais quoi ? (What are you doing?) — Tu fais que is
Example: incorrect
Joues-tu au foot? (Do you play football?)
Sont-elles heureuses ? (Are they happy?) 11.4. Euphonic Inversion
Écoutez-vous de la musique ? (Do you listen to music?)
Inversions can result in two vowels being next to each
Note: You cannot invert any nouns — instead, use the
other
2nd person singular subject pronoun according to the The letter t is added for euphony both in the written and
gender of the (noun and invert it with the conjugated spoken language
verb
This applies to only the subject pronouns il, elle and on
Example:
Example:
Antoine est-il toujours là ? (Is Antoine still here?)
il parle → parle-t-il (parle-il is wrong)
elle a → a-t-il (a-il is wrong)
Using Est-ce que on arrive → arrive-t-on (arrive-on is wrong)
Used in friendly/neutral situations Note: This does not apply to conjugated verbs that end
A question is formed when Est-ce que is placed at the with consonants
beginning of a normal sentence

Example:
Est-ce que tu joues au foot ?
12. Demonstratives
Est-ce qu’elles sont heureuses ?
Est-ce que vous écoutez de la musique ? 12.1. Ce, cette, ces
Informal These demonstratives mean ‘this’ and ‘these’.
They come before a noun and agree with it in number
Used in relatively informal situations and gender.
A question is formed by placing a question mark at the
end of a normal sentence Ce Masculine singular
Cette Feminine singular
When spoken, the pitch of the last word of the sentence Ces Plural
must be raised to sound like a question Cet Before a vowel/silent h

Example: 12.2. celui, celle, ceux, –ci, -là

Tu joues au foot?
Elles sont heureuses ? Celui and celle are used to specify one particular thing
from a group.

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Celui Masculine singular Person Singular Plural
Celle Feminine singular 1st Me Nous
Ceux Plural 2nd Te Vous
3rd Se Se
Forms ending in –ci indicate something close to the
speaker (here/this). Example: celui-ci → this one Used with reflexive infinitives
Forms ending in –là indicate something that’s farther Describes an action that takes place upon oneself or
away from the speaker (there/that). Example: celui-là → upon each other
that one These pronouns are used in reflexive verbs and come
before the main part of the verb.

13. Pronouns Example: Se baigner → Je me baigne (I take a bath)

In the perfect tense, the reflexive pronoun goes before
the auxiliary verb
13.1. Subject Pronouns Example: Se coucher → Je me suis couché (I went to
bed)
Person Pronoun Meaning In the negative, the negation surrounds the reflexive
1st Je I verb and pronoun.
2nd Tu You (singular informal)
Example: Se coucher → Je ne me couche pas tôt (I don’t
3rd Il/Elle/On He/She/One
1st Nous We go to bed early)
2nd Vous You (plural and singular formal) When an object (especially a human body part) is used
3rd Ils/Elles They with a reflexive, it does not express possession. Instead it
uses a definite article.
All verbs are conjugated with these pronouns Example: Se brosser les dents → Je me brosse les dents.
It is required to use subject pronouns all the time (I brush my teeth.)
Ils is used to describe a group of males and a group of
males and females.
Elles is used to describe a group of females only. 13.4. Y
Y means ‘there’ or ‘it’.
13.2. Object Pronouns It replaces a thing (but never a person), a place and
words including and comes after à or a preposition
Direct Object Pronouns followed by a place
It comes before all parts of the verb.
These replace a noun in a phrase. Example:
They agree with the noun in gender and number Il y est allé l’année dernière. (I went there last year.)
They are placed before the verb Je ne m’y attendais pas. (I was not expecting that.)
Example: Je le mange. (I am eating it) Remember: S’attendre has the preposition à. The
Person Singular Plural example replaces à ça
1st Me Nous
2nd
13.5. En
Te Vous
3rd Le/La Les

Indirect Object Pronouns

These replace the names of people that come after the
preposition à.
They agree with the noun in gender and number.
They go before the verb.
Example: Il écrit à nous. → Il nous écrit. (He writes to us)
Person Singular Plural
1st Me Nous
2nd Te Vous
3rd Lui Leur

13.3. Reflexive Pronouns

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

En means ‘of them’, ‘of it’, ‘about it’ or ‘some’. Dont

It replaces words of quantity and words including and Means ‘whose’, ‘of whom’ or ‘which’.
what comes after de. May be used to refer to persons or things.
It comes before all parts of the verbs except the It does not change its form or agree with anything.
imperative Example:
Example: Tu veux du fromage ? Oui, j’en veux bien. (Do J’ai rencontré un homme dont la femme est
you want some cheese? Yes, I’d like some) policière. (I met a man whose wife is a
Tu as combien de sœurs? J’en ai trois. (How many sisters policewoman.)
do you have? I have 3 (of them)) Où
J’en ai parlé hier. (I spoke about it yesterday) Où means ‘where’, ‘when’, or ‘that’
Remember: Parler with de is used if we’re talking about Used to describe a location
something. The example replaces de ça. Used to describe an action relating to time
Examples:
13.6. Definite Relative Pronouns La ferme où j’ai vu ta mère. (The farm where I saw
your mother.)
Link relative clauses to main clauses so that you don’t Le jour où nous partons. (The day that we leave)
have to repeat subjects and objects — Using quand or que instead of où is incorrect
Qui/Que
Qui and que can both be used to refer to people or 13.7. Posessive Pronouns
things.
Qui is used for the subject or indirect object, as well They agree with the possessed noun in gender and
as after a preposition. number
Que is used for the direct object. They are always preceded by definite articles (le/la/les)
Examples: They replace (possessive adjective + noun)
J’ai un ami, qui s’appelle Théo. (I have a friend,
Masc. sing. Fem. Sing. Masc. plural Fem. Plural
who is called Theo) Mine Le mien La mienne Les miens Les miennes
Le chat que j’ai vu était noir. (The cat which I saw, Yours (tu) Le tien La tienne Les tiens Les tiennes
His, hers, its Le sien La sienne Les siens Les siennes
was black.) Ours Le nôtre La nôtre Les nôtres Les nôtres
Lequel Yours (vous) Le vôtre La vôtre Les vôtres Les vôtres
Theirs Le leur La leur Les leurs Les leurs
Means ‘which’ and is used for indirect objects.
Follows some prepositions and is only used when Example: J’aime bien cette idée, mais que pensez-vous
referring to things, never about people. des leurs ? (I really like this idea, but what do you think
Must also agree with the noun’s gender and number. about theirs?)
Example:
Le livre dans lequel j’ai écrit. (The book in which I
wrote.) 13.8. Pronoun Order
Singular Plural When using object pronouns, it is important to know that
Masculine Lequel Lesquels
Feminine Laquelle Lesquelles there is a specific order
The same type of pronouns cannot be used more than
once in the same sentence
Two different pronouns can only be used in a single
sentence
The negation part Ne always before everything
Note: This diagram demonstrate the order only for
normal sentences excluding the affirmative imperative.
The negative imperative still follows this order.

