PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

PAUL CHRISTIAN REFORSADO ABAD

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

 Is the logical arrangement of ideas.

 Helps you follow ideas easily and
understand a text better.
 Helps you distinguish major details from
minor ones and predict ideas.
Social engineering is defined as any method which
tricks people to share personal information
through the use of technology. The ‘social’
component in this scheme means that there is
reliance on various psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical hacking.
Social engineering also refers to various malicious
acts online such as phishing, spamming, and
pretexting.
DEFINITION

 Helps to clarify and explain concepts by

answering the question “What does it
mean?”
 Explains the information through the use of
illustrations, examples, and descriptions.
DEFINITION

Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate
While the Internet offers so many benefits to man,
it also has its downsides. One of these is phishing,
which refers to the act of obtaining personal
information, such as passwords and credit card
details, through online means. In other words,
phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example,
let us consider the case of Mr. X. He received an
email stating that his Gmail account has been
compromised and that he needed to click a link to
update personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the
link, his personal information will be illegally
acquired by cybercriminals.
EXEMPLIFICATION

 Presents the general statement and then

provides specific and concrete examples to
expound the main idea.
 Is used to provide an example of
something.
EXEMPLIFICATION

Signal Words for Exemplification

after all namely
as an example put another way
consider the following specifically
for example stated differently
for instance that is
in other words to be specific
in particular to clarify
in short to illustrate
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era.
It is a lightweight device that can save a vast amount of
information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard,
battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The
most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen which is
responsible for displaying information. Another major
component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to
enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will
find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop
computer mouse-this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of
this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate
like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built
into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to
hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is
the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally,
a laptop also comes with an AC adapter which charges the
battery and serves as the source of electric power when it is
plugged in.
DESCRIPTION (SENSORY AND SPATIAL)

 Provides details on the idea by using either

a sensory or spatial pattern.
 Through a sensory pattern, ideas are
arranged based on one or all of the five
senses.
 A spatial pattern arranges ideas by
location or physical space.
DESCRIPTION (SENSORY AND SPATIAL)

Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual

Description
above around between in front of onto
across away beyond inside opposite
adjacent from by into to
to back of down near outside
against behind farther off over
along below here on througho
alongside beneath in on top of ut
amidst beside to the
right
under
Ondoy began to develop from an active low
pressure area to a tropical cyclone on September
24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm
signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that
point, signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and
other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports
of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile,
President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in
Metro Manila. Immediately after President Arroyo's
declaration, various government agencies began
the rescue and relief operations. As soon as
Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and
more relief and rescue operations were conducted.
During flooding, one thing that may probably save
your life is an improvised flotation device. You can
make one using your pants. First, knot off the leg
holes of your pants. Then, hold the open waist and
swing the pants around to fill the legs with air.
Promptly knot off the waist to trap the air and hold
the pants underwater so that the air would not
escape.
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

 Organizes ideas or events according to time.

 Can either be in the form of a narration or a
process.
 A narration sequences events in the order in
which they occurred in time.
 A process organizes details based on stages
or steps.
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

Signal Words for Chronology

about before in the prior to tomorrow
after during meantim second until
afterward eventuall e soon when
s y then yesterday
as soon finally later till
as first meanwhil today
at immediat e
ely next
at next
this/that week
point presently
Picking the right career is such a daunting task because it pits passion against
reality. Would you choose the profession you love or would you choose a more
lucrative profession? Some find a hard time choosing at first, so do not be
surprised if you see people shift careers several times before they achieve
success. on this note, here are some tips to help you choose the right career.
Identify your interest. Are you fascinated. with numbers, arts, sciences, human
behavior, computer technology, or teaching? Try to process as well your reason
for choosing a particular career; you can also factor in the financial component
during this stage. Another thing that you can do is to focus on and learn
everything about your chosen career. If you want to be a doctor, know exactly
what a doctor does and check whether you can handle this type of profession.
In addition, try to visualize yourself five or ten years from now, and develop a
plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck when it
comes to your career; instead, make reasoned decisions based on what you
want.
LISTING

 Organizes ideas using enumeration.

