Introduction to Microwave

Lecture-1
Microwave Engineering
Prof.N.D.Patel
History of Microwaves
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) unified all Previous
known results, exp. And theoretical on electromagnetic
waves in four eq. and predicted the existence of
electromangetic waves.
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1874-1937) experimentally
confirmed Maxwell’s prediction.
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) transmitted information on
an experimental basis at microwave freq.
• Southworth (1930) really carried out Marconic’s exp. On
commercial basis
• During World war-II (1945) based on previous
developments, radar was invented and was exploited for
military applications
History of Microwaves
• After that people Investigated how devices could operate in
UHF/microwave bands with larger power.
• Conventional vacuum tubes was suited, but interelectrode
capacitance(IEC) between elements within vacuum tube was
causing longer electron transit time.
• IEC shorting at high freq. and it was used at lower freq. only
• Above problem was solved by K.Kurz and H.Barkhausen in 1920
• They developed Barkhausen-Kurz oscillator (BKO) that could
generate high freq. oscillations, with available power was limited.
• In 1921, A.W. Hull developed magnetron device, used magnetic
field to influence flow of electrons
• Randoll and Boots further developed magnetron 1939
History of Microwaves
• Dilemma between power and freq. remained problem for
several years, until Hansen and D.Heil used electron transit
time to advantage by mechanical called velocity
modulation.
• Varian brothers in 1937 extended Hansen’s work by
developing klystron vacuum tube, could be used both as
power amplifier and as an oscillator, due to this vacuum
tube radar could be commercially developed for military
use.
• Later semiconductor devices at microwave freq. were
developed
• By 1960 microwave comm. Replaced 40% of telephone
comm. Between major cities of world.
History of Microwaves
• In early 1980’s microwave devices found appl. Even in
consumer market with TV receive only broadcast
service to home satellite TV transmission.
• In 1990’s microwaves became common consumer
markets with development of microwave ovens,
network television, personal communication system,
cell phones, personal communication and radar, such as
medicine, surveying land, industrial quality control,
radio astronomy, global positioning system, power
transmission, space shuttle etc.
Microwave Frequency Bands
Microwave Frequency Bands
Microwave Frequency Bands
Advantages of Microwave
• 1) Large Bandwidth: The microwave spectrum has larger bandwidth (1 GHz - 103
GHZ) and hence large amount of information can be transmitted using it.
2) Improved Directive Properties: As freq. increases, directivity increases and
beam width decreases.
For example: for parabolic antenna, Beam width in degree=140 degree/(diameter of
antenna in cm/wavelength in cm)
so from above equation it is clear that with increase in freq. beam width decreases
and antenna became more directional
3) Fading Effect and Reliability: Fading effect due to variation in the transmission
medium is more effective at low freq. Also in microwave due to line of sight
propagation and high freq. there is less fading effect and hence microwave comm.
is more reliable
4) Power Requirements: Tx and Rx power requirements are pretty low at
microwave freq. compared to that at short band.
5) Transparency Property of microwave: microwave ranging from 300 MHz- 10
GHZ are capable of freely propagating through ionized layers surrounding earth as
well as through atmosphere. Presence of such transparent window in microwave
band facilitates study of microwave radiation from sun and stars in radio
astronomical research of space.
Applications of Microwaves
• Telecommunication: Intercontinental Telephone
and T.V, space comm., telemetry comm. Link for
railways etc.
• Radars: detect air craft, tracking/ guide super
sonic missiles, observe and track weather
patterns, air traffic control, burglar alarms, garage
door openers, police speed detectors etc.
• Commercial and industrial application use heat
property of microwaves
– Microwave oven (2.45 GHz, 600W)
Applications of Microwaves
– Drying machines: textiles, food and paper industry for drying
clothes, potato chips, printed matter etc.
– Food processing industry: precooling/cooking,
parsteurising/sterility, heat frozen/refrigerated precooled meats,
roasting of food grains/beans
– Rubber industry/plastics/chemical/forest product industries
– Mining/Public works, breaking rock, tunnel boring,
drying/breaking up concrete, breaking up coalseams, power
transmission.
– Biomedical applications (diagnostic/therapeutic): diathermy for
localized superficial heating electromagnetic heating for
treatment of cancer, hyperthermia (local, regional or whole body
for cancer therapy), electromagnetic transmission through human
body has been used for monitoring of heart beat, lung water
detection etc.
Applications of Microwaves
• Electronic warfare: ECM/ECCM (Electronic counter
measure/Electronic counter counter measure)
systems, spread spectrum systems.
• Identifying objects or personnel by non-contact
method
• Light generated charge carriers in microwave
semiconductor makes it possible to create whole new
world of microwave devices, fast jitter-free switches,
phase shifters, HF generation, tuning elements etc.
Thank you