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Note: Soi - oneself

Note: Lui as a disjunctive pronoun is not to be confused
with Lui as an indirect object pronoun
Disjunctive Pronouns have various important uses
concerning:
Emphasis
Ex. Moi, j’aime bien les fleurs. (As for me, I love
flowers.)
Objects of a preposition
Examples: Ex. Je suis avec toi. (I am with you.)
Ex. Il court plus vite qu’eux. (He runs faster than
Je le lui ai donné. (I gave it to him/her.) them.)
Il me les montre. (He is showing them to me.) Compound subjects
Ne me mens pas ! (Don’t lie to me!) Ex. Toi et moi (nous) sommes contents. (You and I
are happy.)
However, It is different for the affirmative imperative Ex. Elle et toi (vous) êtes contents. (You and her
The disjunctive/stressed pronouns moi and toi are used are happy.)
instead of me and te. This also applies to imperative with Ex. Lui et elle (ils) sont contents. (He and her are
reflexive verbs. happy.)
Note: The verb must be conjugated to the correct
person.
Emphatic/Intensive Pronouns
The pronoun can be used to create words like
yourself, themselves, myself, etc.
Add même after the pronoun — joined with a
hyphen
Examples: Ex. Toi-même (Yourself)
Used to further emphasise
Achète-moi une maison ! (Buy me a house!) Ex. Le président lui-même était là. (The
Donne-le-moi ! (Give it to me!) president himself was there.)
Parle m’en ! (Talk to me about it!) The imperative
Note: moi and toi when met with en and y become me
and te and contract to m’ and t’ 13.10. Indefinite Relative Pronouns
13.9. Disjunctive and Stressed Pronouns
Person Singular Plural
1st Moi Nous
2nd Toi Vous
3rd Lui, Elle, Soi Eux, Elles

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Comme As, since
Link relative clauses to main clauses, but do not have an Puisque As, since
Lorsque When
aforementioned specific object Si If
Ce qui/Ce que Parce que Because
Pourquoi Why
Means ‘that’ or ‘what’ — not to be confused the Quand When
interrogative ‘what’
Ce qui replaces the subject
Ce que replaces the direct object 14.3. Emphatic Co-ordinating
Examples: Conjunctions
Je ne sais pas ce qui se passe. (I don’t know what
is happening.) et…et both…and
ni…ni neither…nor
Je fais ce que je veux. (I do what I want.) ou…ou either…or
ou bien…ou bien either…or
soit…soit either…or
13.11. Tout as a Pronoun plus…plus
moins…moins
the more…the more
the less…the less
parfois…parfois sometimes…sometimes
Simply means “everything”
Does not agree to gender and number Note: plus…moins and moins…plus is also possible
It can be both subject and an object
When it is an object, its placement is always after the
verb — after the auxiliary verb in composed tenses
14.4. Conjunctive Adverbs
Examples: Words or phrases that are used to link up paragraphs,
Tout me déteste (Everything hates me) ideas and clauses.
Je déteste tout (I hate everything) Conjunctive Adverbs Meaning
(Tout) D’abord; Pour commencer First of all; Firstly
Enfin; Pour finir; Pour conclure In conclusion; Finally; Lastly

14. Conjunctions Et puis; Après; Ensuite

Par exemple
Pourtant; Cependant; Néanmois; Toutefois; Par
Then; Next; Afterwards
For example; For instance

contre However; Yet; Nevertheless; Nonetheless

14.1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions

D’ailleurs Incidentally
Par ailleurs; En plus; De plus; En outre In addition; Additionally;
Au contraire On the contrary
D’un côté…De l’autre côté On one hand…On the other hand
They connect two grammatically equivalent words or
phrases (e.g. two phrases, two words)
Example: Jean et Pierre sont intelligents. (Jean and Pierre 15. Prepositions
are intelligent)

Car For, because 15.1. Prepositions of Place

Donc So
Ensuite Next
Et And Prepositions Meaning
Mais But Sur On
Ni Nor Sous Under
Ou Or Devant In front of
Ou bien Or else Derrière Behind
Puis Then Avec With
Dans In
En In (Abstract sense)

14.2. Subordinating Conjunctions Chez

Près de
At the home of
Near
Loin (de) Far (from)
À côté (de) Nearby; Next to
They link a dependent clause with an independent clause Entre Between
Example: Il a réussi parce qu’il a beaucoup travaillé. (He Autour de Around
À gauche (de) Left; To/On the left (of)
succeeded because he worked a lot.) À droite (de) Right; To/On the right (of)
Au centre/milieu de In the centre/middle of

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Prepositions Meaning
Some prepositions agree with the gender and number of Vers
À
Towards
To; At; In
the noun. De From
These translate to ‘at’, ‘in’, or ‘to’ depending on Par By (the way of)
Jusqu’à Until
circumstances
Au
À la
Masculine singular noun
Feminine singular nouns
15.5. Other Prepositions
À l’ Singular nouns starting with a vowel or h
Aux Plural nouns Preposition Meaning
Contre Against
Malgré Despite
15.2. Prepositions for Countries and Sans
Sauf
Without
Except
Cities Selon
Sur/À propos de
According to
About
Grâce à Thanks to/Because of
À cause de Due to/Because of
In/To En plus/De plus On top of that
Au sein de Within
Preposition For Examples Parmi Among
Au Masculine countries Au Sénégal; Au Vietnam Au lieu de Instead of
En Feminine countries En France; En Inde Pour In order to
Aux Plural countries Aux États-Unis; Aux Philippines
À Cities À Paris, À New York
Note: Grâce à has a more positive connotation, whereas
À cause de has a more negative connotation.
Note: Regardless of the country’s gender, if the country
starts with a vowel or a silent h, En is always used.
15.6. Depuis, Pendant, Pour
Example: L’Iran (Masculine) → En Iran
Depuis
From
Used mainly in the present, present perfect and
Preposition For Examples
Du Masculine countries Du Mexique
imperfect tense in French
De/D’ Feminine countries; cities De Russie; D’Allemagne Describes a duration of an action that started in the past
Des Plural countries Des États-Unis; Des Philippines
and is still ongoing in the present
Note: Regardless of the country’s gender, if the country Examples:
starts with a vowel or a silent h, D’ is always used. J’apprends le français depuis 2013. (I’ve been learning French
since 2013.)
Example: L’Angola (Masculine) → D’Angola
Il jouait au foot depuis une heure quand il a plu. (He was
Note: A small group of cities have articles where it agrees playing football for an hour when it rained.)
with the rules for countries, notably including: Tu n’as pas fumé depuis 2 ans. (You haven’t smoked for two
Le Caire (Cairo — The capital city of Egypt) years.)
La Paz (The capital city of Bolivia)
Note: In the first example, the present tense is used in
French, but in English it’s the present perfect.
15.3. Prepositions of Time Note: In the third example, the present perfect is used
because the action of not smoking is not completed yet.
Prepositions Meaning
En In (months; seasons;)
Dans In Pendant
Depuis Since/For
Pendant For/During
Pour For (duration in the future) Used mainly in the past and the future tense in French
Il y a
Avant
Ago
Before
Describes a duration of an action that:
Après After has started and has finished
is going to/will happen in the future
Note: En, when used to talk about seasons, turns to Au
when the word starts with a consonant. This does not Examples:
apply to months. J’ai eu une réunion pendant 20 minutes. (I had a meeting for
20 minutes.)
15.4. Prepositions of movement