 It presents a series of items (facts,
examples, features, reasons, and tips) that
support a main idea.
LISTING

Signal Words for Listing

additionally and then further likewise
again another furthermore moreover
along with as well in addition next
also besides together
and in the same with
equally way
important
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you
decide, this review will inspect the basic similarities and
differences of the flagship phones of two giant companies:
Apple's iPhone 6 and Samsung's Galaxy S5. Both brag to be
the best smart phones in the market to date. While these
state-of-the art phones have similarities in the form of their
sleek design multi-touch touch screen, and multimedia
features, they have their distinctive features as well. First,
Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to
iPhone 6's 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6
uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of
the camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera
which is higher than iPhone's 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5,
iPhone's battery is not user-replaceable and has a shorter
talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6
outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic differences of
the two phones, you can decide!
COMPARISON-CONTRAST

 Organizes ideas based on how events, places,

people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another.
 There are two ways on how ideas can be
arranged:
 Separately, which involves describing one item
first followed by the second item;
 Or side-by-side, which means discussing both
items based on each point of comparison.
COMPARISON

Signal Words for Comparing

also equally in the same similarly
as way to compare
both in a similar
fashion like
likewise
in
comparison
CONTRAST

Signal Words for Contrasting

although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed even though nevertheles
to in contrast s the fact
but in spite of nonetheless remains
conversely
counter to in the on the unlike
meantime contrary whereas
yet
on the other
hand
Earthquakes can be classified into three main
types based on the plate movements. The first
type is known as a convergent boundary. Also
known as destructive plate boundary, this type of
earthquake happens when two tectonic plates
move toward one another and collide. The second
type of earthquake is called the divergent
boundary. During this type of earthquake, two
plates are forced to move away from each other
resulting in a rift zone. The last type is called the
conservative plate boundary or transform fault.
During this type of earthquake, two tectonic plates
slide past one another.
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

 Organizes ideas into categories or divisions

based on criteria and standards.
 Can be used when classifying people,
objects, events, things, places, and other
items
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

Signal Words for Classification and Division

another classified as one kind the last
another final type group
kind the first the next
category part
The advancement in technology and economy has created
major changes in modern society. One of these changes is
globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the
world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to
worldwide trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign
products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a
real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second,
globalization affected the financial market. As a result,
different countries had more access to funds, and the
exchange in national currencies dramatically increased.
Finally, globalization also led, to the privatization of various
facilities, such as public health institution. These institutions
were being privatized due to the idea that the private sector
can better manage and. provide health services. In
consequence, health policies become more and more of a
commodity on a global scale.
CAUSE AND EFFECT

 Organizes details based on the cause, the

reason, and the result or consequences of
a certain phenomenon.
 May discuss both the causes and effects,
the causes only, or the effects only.
CAUSE

Signal Words for Causes

as for in view of owing to
(the fact) (the fact)
because (of for the
the fact) reason that inasmuch as seeing that
one reason since
being that in that

due to (the
fact that)
EFFECT

Signal Words for Effects

accordingly consequentl in so that
y consequenc therefore
as a e thus
consequenc for this so
e reason
so much
as a result Hence (so) that
(of this)

because (of
this)
Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from
coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If
continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary
for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out
before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through the
use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First,
using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion
energy would-lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more
accessible and cost-efficient. Although there are some potential
risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be mitigated by
implementing strict safety measures. The second. solution that
governments can adopt is the enhancement of conservation
efforts. To do this, governments need to make the public more
aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of
conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed.to
mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 Organizes ideas into problems and proposed

solutions.
 The problem section usually includes the what,
who, when, where, why, and how of the problem.
 The other part then presents the major effects of
the problem and the possible solutions to
address it, as well as the steps in implementing
the solution.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Signal Words for Problem-Solution

but nonetheless one solution the problem
first, second is the solution
one reason one way is
for the
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is
an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about
by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some,
mercy killing is not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a
crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a life.
In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that
have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime,
euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates
the principle of "primum non nocore" which means “first, do no
harm." In their code of ethics, doctors have the responsibility of
saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can
never be acceptable.
PERSUASION

 Organizes idea to show how a set of

evidence leads to a logical conclusion or
argument.
 Presents the issue, the position, and the
supporting evidence that supports the
position.
EMPHASIZING A POINT

Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

again in that case to truly
for this Indeed emphasize
reason to repeat with this in
in fact mind
CONCLUDING AND SUMMARIZING

Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing

accordingly consequentl in brief inevitably
all in all y in on the
as a result due to conclusion whole
as I have finally in short since
said in any event in summary in essence
in a nutshell Therefore Thus to sum up
CONCEDING A POINT

Signal Words for Conceding a point

admittedly it is true obviously true
assuredly that of course undoubtedly
certainly to be sure unquestiona
granted needless to bly
say

no doubt
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Pursuing terrorists and pursuing peace
Author/s:
Randy David
Source:
http://opinion.inquirer.net/82382/pursuing-terrorists-
and-pursuing-peace
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Mamasapano Clash
Author/s:
Carmela Fonbuena, Bea Cupin and Glenda M. Gloria
Source:
http://www.rappler.com/nation/82827-timeline-
mamasapano-clash
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Mac vs PC
Author/s:
N/A
Source:
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Mac_vs_PC
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
5 Types of Workers in the New World of Work
Author/s:
WorkIntelligent.ly Staff
Source:
http://www.workintelligent.ly/workstyle/demographics/type
s-of-workers-
workforce/#gs.8cf1ff24b3694c878a680e787f314781
MATCH THE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN COLUMN A TO
THE TRANSITIONAL DEVICE IN COLUMN B. WRITE ONLY THE
LETTER OF YOUR CHOICE ON THE SPACE PROVIDED.

A B
1. cause and effect A. arguably
2. spatial B. as defined
3. chronology C. away from
4. classification D. by
5. comparison E. consequently
6. contrast F. even though
7. definition G. in a similar fashion
8. persuasion H. meanwhile
9. problem-solution I. the next category
10. exemplification J. to illustrate
READ THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS VERY CAREFULLY.
CHOOSE ONE PATTERN FROM THE BOX THAT BEST MATCHES
THE THESIS STATEMENT. YOU MAY CHOOSE A PATTERN
MORE THAN ONCE.

1. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant

similarities, they also have striking differences.
2. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood.
3. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires
urgent attention.
4. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties
which you can focus on.
5. Major events happened that led to the defeat of
Japan during World War II.
cause-and-effect description definition
persuasion classification/division comparison and
contrast
narration/time order problem-solution exemplification/classific
READ THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS VERY CAREFULLY.
CHOOSE ONE PATTERN FROM THE BOX THAT BEST MATCHES
THE THESIS STATEMENT. YOU MAY CHOOSE A PATTERN
MORE THAN ONCE.

6. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps.

7. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass
through EDSA.
8. IPhone 6 has many features that make it stand
out in the market.
9. There are many reasons why unemployment
continues to increase.
10.Drinking cough syrup lead to various side effects.
cause-and-effect description definition
persuasion classification/division comparison and
contrast
narration/time order problem-solution exemplification/classific
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Main Idea Pattern of Signal Words

Development
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Drinking alcohol can sometimes be tolerated if done in

moderation. However, letting it take over our lives is
another story. Many teenagers are not aware of the dire
consequences of drinking too much alcohol. First, drinking
too much alcohol can damage our heart. Doctors claim
that while drinking alcohol occasionally is good for the
heart, if it is taken excessively the drinker may suffer from
an irregular heartbeat, stroke, cardiomyopathy, and high
blood pressure. Being alcoholic will also take a toll on our
liver and can lead to a variety of diseases such as fibrosis,
hepatitis, and fatty liver. Finally, drinking alcohol can
weaken our immune system and make our body more
vulnerable to various diseases. It also weakens our body’s
ability to ward off infections.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

