Learning Objectives

● Define data literacy and explain its importance with a real-world example
● Relate to the impact created by data literacy in everyday life
● Develop awareness about personal data, data privacy, and data security

Defining Data Literacy refers to the ability to read, comprehend and use information
effectively.

Data + Literacy = Data Literacy Data literacy means knowing how to understand, work with,
and talks about data. It's about being able to collect, analyse, and show data in ways that
make sense.

Data literacy is essential because it enables individuals to make informed decisions, think
critically, solve problems, and innovate.
How to become Data Literate?
Every data tells a story, but we must be careful before believing the story. Data Literate is a
person who can interact with data to understand the world around them.

Let’s understand it with following example:

Scenario: Buying a Video game online Data literacy helps people research about products while
shopping over the internet How do you decide the following things when we are shopping
online?
● Which is the cheapest product available?
● Which product is liked by the users the most?
● Does a particular product meet all the requirements?

A data literate person can –

● Filter the category as per the requirement – If the budget is low, select the price filter as low
to high
● Check the user ratings of the products
● Check for specific requirements in the product
What is Data Pyramid :
•It’s the data pyramid that is made up of different stages of working data.
•Let us understand different parts of Data pyramid ,Moving up from the bottom .
● Data is available in a raw form. Data in this form is not very useful.
● Data is processed to give us information about the world.
● Information about the world leads to knowledge of how things are happening.
● Wisdom allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way.
Data Literacy Process Framework
The data literacy framework provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of
awareness. Data literacy framework is an iterative process.

What are Data Security and Privacy? How are they related to AI? Data Privacy and Data
Security are often used interchangeably but they are different from each other.

What is Data Privacy? Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the
proper handling of sensitive data including personal data and other confidential data, such as
certain financial data and intellectual property data, to meet regulatory requirements as well
as protecting the confidentiality and immutability of the data.

The following best practices can help you ensure data privacy: ● Understanding what data,
you have collected, how it is handled, and where it is stored. ● Necessary data required for a
project should only be collected. ● User consent while data collection must be of utmost
importance.

What is Data Security? Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from
unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire lifecycle. Why is it important?
Due to the rising amount of data in the cloud there is an increased risk of cyber threats. The
most appropriate step for such an amount of traffic being generated is how we control and
protect the transfer of sensitive or personal information at every known place. The most
possible reasons why data security is more important now are: • Cyber-attacks affect all the
people • The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks
Best Practices for Cyber Security Cybersecurity involves protecting computers,servers, mobile
devices, electronic systems, networks, and data from harmful attacks.

Do’s
• Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
• Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
• Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
• Prioritize websites with "https://" for secure logins.
• Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
• Adjust social media privacy settings for limited visibility to close contacts.
• Always lock your screen when away.
• Connect only with trusted individuals online.
• Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
• Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately

Don’t ‘s
• Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.
• Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
• Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
• Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
• Keep passwords and security questions private.
• Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
• Avoid cyber bullying or using offensive language online.
Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data

Data Acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data. This
involves searching for datasets suitable for training AI models. The process typically comprises
three key steps:

Acquiring Data –
Sample Data Discovery Let’s say we want to collect data for making a CV model for a self-
driving car
● We will require pictures of roads and the objects on roads
● We can search and download this data from the internet
● This process is called data discovery

Acquiring Data – Sample Data Augmentation

● Data augmentation means increasing the amount of data by adding copies of existing data
with small changes
● The image given here does not change, but we get data on the image by changing
different parameters like color and brightness
● New data is added by slightly changing the existing data Acquiring Data – Sample Data
Generation
● Data generation refers to generating or recording data using sensors
● Recording temperature readings of a building is an example of data generation
● Recorded data is stored in a computer in a suitable form
Sources of Data Various Sources for Acquiring Data:
● Primary Data Sources — Some of the sources for primary data include surveys, interviews,
experiments, etc. The data generated from the experiment is an example of primary data.
Here is an excel sheet showing the data collected for students of a class.

4 Features of Data and Data Preprocessing

1. Structure- Defines how data is stored.

2. Cleanliness- Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other
anomalies that may affect its reliability and usefulnessfor analysis. I
3. Accuracy- Accuracy indicates how well the data matches real-world values, ensuring
reliability. Accurate data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the
quality and trustworthiness of the dataset.

Data Processing
4. Data Processing ▪ Data processing helps computers understand raw data.
5. ▪ Use of computers to perform different operations on data is included under data
processing.

Data Interpretation
6. ▪ It is the process of making sense out of data that has been processed.
7. ▪ The interpretation of data helps us answer critical questions using data
Methods of Data Interpretation How to interpret Data? Based on the two types of data, there
are two ways to interpret data-
● Quantitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative Data Interpretation

● Qualitative data tells us about the emotions and feelings of people
● Qualitative data interpretation is focused on insights and motivations of people

Data Collection Methods –

• Qualitative Data Interpretation Record keeping:
• This method uses existing reliable documents and other similar sources of information as
the data source. It is similar to going to a library.
• Observation: In this method, the participant – their behavior and emotions – are observed
carefully
• Case Studies: In this method, data is collected from case studies.
• Focus groups: In this method, data is collected from a group discussion on relevant topic.
Longitudinal Studies: This data collection method is performed on the same data source
repeatedly over an extended period. O
• ne-to-One Interviews: In this method, data is collected using a one-to-one interview
Steps to Qualitative Data Analysis
1. Collect Data
2. Organize and connect the qualitative data
3. Set a code to the Data Collected
4. Analyze your data
5. Reporting

Data Collection Methods -Quantitative Data Interpretation

Interviews: Quantitative interviews play a key role in collecting Information.

Polls: A poll is a type of survey that asks simple questions to respondents. Polls are usually limited to one
question.

Observations: Quantitative data can be collected through observations in a particular time period

Longitudinal Studies: A type of study conducted over a long time

Survey: Surveys can be conducted for a large number of people to collect quantitative data.

Steps to Quantitative Data Analysis

1. Relate measurement scales with variables
2. Connect descriptive statistics with data
3. Decide a measurement scale
4. Represent data in an appropriate format
Qualitative & Quantitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative Data Interpretation Quantitative Data Interpretation

Provides insights into feelings and emotions Provides insights into quantity
Answers how and why Answers when, how many or how often
Methods – Interviews, Focus Groups Methods – Assessment, Tests, Polls, Surveys
Example question – Why do students like Example question – How many students
attending online classes? like attending online classes?

Types of Data Interpretation

There are three ways in which data can be
presented:

Textual DI
▪ The data is mentioned in the text form, usually
in a paragraph.

▪ Used when the data is not large and can be

easily comprehended by reading.

▪ Textual presentation is not suitable for large

data.
Tabular DI
▪ Data is represented systematically in the form of rows and columns.
▪ Title of the Table (Item of Expenditure) contains the description of the table content.
▪ Column Headings (Year; Salary; Fuel and Transport; Bonus; Interest on Loans; Taxes)
contains the
description of information contained in columns.

Graphical DI
Bar Graphs: In a Bar Graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars.
Pie Charts: Pie Charts have the shape of a pie and each slice of the pie represents the
portion of the entire pie allocated to each category.
Line Graphs: A line graph is created by connecting various data points. It shows the change
in quantity over time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLCzpPRCc7U
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M8BnosAD78
Note: You may also use Ms Excel or Datawrapper (https://www.datawrapper.de/) for the