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Il va faire les courses pendant 2 heures. (He is going to get
groceries for 2 hours.) Note: All cardinal directions are masculine, and they can
Elles voyageront pendant 3 semaines. (They will travel for 3 also be used as an adjective however, it does not agree
weeks.) in gender and number.
To form more specific cardinal directions add Nord or
Pour Sud then followed by Est or Ouest separated by a
hyphen
Used mainly in the future tense
Describes a duration of an action that is going to/will Nord + Est → Nord-Est (North East)
happen Nord + Ouest → Nord-Ouest (North West)
Sud + Est → Sud-Est (South East)
Examples: Sud + Ouest → Sud-Ouest (South West)
Il va faire les courses pour 2 heures. (He is going to get
groceries for 2 hours.)
Elles voyageront pour 3 semaines. (They will travel for 3 16. Numbers, Quantity, Time
weeks.)
16.1. Numbers
15.7. En and Dans as Prepositions of
Numbers 21,31,41,51,61,71 follow this pattern:
Time 21 → vingt-et-un
Numbers from 70 to 79 follow this pattern:
En 75→ soixante-quinze
Numbers from 80 to 99 follow this pattern:
Used only in the present and past tense 87→quatre-vingt-sept
Describes an action that is completed in a certain 98→quatre-vingt-dix-huit
amount of time Ordinal numbers can be shorten by writing the number
Examples: and adding e at the end
Tu marches à l’école en 20 minutes. (You walk to school in 20 Ex. 19e siècle (19th century)
minutes.) Second(e) is only used when the list has only two
J’ai fait mes devoirs en une heure. (I did my homework in an elements
hour.) Note: Premier is shortened to 1er (masculine) or 1re
(feminine) and Second is shortened to 2d (masculine) or
Dans 2de (feminine)

Used only in the future tense

Describes an action that is going to/will happen

Examples:
Je vais nager dans 5 minutes. (I am going to swim in 5
minutes.)
Il achètera une grande maison dans 10 ans. (He will buy a
big house in 10 years.)

15.8. Cardinal Directions

Cardinal Direction Meaning
Nord North
Sud South
Est East
Ouest West

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Numeral Cardinal Ordinal
1
2
Un
Deux
Premier (Première)
Deuxième or Second(e)
Ex. le lundi 12 septembre 2003. (Monday, September
3 Trois Troisième 12th 2003 or Monday, the 12th of September 2003)
4 Quatre Quatrième Everything is always in lowercase unless it’s at the start
5 Cinq Cinquième
6 Six Sixième of the sentence — the article is capitalised Le
7 Sept Septième When it is the first day of the month, premier or 1er is
8 Huit Huitième
9 Neuf Neuvième used instead of un or 1
10 Dix Dixième In France they use the 24 hour clock, so 3:15pm would
11 Onze Onzième
12 Douze Douzième become 15h15 or quinze heures et quart.
13 Treize Treizième Note: heures is plural only when the time is more than
14 Quatorze Quatorzième
15 Quinze Quinzième one
16 Seize Seizième When telling the time, use Il est always. Using C’est is
17 Dix-sept Dix-septième
18 Dix-huit Dix-huitième incorrect.
19 Dix-neuf Dix-neuvième Figures will be accepted in the written examination.
20 Vingt Vingtième
21 Vingt-et-un Vingt-et-unième Years are said as regular numbers
22 Vingt-deux Vingt-deuxième Example: 2020 → Deux-mille-vingt
23 Vingt-trois Vingt-troisième
24 Vingt-quatre Vingt-quatrième Days of the week
25 Vingt-cinq Vingt-cinquième
26 Vingt-six Vingt-sixième Days Meaning
27 Vingt-sept Vingt-septième Lundi Monday
28 Vingt-huit Vingt-huitième Mardi Tuesday
29 Vingt-neuf Vingt-neuvième Mercredi Wednesday
30 Trente Trentième Jeudi Thursday
40 Quarante Quarantième Vendredi Friday
50 Cinquante Cinquantième Samedi Saturday
60 Soixante Soixantième Dimanche Sunday
70 Soixante-dix Soixante-dixième
80 Quatre-vingt Quatre-vingtième
90 Quatre-vingt-dix Quatre-vingt-dixième
Months of the year
100 Cent Centième
1000 Mille Millième Months Meaning
1000000 Million Millionième Janvier January
1000000000 Milliard Milliardième Février February
Mars March
Avril April
16.2. Expressions of Quantity Mai
Juin
May
June
Juillet July
Beaucoup A lot Août August
Assez Enough Septembre September
Un peu A bit Octobre October
Trop Too much Novembre November
Demi Half Décembre December
Moitié Half
Quart Quarter
Tellement
Tant
So much
So much
16.4. Fractions

16.3. Dates and Times

Date format:

le + day + number + month text(+year)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Formed by cardinal numbers (un, deux, trois…) and then Subject + Conjugated e^tre + Past Participle
followed by ordinal numbers (cinquième, sixième,
septième…) The participle has to agree with the subject of the
Exceptions include: passive verb
demi It is not often used in French; you must only understand
tiers it.
quart
Ordinal numbers (cinquième, sixième, septième…) must
agree to the cardinal numbers (un, deux, trois…) by
18. Constructions and
adding an s
All fractions are masculine except demi
Expressions
Examples:
un(e) demi(e) (one half)
18.1. Il est vs. C’est
deux tiers - (two thirds) Il est alongside Elle, Ils and Elles are used with only
trois quarts (three fourths) adjectives, not with nouns
cinquante-deux centième (fifty-two hundredths) C’est is used with nouns as well as adjectives
Note: There are no mixed numbers in French Note: Adjectives are always masculine when C’est is used
Can also be formed by using only cardinal numbers (un, no matter what
deux, trois…) or numerals, but adding sur in-between the Examples:
number C’est un chanteur. (He’s a singer.)
Examples: Il est chanteur. (He’s a singer.)
dix sur vingt (ten over twenty or ten out of twenty) Note: All occupations do not use articles when Il est is
99 sur 100 (99 over 100 or 99 out of 100) used — it acts like an adjective.
Il, Elle, Ils and Elles can also describe nouns, but the noun
16.5. Quantity vs. Duration Words must be mentioned before or after to make it clear what
you are referring to
There are two words that meaning to: Year, Day, Morning
and Evening divided into quantity and duration words Examples:
Quantity words deals with units of times and are always Cette maison, elle est vraiment jolie. (This house is really
masculine pretty.)
Duration words deals with the duration or a length of Ils sont gentils, les Français. (The French are kind.)
time and are always feminine
Quantity Duration Meaning
18.2. Idiomatic Expressions
An Année Year
Jour Journée Day There are many expressions that exist using a
Matin Matinée Morning
Soir Soirée Evening combination of verbs and nouns together using Avoir,
Faire, Prendre, etc.
Examples: Common expressions that use Avoir :
J’ai vécu en France pendant cinq ans. (I lived in France for a
Expression Meaning
year.) — Emphasis on the amount of years. Avoir besoin de To need
Elle travaille pendant la matinée. (She works in the morning.) Avoir du mal à/avec (à for verbs/avec for nouns) To struggle
Avoir l’air (de) To appear; To look like
— Emphasis on the duration of the morning. Avoir envie de To feel like
Avoir l’intention de To have the intention of; To plan
Avoir l’impression de To have the impression of

17. Passive Voice Expressions that use Faire :

17.1. Passive Voice

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH
Expression Meaning
Faire attention à
Faire les courses
To be careful; To pay attention to
To get groceries
A structure exists that can express and emphasizes
Faire le ménage To do the housework continuity in different tenses, notably the present and
Faire la vaiselle To wash the dishes imperfect tenses.
Faire la cuisine (or cuisiner) To cook
Faire du vélo To bike
Faire du sport To play sports Formation:
Subject + Être en train de + Infinitive
Expressions that use Prendre : Examples:
Expression Meaning
Je suis en train de manger une pomme. (I’m in the process of
Prendre du poids To gain weight eating an apple. or I’m eating an apple.)
Prendre au sérieux
Prendre soin de
To take (sb) seriously
To take care of
Elle était en train de jouer au basket. (She was in the process
Prendre une décision To make a decision of playing basketball. or She was playing basketball.)
Prendre une photo To take a photo