The annual salary report from jobstreet.com determines the

top earners in the Philippines in 2013. The numbers are based
on the average salary recorded for each industry. For fresh
graduates, the best-paying jobs are in the fields of legal
services, corporate strategy, secretarial services, education,
and real estate. For those with one to four years of
experience, the top salaries are from oil and gas engineering,
aircraft maintenance, information technology, and
instrumentation. As you approach the supervisory level, the
best-paying jobs are found in the following industries:
information technology, engineering, database administration,
technical support, and actuarial science. Finally, as you reach
the senior management position, the most lucrative
professions are in quality control, logistics, information
technology, pharmacy, and legal services.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki

described four types of challenging students. The first type
is the attention-seeking, discussion-dominating students.
The aim of these students is just to be heard. The second
type is the inattentive students. These are the students
who doodle and drift into their own thoughts during class
discussion. They often stare at their cell phones and chat
with their classmates during lecture. We also have the
unprepared students. They are the ones who skip doing
their assignments prior to the class. They do not come to
the class equipped, even when they are aware of
scheduled quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging
students is the uncivil and disrespectful ones. They are the
students who display rude behavior.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Discriminating parents always have to make the difficult task of

choosing between a public and private school for their children. These
two schools share the same goal of educating students and developing
them holistically. Aside from this, they are open for anyone who wishes
to apply for admission. There is no remarkable difference as well in
terms of the academic performance of students. However, public and
private schools vary in some ways. While public schools are funded by
the government, private schools get their funding from tuition,
endowments, and donations of private corporations. The class size is
different as well since public schools generally have a larger number of
students per room. They also differ as to who dictates the schedule
and school calendar. In private schools, it is the school board that
decides while in public schools, it is the government education agency.
Choosing between private and public schools is a challenging task, but
what parents should really consider is the performance of an individual
school and not its category.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Spams refers to inappropriate and irrelevant

messages indiscriminately sent to numerous
recipients via the internet. They are considered as
junk mails, and most contain malwares and links
used for phishing. There are two types of spam
based on the source. The first one is the unsolicited
bulk e-mail which is sent in large quantities. The
second type is unsolicited commercial e-mail which
is sent to promote something, usually without the
receiver agreeing to receive these types of
advertisements. The first spam was sent by Gary
Thuerk in 1978 to 600 recipients.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

To protect your computer from being attacked by a virus,

you need to install a reliable anti-virus software. To do this,
first click the “Install Now” button. After you click this
button, wait for the required files to be downloaded
completely. Wait for the “Welcome to the InstallShield
Wizard” window to open. Then click the “Next” button.
Read and accept the license agreement and click the
“Next” button. Continue to click the “Next” button until
you see the “Install” button. Once it appears, click the
“Install” button and wait for a few minutes as the
installation is completed. Once the technical support
information appears, read it and then click the “Next”
button. Click the “Finish” button. The installation is
complete.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Technological innovations can be a great help to students,

but they can also be used for hi-tech cheating. The latter
practice is now running rampant that it has become an
epidemic: more and more students nowadays use
information technology to breach rules on academic
honesty without them being aware of the violations. To put
a stop to this, some suggestions are listed in the
succeeding sentences. First, schools can create policies
banning the use of phones during examinations. They can
also create programs that will develop students’
information literacy skills. To ensure that plagiarism is
minimized at the very least, teachers can instruct their
students to subject their work to online plagiarism trackers
before submitting them.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Traffic, traffic, traffic: this is what we always face in

Metro Manila. As a solution to this problem, one
government agency suggested that jeepneys be
banned in the Metro. I strongly oppose this suggestion
for two reasons. To start, the Philippines has not yet
built an adequate and low-cost public transportation,
we are posing a problem to those who cannot afford
expensive transport systems like taxis. Aside from this,
banning jeepneys affects our cultural identity. These
colorful vehicles, as well as the actual experience of
riding them, have become one of the symbols of the
Philippines. It is therefore a cultural crime to bar them
from the country’s capital.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

In the wild, there lived three young women who

decided to build a shelter. However, they had
different preferences, so each of them decided to
build their own house. And so it was the opposite to
a river, the youngest girl built a house using leaves
and twigs. Adjacent to the youngest girl’s house is
the shelter of the eldest. She built a house using
logs and she constructed it near the spring so she
can easily access drinking water. In the middle of
the forest, the middle child built her house. It stands
between two hills and is quite far from her two
sister’s houses, but she was contented.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

There are many reasons why I prefer to

live in the Metro. First and foremost, it
has many exciting places. For example,
you can go to Makati if you want to go
shopping. If you want to experience the
night life, you can visit bars along Tomas
Morato and Malate. In terms of job
opportunities, the Metro houses most of
the top companies that offer the best-
paying jobs.