EK-M 4.3.

1 7,8
Scavenge pumps and valves
Turbo charger
SCAVENGE PUMPS
● Scavenging pumps are really low-pressure air
compressors.
● They may be either reciprocating or rotary type
● A scavenge pump has to supply large quantities of air at
low pressure
● They are necessarily of large size
● Their capacity is 1.5 times the total volume swept by the
working pistons
● Rotary compressors
TURBOCHARGER AND ITS
TYPES
INTRODUCTION
● Supercharging is the process of the increasing
of the weight of the charged air by increasing the
density of the charged air.
● Turbocharging is one kind of supercharging by
using exhaust gas turbocharger. In which the
energy in the exhaust gas expelled from the
engine cylinder is utilized in driven in gas
turbine, which is connected to a centrifugal air
blower and air is supplied to scavenge air trunk.
Different types of turbocharging methods
● Constant Pressure Turbocharging
● Pulse Turbocharging
Constant Pressure Turbocharging
● Exhaust gas is lead to common manifold.
● Which is then supplied to turbocharger at constant
pressure.
● Exhaust manifold space is large enough for the volume of
combined exhaust gases without any pressure rise.
● Hence constant pressure is available to the turbine.
● However, the exhaust manifold should not be too big, as
then there would be longer time required for the desired
exhaust pressure
● The exhaust gas flow into the manifold creates eddies
which in turn damp out any pressure waves or pulses.
● Work is not done when exhaust gas is throttled through
the exhaust valve into the large manifold.
● Work is done when exhaust gases expand through the
turbine nozzle and blades
Advantages
● It is more efficient
● The turbine operation is better when a constant pressure
is available at the turbine inlet
● Better scavenging is possible at higher loads.
● Exhaust grouping is not required
● It can use the advantage of modern long stroke engines,
since more time is available for expansion in the
combustion cylinder itself.
● Hence greater use of heat energy in the cylinder and
lower exhaust temperature is possible
● Since exhaust pressure pulses are not used, more energy
is available for recovery at the turbine compressor. Hence
compressor output is increased.
● There is great utilization of waste exhaust energy as main
engine runs at higher load most of the time allowing a
constant load with less load changes
Disadvantages
● It cannot cope up at low or part loads.
● Here the auxiliary electric blowers supply air when the
pressure falls below a preset value.
● Due to the large exhaust manifold, there is very slow
response to load changes
Pulse Turbocharging
● Pulse turbocharging uses the pressure pulse wave to
expand the gas further at the turbine nozzle and blades.
● Exhaust gas from each cylinder is directly lead to turbine
inlet
● Pressure waves are created, when the exhaust valve
suddenly opens and exhaust is blown down into the
exhaust piping of smaller diameter, thereby pressurising it.
● For maximum usage of the pulse, the pulse should be as
close to the turbine inlet
● Work is done by the exhaust gas expanding further at the
turbine blades.
● The requirements of efficient pulse turbocharging are
● A Rapid opening of exhaust valve
● Exhaust piping of a large diameter, but much smaller
than the exhaust valve opening to allow for creation of
pulses.
● Exhaust piping to be as near as possible to the turbine
inlet to use the pulse effectively as well as prevent any
pulse reflection
Exhaust grouping
● Its is necessary to prevent blow back of one cylinder into
another in pulse type turbocharging. Each exhaust pipe
has a separate inlet to the turbine
● Ex. three cylinders are coupled to one turbine, with a firing
interval of 120deg. Crank difference.
Advantages
● It utilizes the high kinetic energy of the exhaust gas i.e unutilized energy from
combustion cylinder.
● It can work effectively at low loads
● It has good responses to load changes.
● It is widely used in auxiliary power generators, where load changes are
frequent and longer periods of low load operation is common
Turbocharger Types
● Axial Flow
Here a single stage impulse reaction turbine drives a centrifugal
compressor.

Exhaust gas flow in and out of the turbine blades along the axis
of the shaft.commonly used in marine applications.