18.6. Savoir vs. Connaître

18.3. Si Clauses
Both simply mean “to know” but have very distincts uses
Equivalent to if-then sentences in English Savoir is most of the time followed by an infinitive and a
Describes conditions to be met in order for results to subordinating clause
occur When Savoir is followed by an infinitive, it means “to
Possibility Condition clause Result clause Examples know how to”
S’il pleut, je ne sors pas. ou Je ne sors pas s’il
pleut.
Ex. Je sais parler français. (I know how to speak
Likely Present Present (If it rains, I don’t go out. or I don’t go out if it
rains.)
French.
S’il pleut, je ne sortirai pas. ou Je ne sortirai pas When Savoir is followed by a subordination clause, it
s’il pleut.
Likely Present Future (If it’s raining, I won’t go out. or I won’t go out if express a knowledge of an action or a fact
it’s raining.)
S’il pleut, ne sortez pas. ou Ne sortez pas, s’il Ex. Il sait que tu y es allé hier. (He knows that you
Likely Present Imperative (If it’s raining, then don’t pleut.
go out. or Don’t go out if went there yesterday.)
it’s raining)
S’il pleuvait, je ne sortirais pas. ou Je ne sortirais
Connaître must always be followed a direct object
Unlikely Imperfect Conditional (If it was raining,pas s’il pleuvait.
I wouldn’t go out. or I wouldn’t
(object, person, place etc.)
go out if it was raining.) Ex. Je connais Louis. (I know Louis.)
Ex. Il connait bien le français. (He knows French well.)
18.4. Quand clauses
18.7. Avoir besoin de vs. Devoir
Equivalent to using when in English
Express an event that is taking place in the past, present Avoir besoin de is used to describe a need or necessity or
and future a necessity to live/exist
Quand Devoir is used to describe an obligation
Result clause Examples
clause
Quand je danse, je me sens heureux. ou Je me
Note: Nouns can be used with Avoir besoin de when it is
Present Present
sens heureux quand je danse.
(When I dance, I feel happy. or I feel happy
needed (Ex. an ingredient in a recipe)
when I dance)

Present Perfect (Passé

Quand il a plu, je me promenais. ou Je me
promenais quand il a plu.
Examples:
Imperfect Composé) (When it rained, I was walking. or I was walking
when it rained.)
Je dois travailler. (I have to work.) I have to work because I’m
Quand je serai riche, j’y irai. ou J’y irai quand je obliged to
serai riche.
Future Future (When I am rich, I will go there. or I will go to J’ai besoin de travailler. (I need to work.) I need to work
there when I am rich.)
because I’ll die if I don’t
Note: For the last point in French, both clauses must be
in the future whereas in English, it’s the present and the 18.8. Saying “Thank you for…”
future respectively.

18.5. Continuous Structure

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

There are two ways to say “Thank you for…” il est une heure ⟶ it is one o’clock
Saying Merci pour… il est cinq heures ⟶ it is five o’clock
Saying Merci de… il est deux heures et demie ⟶ it is two thirty
To thank someone for a noun, use Merci pour… il est neuf heures et quart ⟶ it is nine fifteen
il est dix heures moins dix ⟶ it is ten to ten
Examples:
Merci pour le dîner. (Thank you for the dinner.)
Merci bien pour ton aide ! (Thank you for your help.) 19.2. Days of the Week
To thank someone for an action, use Merci de…, but the Lundi ⟶ Monday
past infinitive must be used Mardi ⟶ Tuesday
Mercredi ⟶ Wednesday
Examples: Jeudi ⟶ Thursday
Merci d’avoir lu la lettre. (Thank you for reading the letter.) Vendredi ⟶ Friday
Merci bien d’être venu ! (Thank you for coming!) Samedi ⟶ Saturday
Dimanche ⟶ Sunday
If the regular infinitive is used, it may mean to ask
someone to do something.
19.3. Months of the Year
Examples:
Merci d’accueillir Jodie. (Please welcome Jodie.) Janvier ⟶ January
Merci de ne pas fumer. (Please do not smoke) Février ⟶ February
Mars ⟶ March
Note: Bien can be added after Merci for emphasis Avril → April
Mai ⟶ May
18.9. Sensational Expressions Juin ⟶ June
Juillet ⟶ July
Avoir is used to describe sensations as well as other Août ⟶ August
feelings Septembre ⟶ September
Note: Être cannot be used in place of Avoir in the Octobre ⟶ October
following expressions Novembre ⟶ November
Décembre ⟶ December
Expression Meaning
Avoir faim To be hungry
Avoir soif
Avoir sommeil
To be thirsty
To be sleepy 19.4. Other Time Expressions
Avoir peur (de) To be scared (of)
Avoir honte (de) To be ashamed (of)
Avoir mal (à) To be hurt (To hurt a body part)
Aujourd’hui ⟶ Today
Avoir chaud To be warm Demain ⟶ Tomorrow
Avoir froid To be cold
Avoir raison To be right (correct)
Hier ⟶ Yesterday
Avoir tort To be wrong Maintenant ⟶ Now
Avoir de la chance To be lucky
Ce matin ⟶ This morning
Cet après-midi ⟶ This afternoon
Age Ce soir ⟶ Tonight
La semaine prochaine ⟶ Next week
The expression “avoir (number) ans” is used to say the
Le mois prochain ⟶ Next month
age of someone or something
L’année prochaine ⟶ Next year
Note: Être cannot be used in place of Avoir
Le weekend ⟶ The weekend
Example: J’ai 21 ans. (I am 21 years old.)

19.5. Meals
19. Vocabulary
19.1. Time Expressions
Il est (heure); demi: half of an hour; quart

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Le petit-déjeuner ⟶ Breakfast La carotte - Carrot

Le déjeuner ⟶ Lunch La tomate - Tomato
Le dîner ⟶ Dinner La pomme de terre - Potato
Les repas ⟶ Meals L'oignon (m) - Onion
L'ail (m) - Garlic
19.6. Meals Le poivron - Bell pepper
Le concombre - Cucumber
Les fruits ⟶ Fruits La courgette - Zucchini
Les légumes ⟶ Vegetables L'aubergine (f) - Eggplant
La pomme ⟶ Apple Le chou - Cabbage
La banane ⟶ Banana La laitue - Lettuce
L’orange (f) ⟶ Orange (n’écrivez pas orage, car c’est a Les épinards (m) - Spinach
storm en anglais!) Le brocoli - Broccoli
La fraise ⟶ Strawberry Les haricots verts (m) - Green beans
La carotte ⟶ Carrot Le champignon - Mushroom
La tomate ⟶ Tomato Le maïs - Corn
La courgette ⟶ Zucchini Le céleri - Celery
L’oignon (m) ⟶ Onion Le poireau - Leek
L’ail (m) ⟶ Garlic La courge - Squash
Le radis - Radish
19.7. Fruits (Fruits): A Longer List
19.9. Meat
La pomme - Apple
La banane - Banana La viande ⟶ Meat
L'orange (f) - Orange Le boeuf ⟶ Beef
La fraise - Strawberry Le porc ⟶ Pork
La cerise - Cherry Le poisson ⟶ Fish
La poire - Pear Le poulet ⟶ Chicken
L'ananas (m) - Pineapple
Le raisin - Grape 19.10. Fish and Seafood
La pastèque - Watermelon
Le citron - Lemon Le poisson ⟶ Fish
La pêche - Peach Les fruits de mer ⟶ Seafood
L'abricot (m) - Apricot Le saumon ⟶ Salmon
La prune - Plum La crevette ⟶ Shrimps
La mangue - Mango Les moules (f) ⟶ Mussels
La framboise - Raspberry Les huîtres (f) ⟶ Oysters
La myrtille - Blueberry
La groseille - Currant 19.11. Snacks
Le kiwi - Kiwi
La figue - Fig
La papaye - Papaya

19.8. Vegetables (Légumes)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Les en-cas (m) - Snacks

Les biscuits (m) - Cookies 19.13. Alcoholic Beverages
Les chips (f) - Chips
Le popcorn - Popcorn Le whisky - Whiskey
La vodka - Vodka
Les bonbons (m) - Candy
Le rhum - Rum
Le chocolat - Chocolate
Les cacahuètes (f) - Peanuts La tequila - Tequila
Les noix (f) - Nuts Le gin - Gin
Les barres de céréales (f) - Granola bars La liqueur - Liqueur
Le cognac - Cognac
Les fruits secs (m) - Dried fruits
Le vermouth - Vermouth
Les gâteaux (m) - Cakes
Les crackers (m) - Crackers Le brandy - Brandy
Les olives (f) - Olives Le martini - Martini
Les petits sandwichs (m) - Mini sandwiches
Les glaces (f) - Ice cream 19.14. Hot Drinks (Boissons chaudes)
Les bonbons gélifiés (m) - Gummy candies
Les friandises (f) - Treats Le café noir - Black coffee
Le fromage - Cheese (commonly served with snacks) Le café au lait - Coffee with milk
Les fruits coupés (m) - Sliced fruits Le cappuccino - Cappuccino
Les légumes coupés (m) - Sliced vegetables Le café décaféiné - Decaffeinated coffee
Le thé à la menthe - Mint tea
19.12. Drinks (Boissons) Le café filtre - Drip coffee
Le chocolat-chaud ⟶ Hot chocolate/cocoa
L'eau (f) - Water
Le café - Coffee 19.15. Cold Drinks (Boissons froides)
Le thé - Tea
Le jus de fruit - Fruit juice La limonade - Lemonade
Le soda - Soda La boisson gazeuse - Soft drink
Le lait - Milk Le frappé - Frappé
Le chocolat chaud - Hot chocolate Le milkshake - Milkshake
Le jus d'orange - Orange juice Le smoothie aux fruits - Fruit smoothie
Le jus de pomme - Apple juice Le thé glacé - Iced tea
Le jus de raisin - Grape juice La glace à l'eau - Popsicle
Le vin - Wine Le café froid ⟶ Cold coffee
La bière - Beer
Le champagne - Champagne 19.16. Utensils (Ustensiles de cuisine)
Le jus de citron - Lemonade
Le thé glacé - Iced tea
Le smoothie - Smoothie
Le cocktail - Cocktail
Le sirop - Syrup
Le café au lait - Coffee with milk
L'eau gazeuse - Carbonated water

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

La assiette - Plate La tête ⟶ Head

Le bol - Bowl Les cheveux (m) ⟶Hair
Le verre - Glass Les yeux (m) ⟶ Eyes
La tasse - Cup Les oreilles (f) ⟶ Ears
La soucoupe - Saucer Le nez ⟶ Nose
Le plat - Dish La bouche ⟶ Mouth
La planche à découper - Cutting board Les dents (f) ⟶ Teeth
La passoire - Colander La langue ⟶ Tongue
Le fouet - Whisk Le cou ⟶ Neck
La spatule - Spatula L’épaule (f) ⟶ Shoulder
Le mixeur - Blender Le bras ⟶ Arm
La casserole - Saucepan La main ⟶ Hand
La poêle - Frying pan Les doigts (m) ⟶ Fingers
Le couvercle - Lid La poitrine ⟶ Chest
Le plat de cuisson - Baking dish Le dos ⟶ Back
La grille - Grill Le ventre ⟶ Stomach
Les couverts à salade (m) - Salad tongs Les hanches (f) ⟶ Hips
La louche - Ladle Les jambes (f) ⟶ Legs
Les pinces (f) - Tongs Le genou ⟶ Knee
Les ustensiles en bois (m) - Wooden utensils Le pied ⟶ Foot
Les orteils (m) ⟶ Toes
19.17. Parts of the Body La peau ⟶ Skin

19.18. Health and Illness

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

La santé ⟶ Health Voyager ⟶ to travel

La maladie ⟶ Illness Les vacances (f) ⟶ Vacation
La fièvre ⟶ Fever Le voyageur ⟶ Traveler
Le rhume ⟶ Cold La valise ⟶ Suitcase
La grippe ⟶ Flu Le passeport ⟶ Passport
La toux ⟶ Cough Le billet ⟶ Ticket
Le mal de gorge ⟶ Sore throat Le vol ⟶ Flight
La douleur ⟶ Pain Le trajet ⟶ Journey
La blessure ⟶ Injury L’aéroport ⟶ Airport
La plaie ⟶ Wound La gare ⟶ Train station
Le médicament ⟶ Medicine La réservation ⟶ Reservation
Le médecin ⟶ Doctor L’agence de voyage (f) ⟶ Travel agency
L’hôpital (m) ⟶ Hospital Le tourisme ⟶ Tourism
La pharmacie ⟶ Pharmacy L’auberge de jeunesse (f) ⟶ Youth Hostel
Le rendez vous médical ⟶ Doctor’s appointment L’hôtel (m) ⟶ Hotel
Les symptômes (m) ⟶ Symptoms Le camping ⟶ Camping
La prescription ⟶ Prescription Les bagages (m) ⟶ Luggage
La rééducation ⟶ Rehabilitation L’embarquement (f) ⟶ Boarding
La santé mentale ⟶ Mental health
L’anxiété (f) ⟶ Anxiety 19.20. Transport: Speaking Exam
La dépression ⟶ Depression
Le bien-être ⟶ Well-being La voiture ⟶ Car
La vaccination ⟶ Vaccination La moto ⟶ Motorcycle
La prévention ⟶ Prevention Le vélo ⟶ Bicycle
Le bus ⟶ Bus
19.19. Travel: Summer Holidays! Le tramway ⟶ Tram
Le métro ⟶ Subway
Le train ⟶ Train
Le bateau ⟶ Boat
L’avion (m) ⟶ Plane
Le taxi ⟶ Taxi
Le conducteur ⟶ Driver
Le passager ⟶ Passenger
Les transports en commun (m) ⟶ Public Transport (fav.
topic of all IG examiners)
L’autoroute (f) ⟶ Highway
La station service ⟶ Gas-station
Le parking⟶ Parking

19.21. Directions

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Où est la gare? ⟶ Where L’ami (m) ⟶ Male friend