● Radial Flow
Here the exhaust flow into the turbine blade is along the radial
direction. The exhaust gas flows off the trailing edge of the
blade and the outlet is along the axis of the rotor
NEED OF TURBOCHARGERS
● Power of a two stroke diesel engine
= pm x L x A x N x no. of cylinders
● Where pm = mean effective pressure;
● L = stroke of the engine;
● A = cross sectional area of the cylinder;
● N = revolution per second of the engine
Construction
On the same shaft is mounted a single stage impulse
reaction turbine and a centrifugal compressor.
The Turbine consists of
● a gas inlet casing with a nozzle ring;
● a gas outlet casing;
● a turbine wheel forged integral with the shaft;
● blades that are fitted through side entry slots;
● and a provision for water cooling
CONSTRUCTION
● The nozzle ring is where the energy in the exhaust gas is
converted into kinetic energy.
● It is fabricated from a creep resistant chromium nickel
alloy, heat resisting moly-chrome nickel steel or a
nimonic alloy which will withstand the high temperatures
and be resistant to corrosion.
● Turbine blades are usually a nickel chrome alloy or
a nimonic material (a nickel alloy containing chrome,
titanium, aluminium, molybdenum and tungsten)
which has good resistance to creep, fatigue and
corrosion.
● Lacing wire is used to dampen vibration.The wire passes through holes in
the blades and damps the vibration due to friction between the wire and
blade.
● The compressor impeller is of aluminium alloy or the
more expensive titanium.
● It is located on the rotor shaft by splines. Often the
temperature of air leaving the impeller can be as high
as 200°C. To extend the life, air temperatures must
be reduced by drawing the air from outside where the
ambient air temperature is below that of the engine
room.
● Efficient filtration and separation to remove water
droplets is essential and the impeller will have to be
coated to prevent corrosion accelerated by the
possible presence of salt water.
● Labyrinth seals or glands are fitted to the shaft and casing to prevent the
leakage of exhaust gas into the turbine end bearing, or to prevent oil being
drawn into the compressor.
● A labyrinth arrangement is also fitted to the back of the compressor impeller
to restrict the leakage of air to the gas side
WORKING PRINCIPLE
● The turbocharger consists of a single stage impulse turbine connected to a
centrifugal impeller via a shaft.
● The turbine is driven by the engine exhaust gas, which enters via the gas
inlet casing.
● The gas expands through a nozzle ring where the pressure energy of the
gas is converted to kinetic energy. This high velocity gas is directed onto the
turbine blades where it drives the turbine wheel.
● The exhaust gas then passes through the outlet casing to the exhaust
uptakes.
● On the air side air is drawn in through filters, and enters the compressor
wheel axially where it is accelerated to high velocity. The air exits the
impeller radially and passes through a diffuser, where some of the kinetic
energy gets converted to pressure energy. The air passes to the volute
TYPES OF TURBOCHARGERS
UNCOOLED TYPE
● This type of turbochargers do not have their turbine casing water cooled.
This allows maximum heat availability to exhaust gas economizer for further
heat recovery.
● Bearing housing on the turbine end is cooled with a small amount of water,
controlling the lube oil temperature.
● Cooling is carried out for the jacket of the gas outlet casing to allow some
cooling and control of casing surface to protect against fire and accidental
contact.
● Higher working temperature eliminates the possibility of condensation and
acid corrosion within the gas casing.
● An emergency oil gravity tank ensures safe run out of turbocharger rotor in
event of failure of lube oil pump.
UNCOOLED TYPE
COOLED TYPE
THANK YOU
VARIABLE GEOMETRY
TURBOCHARGER
● For high efficiency the marine engines have to be run at
highest rated RPM. However due to various norms, fuel
efficiency marine engines cannot be operated at high
speed.
● As RPM of engine reduces, the air supply from
turbocharger also reduces, starving the combustion
space of air resulting in improper combustion and
increased fuel consumption.
● To counter this auxiliary blowers are used at low speeds.
VARIABLE GEOMETRY
TURBOCHARGER
● A variable geometry turbocharger has movable vanes which can direct
exhaust flow onto the turbine blades.
● The vane angles are adjusted by an actuator. The angle of the vanes vary
throughout the engine RPM range to optimize turbine behavior.
● Adjusting the guide vanes makes the air flow cross section narrower
increasing the speed of air flow to the turbine wheel. This increases the
turbocharger speed.
In this cut-through diagram, you can see the direction of exhaust
flow when the variable vanes are in an almost closed angle. The
narrow passage of which the exhaust gas has to flow through
accelerates the exhaust gas towards the turbine blades, making
them spin faster. The angle of the vanes also directs the gas to hit
the blades at the proper angle.
This cut-through diagram shows the exhaust gas flow when
the variable turbine vanes are fully open. The high exhaust
flow at high engine speeds are fully directed onto the turbine
blades by the variable vanes.
CONSTRUCTION
● Adjustable turbine nozzle ring
● Adjustment device consists of two spindle drives which convert rotary
motion of the servomotors to linear motion for adjusting VTA.
● The servo motors are used to drive the adjustable nozzle.
● Spindle drive is a shaft that rotates when torque is applied. The rotational
motion is converted to translational motion by means of a slotted nut.
● Setting ring : the motion of nuts on both spindles is transferred to the
carriers on the setting ring inducing a rotational motion of setting ring.
● Adjustable turbine guide vanes: there are settling levers per turbine guide
vanes mounted in setting ring. The torque imparted by the setting rings to
the lever induces a rotational motion of guide vanes.

● Variable Turbine Area VTA.mp4

VARIABLE TURBINE AREA
CONTROL
● VTA on ME engines
In this type the Multipurpose controller responsible for changing the VTA is
integrated with the engine control system (ECS) and is controlled by it.
ADVANTAGES OVER FIXED
GEOMETRY
● Works on the entire load range of engine.
● Eliminates the use of auxiliary blower.
● Reduces fuel consumption.
● Reduces exhaust smoke emission.
● Lowers CO2, NOx, SOx emission.
● Reduces soot and carbon deposits on
combustion and exhaust space.
MAN 2 STAGE TURBOCHARGING
● Two-stage turbocharging allows the charge air pressure to be increased
substantially.
● The result is higher power density, reduced exhaust emissions and lower
fuel consumption.
● With the TCX series MAN Energy Solutions has developed a turbocharger
especially suited for two-stage turbocharging of two- and four-stroke diesel
and gas engines.
FEATURES:
● Turbine type: mixed flow turbine
● Pressure ratios up to 10.5 (two stages)
● Max. permissible temperature: 650°C
● Compact two-stage unit with integrated intermediate- and charge air coolers
feasible
● Suitable for HFO, MDO, Gas
ADVANTAGES OF 2 STAGE OVER
SINGLE STAGE
● Higher power density
● Lower fuel consumption

● Reduced exhaust emissions

● Higher charging efficiencies due to

intercooling.
● Lower pressure ratios.
LIMITATIONS OF 2 STAGE OVER
SINGLE STAGE
● Cost

● Size

● Maintenance