Comment puis-je aller à l’aeroport? ⟶ How can I get to L’amie (f) ⟶ Female friend
the airport Le copain ⟶ Boyfriend
à gauche ⟶ Left La copine ⟶ Girlfriend
à droite ⟶ Right L’amitié (f) ⟶ Friendship
Tout droit ⟶ Straight Ahead Le meilleur ami ⟶ Best friend (male)
Près de ⟶ Near La meilleure amie ⟶ Best friend (female)
Loin de ⟶ Far from Se faire des amis ⟶ To make friends
En face de ⟶ Across from Les relations (f) ⟶ Relationships
à côté de ⟶ Next to La bande d’amis ⟶ Group of friends
Au coin de la rue ⟶ At the corner of the street La confiance ⟶ Trust
La complicité ⟶ Bond
19.22. Family Le soutien ⟶ Support
Le partage ⟶ Sharing
La famille ⟶ Family
Les parents (m) ⟶ Parents 19.24. Rooms (Pièces)
Le père ⟶ Father
La mère ⟶ Mother La maison ⟶ House
Le fils ⟶ Son La chambre ⟶ Bedroom
La fille ⟶ Daughter Le salon ⟶ Living room
Le frère ⟶ Brother La cuisine ⟶ Kitchen
La soeur ⟶ Sister La salle de bain ⟶ Bathroom
Les grands-parents (m) ⟶ Grandparents La salle à manger ⟶ Dining room
Le grand-père ⟶ Grandfather Le bureau ⟶ Office
La grande-mère ⟶ Grandmother Le grenier ⟶ Attic
Les enfants (m) ⟶ Children La cave ⟶ Basement (not a cave. A cave is une grotte)
L’enfant unique (m/f) ⟶ Only child Le couloir ⟶ Hallway
Le cousin ⟶ Cousin (male) La véranda ⟶ Sunroom
La cousine ⟶ Cousin (female) Le jardin ⟶ Garden
L’oncle (m) ⟶ Uncle La terrasse ⟶ Terrace
La tante ⟶ Aunt Le balcon ⟶ Balcony
Le neveu ⟶ Nephew
La nièce ⟶ Niece 19.25. Furniture and Furnishings
Le beau-père ⟶ Stepfather/Father-in-law
(Mobilier et Ameublement)
19.23. Friends (Amis)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

L’armoire (f) ⟶ Wardrobe Rouge ⟶ Red

La commode ⟶ Dresser Jaune ⟶ Yellow
La table de nuit ⟶ Nightstand Bleu ⟶ Blue
La canapé ⟶ Sofa Vert ⟶ Green
La table basse ⟶ Coffee table Orange ⟶ Orange
La chaise ⟶ Chair Violet ⟶ Purple
La table à manger ⟶ Dining table Rose ⟶ Pink
La bibliothèque ⟶ Bookshelf Noir ⟶ Black
Le bureau ⟶ Desk Blanc ⟶ White
Le fauteuil ⟶ Armchair Gris ⟶ Gray
Le tapis ⟶ Rug Marron ⟶ Brown
Les rideaux (m) ⟶ Curtains Beige ⟶ Beige
La lampe ⟶ Lamp
19.29. Clothing
19.26. Garden (Jardin)
La chemise ⟶ Shirt
La pelouse ⟶ Lawn Le t-shirt ⟶ T shirt
Les fleurs (f) ⟶ Flowers La blouse ⟶ Blouse
Les arbres (m) ⟶ Trees La veste ⟶ Jacket
Le potager ⟶ Vegetable garden Le manteau ⟶ Coat
Le jardin d’enfants ⟶ Playground Le pull ⟶ Sweater
Le salon de jardin ⟶ Garden furniture Le pantalon ⟶ Pants
Le barbecue ⟶ Barbecue grill Le jean ⟶ Jeans
La piscine ⟶ Swimming pool La jupe ⟶ Skirt
La robe ⟶ Dress
19.27. Appareils électroménagers Le costume ⟶ Suit
Le maillot de bain ⟶ Swimsuit
Le lave linge ⟶ Washing machine Le pyjama ⟶ Pyjamas
Le four ⟶ Oven La cravate ⟶ Tie
Le micro-ondes ⟶ Microwave La ceinture ⟶ Belt
La cuisinière ⟶ Stove Les chaussettes (f) ⟶ Socks
Le climatiseur ⟶ Air Conditioner Les chaussures (f) ⟶ Shoes
Le chauffage ⟶ Heating Les bottes (f) ⟶ Boots
Le ventilateur ⟶ Fan Les baskets (f) ⟶ Sneakers
L’aspirateur (m) ⟶ Vacuum Cleaner Les sandales (f) ⟶ Sandals
Le fer à repasser ⟶ Iron
Le robot culinaire ⟶ Food Processor 19.30. Accessories
19.28. Colours

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Les lunettes de soleil (f) ⟶ Sunglasses Peindre ⟶ Paint

Le chapeau ⟶ Hat Dessiner ⟶ Draw
Le sac à main ⟶ Handbag Sculpter ⟶ Sculpt
Le portefeuille ⟶ Wallet Tricoter ⟶ Knit
La montre ⟶ Watch Coudre ⟶ Sew
Les bijoux (m) ⟶ Jewelry Jardiner ⟶ Garden
Les boucles d’oreilles (f) ⟶ Earrings Collectionner ⟶ Collect
Le collier ⟶ Necklace Faire de la photographie ⟶ Do photography
La bague ⟶ Ring Faire de la poterie ⟶ Do pottery
Le bracelet ⟶ Bracelet Faire du bricolage ⟶ Do DIY projects/ also making small
La parapluie ⟶ Umbrella
Les gants ⟶ Gloves 19.33. Sports
Le foulard ⟶ Scarf
La cravate ⟶ Tie for men Le football ⟶ Soccer
Le noeud papillon ⟶ Bowtie Le tennis ⟶ Tennis
La écharpe ⟶ Shawl Le basketball ⟶ Basketball
Les bretelles (f) ⟶ Suspenders La natation ⟶ Swimming
La casquette ⟶ Cap La course à pied ⟶ Running
Le bandana ⟶ Bandana Le cyclisme ⟶ Cycling
Les collants (m) ⟶ Tights Le golf ⟶ Golf
Le ski ⟶ Skiing
19.31. Leisure Activities La danse ⟶ Dancing
La musculation ⟶ Weightlifting
Regarder la télévision ⟶ Watch television La gymnastique ⟶ Gymnastics
écouter de la musique ⟶ Listen to music Le yoga ⟶ Yoga
Lire un livre ⟶ Read a book L’escalade (f) ⟶ Rock-climbing
Aller au cinéma ⟶ Go to the cinema Le surf ⟶ Surfing
Sortir avec des amis ⟶ Hang out with friends La voile ⟶ Sailing
Faire du shopping ⟶ Go shopping L’équitation (f) ⟶ Horseback riding
Voyager ⟶ Travel
Jouer à des jeux de société ⟶ Play board games 19.34. Outdoor Activities
Se détendre ⟶ Relax
Faire de la méditation ⟶ Meditate Randonnée ⟶ Hiking
Pêche (f) ⟶ Fishing
19.32. Hobbies Camping (m) ⟶ Camping
Canoe (m) ⟶ Canoeing
Vélo de montagne (m) ⟶ Mountain biking
Alpinisme (m) ⟶ Mountaineering
Course de trail (f) ⟶ Trail running
Observation des oiseaux (f) ⟶ Birdwatching
Pique -nique (m) ⟶ Picnicking

19.35. Continents

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

L’Asie (f) ⟶ Asia La nature ⟶ Nature

L’amerique (f) ⟶ America La planète ⟶ Planet
L’Europe (f) ⟶ Europe Les animaux (m) ⟶ Animals
L’Afrique (f) ⟶ Africa Les plantes (f) --< Plants
L’Océanie (f) ⟶ Oceania La biodiversité ⟶ Biodiversity
L’Antarctique (f) ⟶ Antarctica L’écosystème (m) ⟶ Ecosystem
La faune ⟶ Wildlife
19.36. Countries and Nationalities La flore ⟶ Flora
La terre --Y Earth
Francais/Francaise ⟶ French Le sol ⟶ Soil
Les états-unis (m) ⟶ United States L’air (m) ⟶ Air
Américain/Américaine ⟶ American L’eau (f) ⟶ Water
L’Allemagne (f) ⟶ Germany La montagne ⟶ Mountain
Allemand/Allemande ⟶ German La vallée ⟶ Valley
L’Espagne (f) ⟶ Spain La plage ⟶ Beach
Espagnol/Espagnole ⟶ Spanish La forêt ⟶ Forest
Le Japon ⟶ Japan La rivière (f) ⟶ River
Japonais/Japonaise ⟶ Japanese L’océan (m) ⟶ Ocean
Le Canada ⟶ Canada La mer (f) ⟶ Sea
Canadien/Canadienne ⟶ Canadian Le ciel ⟶ Sky
L’Inde (f) ⟶ India
Indien/Indienne ⟶ Indian 19.38. Climate
Le Royaume-Uni ⟶ United Kingdom
Britannique ⟶ British Le climat ⟶ Climate
L’Italie (f) ⟶ Italy La météo ⟶ Weather
Italien/Italienne -->Italian Le changement climatique ⟶ Climate change
La Chine ⟶ China La température ⟶ Temperature
Chinois/Chinoise ⟶ Chinese Le temps ⟶ Weather (as in daily weather)
La saison ⟶ Season
19.37. Natural World Le soleil ⟶ Sun
La pluie ⟶ Rain
La neige ⟶ Snow
Le vent ⟶ Wind
L’orage (m) ⟶ Thunderstorm
Le nuage ⟶ Cloud
La sécheresse ⟶ Drought
L’inondation (f) ⟶ Flood
La canicule ⟶ Heatwave

19.39. Weather Conditions

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Nuageux ⟶ Cloudy L’ordinateur (m) ⟶ Computer

Pluvieux ⟶ Rainy Le clavier ⟶ Keyboard
Neigeux ⟶ Snowy La souris ⟶ Mouse
Venteux ⟶ Windy L’écran (m) ⟶ Screen
Orageux ⟶ Stormy L’application (f) ⟶ App
Brumeux ⟶ Foggy Le logiciel ⟶ Software
Froid ⟶ Cold Le matériel informatique ⟶ Hardware
Chaud ⟶ Hot L’imprimante (f) ⟶ Printer
Frais ⟶ Cool Le scanner ⟶ Scanner
La météo prévoit de la pluie ⟶ The weather forecast L’internet (m) ⟶ Internet
predicts rain Le navigateur web ⟶ Web browser
Il fait froid aujourd’hui ⟶ It’s cold today Le mot de passe ⟶ Password
La connexion Wi-Fi ⟶ Wi-Fi connection
19.40. Communications Le site web ⟶ Website
Le lien ⟶ Link
La communication ⟶ Communication Le Télécharger ⟶ Download
Le téléphone ⟶ Telephone Charger ⟶ Upload
Le portable ⟶ Mobile phone La protection antivirus ⟶ Antivirus protection
Le smartphone ⟶ Smartphone La réalité virtuelle ⟶ Virtual reality
Le message ⟶ Message L’intelligence artificielle (f) ⟶ Artificial intelligence
Envoyer un SMS ⟶ Send a text message
La conversation téléphonique ⟶ Phone conversation 19.42. Digital World
L’appel ⟶ Call
La vidéoconférence ⟶ Video conference Le fichier ⟶ File
Le messagerie électronique ⟶ Email La photo ⟶ Photo
Le courrier électronique ⟶ Email La vidéo ⟶ Video
La boîte de réception ⟶ Inbox La musique ⟶ Music
La boîte d’envoi ⟶ Outbox Le document ⟶ Document
Le destinataire ⟶ Recipient Le texte ⟶ Text
L’expéditeur (m) ⟶ Sender La page web ⟶ Web page
La webcam ⟶ Webcam La messagerie instantanée ⟶ Instant messaging
Le réseau social ⟶ Social Network Le nuage ⟶ Cloud
Les médias sociaux (m) ⟶ Social media Les données (f) ⟶ Data
Le blog ⟶ Blog Le lien hypertexte ⟶ Hyperlink
L’article de blog ⟶ Blog post Le téléchargement ⟶ Downloading
Le recherche en ligne ⟶ Online search
19.41. Technology Le courrier électronique ⟶ Email
La confidentialité des données ⟶ Data privacy

19.43. Buildings and Services

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

Le bâtiment ⟶ Building Les achats (m) ⟶ Shopping

L’immeuble (m) ⟶ Apartment building Faire du shopping ⟶ To go shopping
La maison ⟶ House Le magasin de vêtements ⟶ Clothing store
L’hôtel (m) ⟶ Hotel Le magasin d’alimentation ⟶ Grocery store
Le restaurant ⟶ Restaurant Le centre commercial ⟶ Shopping mall
Le supermarché ⟶ Supermarket La boutique ⟶ Boutique
Le magasin ⟶ Store La caisse ⟶ Cash register
La banque ⟶ Bank La liste de courses ⟶ Shopping list
La poste ⟶ Post-office Les soldes (m) ⟶ Sales
La bibliothèque ⟶ Library Le vendeur/La vendeuse ⟶ Salesperson
L’hôpital (m) ⟶ Hospital Le client/La cliente ⟶ Customer
La pharmacie ⟶ Pharmacie La réduction ⟶ Discount
Le bureau de poste ⟶ Post-office
Le commissariat de police ⟶ Police station 19.46. Size
La caserne de pompiers ⟶ Fire station
La mairie ⟶ City hall Petit ⟶ Small
Le parking ⟶ Parking Grand ⟶ Large
L’arrêt de bus (m) ⟶ Bus stop Moyen ⟶ Medium
La gare ⟶ Train station Court ⟶ Short
L’aéroport (m) ⟶ Airport Long ⟶ Long
étroite ⟶ Narrow
19.44. Urban Areas Large ⟶ Wide
épais ⟶ Thick
La ville ⟶ City Mince ⟶ Thin
Le centre-ville ⟶ Downtown Haut ⟶ Tall
La rue ⟶ Street Bas ⟶ Short (height)
L’avenue (f) ⟶ Avenue Petit ⟶ Little (size)
Le quartier ⟶ Neighbourhood Grand ⟶ Big (size)
Le parc ⟶ Park
La place ⟶ Square 19.47. Learning Institutions
La gare routière ⟶ Bus station
La station de métro ⟶ Metro station Important!
Le quartier résidentiel ⟶ Residential area
La zone industrielle ⟶ Industrial area
Le gratte-ciel ⟶ Skyscraper
Le trottoir ⟶ Sidewalk
La fontaine ⟶ Fountain
La statue ⟶ Statue
Le marché ⟶ Market
La rue commerçante ⟶ Shopping street
Le boulevard ⟶ Boulevard
La rue piétonne ⟶ Pedestrian street

19.45. Shopping

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

L’école (f) ⟶ School Les mathématiques (f) ⟶ Mathematics

La maternelle ⟶ Preschool Les sciences (f) ⟶ Sciences
L’école primaire (f) ⟶ Primary school La littérature ⟶ Literature
Le collège ⟶ Middle School L’histoire (f) ⟶ History
Le lycée ⟶ High School La géographie ⟶ Geography
L’université (f) ⟶ University La chimie ⟶ Chemistry
La faculté ⟶ Faculty La biologie ⟶ Biology
L’institut (m) ⟶ Institute La physique ⟶ Physics
L’école d’ingénieurs (f) ⟶ Engineering school L’informatique (f) ⟶ Computer science
L’école de commerce (f) ⟶ Business school Les langues étrangères (f) ⟶ Foreign languages
L’école de droit (f) ⟶ Law school L’art (m) ⟶ Art
L’école de médecine (f) ⟶ Medical school La musique ⟶ Music
L’établissement scolaire (m) ⟶ Educational Institution La philosophie ⟶ Philosophy
L’école maternelle ⟶ Kindergarten L’éducation physique (f) ⟶ Physical education
L’école privée ⟶ Private school L’économie (f) ⟶ Economics
L’école publique ⟶ Public school La psychologie ⟶ Psychology
L’école internationale ⟶ International school La sociologie ⟶ Sociology
La crèche ⟶ Daycare
L’enseignement à distance (m) ⟶ Distance learning 19.50. Studying
La formation professionnelle ⟶ Vocational training
Les devoirs (m) ⟶ Homework
19.48. The Classroom Les examens (m) ⟶ Exams
La révision ⟶ Revision
Le tableau ⟶ Blackboard Les notes (f) ⟶ Grades
Le tableau blanc ⟶ Whiteboard Le diplôme ⟶ Diploma
Le bureau du professeur ⟶ Teacher’s desk La baccalauréat (le bac) ⟶ High School Diploma
Le pupitre ⟶ Desk La recherche ⟶ Research
La chaise ⟶ Chair L’apprentissage (m) ⟶ Learning
Le cahier ⟶ Notebook Le programme ⟶ Curriculum
Le stylo ⟶ Pen Les cours ⟶ Class
Le crayon ⟶ Pencil La lecon ⟶ Lesson
La règle ⟶ Ruler
Le livre ⟶ Book 19.51. The Workplace
La bibliothèque ⟶ Library
Le laboratoire ⟶ Laboratory
Le projecteur ⟶ Projector
Le tableau interactif ⟶ Interactive Whiteboard
L’ordinateur (m) ⟶ Computer
La tablette ⟶ Tablet
La pupitre d’élève ⟶ Student desk
Le manuel scolaire ⟶ textbook
Le dortoir ⟶ Dormitory

19.49. Subjects

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

L’enterprise (f) ⟶ Company Américain / Américaine - American

La société ⟶ Company Allemand / Allemande - German
La direction ⟶ Management Espagnol / Espagnole - Spanish
Les collègues (m) ⟶ Colleagues Britannique - British
Le chef ⟶ Boss Italien / Italienne - Italian
Le supérieur ⟶ Supervisor Chinois / Chinoise - Chinese
Les horaires (m) ⟶ Working hours Japonais / Japonaise - Japanese
La réunion ⟶ Meeting Indien / Indienne - Indian
Le projet ⟶ Project Canadien / Canadienne - Canadian
Le client ⟶ Client Australien / Australienne - Australian
la cliente ⟶ Female client Brésilien / Brésilienne - Brazilian
La productivité ⟶ productivity Russe - Russian
L’équipe (f) ⟶ Team Sud-Africain / Sud-Africaine - South African
Le lieu de travail ⟶ Workplace Mexicain / Mexicaine - Mexican
La pause déjeuner ⟶ Lunch break Argentin / Argentine - Argentine
Les avantages sociaux (m) ⟶ Employee benefits Suédois / Suédoise - Swedish
Les congés payés (m) ⟶ Paid leave Suisse - Swiss
le bureau à domicile ⟶ Home office Marocain / Marocaine - Moroccan
L’environnement de travail (m) ⟶ Work environment Égyptien / Égyptienne - Egyptian

19.52. Countries 19.54. Languages (Langues)

La France - France Le français - French
Les États-Unis (m) - United States L'anglais (m) - English
L'Allemagne (f) - Germany L'allemand (m) - German
L'Espagne (f) - Spain L'espagnol (m) - Spanish
Le Royaume-Uni - United Kingdom Le britannique - British (language)
L'Italie (f) - Italy L'italien (m) - Italian
La Chine - China Le chinois - Chinese
Le Japon - Japan Le japonais - Japanese
L'Inde (f) - India L'indien (m) - Indian
Le Canada - Canada Le canadien - Canadian (language)
L'Australie (f) - Australia L'australien (m) - Australian (language)
Le Brésil - Brazil Le portugais - Portuguese
La Russie - Russia Le russe - Russian
L'Afrique du Sud (f) - South Africa L'arabe (m) - Arabic
Le Mexique - Mexico Le suédois - Swedish
L'Argentine (f) - Argentina Le suisse - Swiss (language)
La Suède - Sweden Le marocain - Moroccan (language)
La Suisse - Switzerland L'égyptien (m) - Egyptian (language)
L'Égypte (f) - Egypt
19.55. Culture (Culture)
19.53. Nationalities (Nationalités)
Learn a few (European countries are v. imp.)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

La culture - Culture La fête - Celebration

Les traditions (f) - Traditions La coutume - Custom
Les coutumes (f) - Customs La tradition - Tradition
Les valeurs (f) - Values Les festivités (f) - Festivities
Les croyances (f) - Beliefs Le rituel - Ritual
L'art (m) - Art La cérémonie - Ceremony
La musique - Music La fête nationale - National holiday
La danse - Dance Les noces (f) - Wedding
La littérature - Literature Le baptême - Baptism
Le cinéma - Cinema La fête des mères - Mother's Day
La cuisine - Cuisine La fête des pères - Father's Day
L'architecture (f) - Architecture Le carnaval - Carnival
La mode - Fashion La Saint-Valentin - Valentine's Day
La sculpture - Sculpture Le Nouvel An - New Year
Le patrimoine - Heritage La Pâques - Easter
Le musée - Museum La Noël - Christmas
Le théâtre - Theater La Hanoucca - Hanukkah
La poésie - Poetry La Eid al-Fitr - Eid al-Fitr
La peinture - Painting Le Ramadan - Ramadan
La photographie - Photography La Diwali - Diwali

19.56. Customs and Traditions 19.57. Faiths and Religions (Foi et

(Coutumes et Traditions) Religions)
La foi - Faith
La religion - Religion
Le croyant - Believer
Le pratiquant - Practitioner
Le temple - Temple
La mosquée - Mosque
L'église (f) - Church
La synagogue - Synagogue
Le prêtre - Priest
L'imam - Imam
Le pasteur - Pastor
Le rabbin - Rabbi
Le bouddhisme - Buddhism
L'islam (m) - Islam
Le christianisme - Christianity
Le judaïsme - Judaism
L'hindouisme (m) - Hinduism
Le bahaïsme - Bahá'í Faith
Le sikhisme - Sikhism

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE FRENCH

19.58. Celebrations and Festivals

(Célébrations et Festivals)
La célébration - Celebration
La fête nationale - National holiday
La fête religieuse - Religious festival
Le défilé - Parade
Les feux d'artifice (m) - Fireworks
La procession - Procession
Les lumières (f) - Lights
La décoration - Decoration
Les cadeaux (m) - Gifts
La réunion de famille - Family gathering
Le repas festif - Festive meal

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG Copyright © 2025 ZNotes Education & Foundation. All Rights Reserved. This document is
authorised for personal use only by Namrata at The Universal School on 07/04/25.
CAIE IGCSE
French

© ZNotes Education Ltd. & ZNotes Foundation 2025. All rights reserved.
This version was created by Namrata on Mon Apr 07 2025 for strictly personal use only.
These notes have been created by Anwita Dwivedi & Rajveer Rakshit for the 2025-2027 syllabus.
The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and printed books.
If you are the owner of such media, test or visual, utilized in this document and do not accept its usage then we urge you to contact us
and we would immediately replace said media. No part of this document may be copied or re-uploaded to another website.
Under no conditions may this document be distributed under the name of false author(s) or sold for financial gain.
"ZNotes" and the ZNotes logo are trademarks of ZNotes Education Limited (registration UK00003478331).