UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS,

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,

FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION, B. SC (HONS) DEGREE,
2024 / 2025 ACADEMIC SESSION
COURSE: EEG 331

HOME WORK 2: DIODE AND DIODE CIRCUITS

Instructions:
1. Each HW group should upload a scanned copy of the solution to the HW
2. Submission Link: https://forms.gle/gHjAbnZEj7hG5sZR9
3. Submission deadline: 6th December, 2024

Question 1

A. Given the full wave rectifier in Figure Q1(b), select the component values to power a Zener
regulated 1000mW, 12V load from a 240Vrms 50Hz ac source. Assume a transformer turns ratio
(stepdown) = 12:1 and a forward voltage drop of 0.7 V in all diodes.

Figure Q1(b)
i. Determine VP
ii. Determine VC
iii. If VC (min) = 14.0V with the load connected, what values of R1 and C are required, if the
current through the Zener diode approaches zero when VC approaches VC (min).

iv. What average power must the Zener diode dissipate when the load is not connected?

B. The circuit shown in Fig Q1(c) represents a simple automotive voltage-reduction circuit with a
variable source 12 < Vbat < 15V and a 500mW load that may either be ON or OFF. The Zener diode
is a 1N754 (VZ = 6.8V) and the junction diode has forward voltage drop VD = 0.7V.
i. Determine the drop-down resistance RS such that the Zener diode set always remains
in reverse breakdown (maintains regulation) with current minimum of 10 mA.

ii. Determine the worst-case power dissipated in the Zener diode and in the resistance
Rs.

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Figure Q1(c)

Question 2

A. Shown in Figures Q2(a-i) and Q2(a-ii) is a dc source connected to a motor through a diode.

M
M
5V
5V

Figure Q2(a-i) Figure Q2(a-ii)

i. State the purpose of the diodes in both circuits

ii. Which of the configurations would you prefer and why?
iii. Assume that the motor draws a stall current of 500 mA, estimate the minimum ratings of the
diode required in terms of peak inverse voltage (PIV) and forward diode current for both
circuits (Figures Q2(a) and 2(b)). Explain all assumptions.

B.

Circuit A (Figure Q2(b))

Assume that the red LED turns on with a forward voltage of 2.0 V, and that the blue LED turns on with a
forward voltage of 4.0 V.

i. Select resistance values for R1 and R2 such that 30 mA flows through each LED.

Circuit B (Figure Q2(b))

Assume that the red LED turns on with a forward voltage of 2.0 V.

ii. What is the minimum value of RL for which 2.1 mA current flows through the LED during
conduction?
iii. Assuming that RL is above that minimum, what is the voltage across RL?

iv. How does the voltage across RL change as the resistance RL is increased above that minimum
value?

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Figure Q2(b)

C. In Figure Q2 (c), assume that the red LED turns on with a forward voltage of 1.5 V, and that the
green LED turns on with a forward voltage of 2.0 V. Given that the AC wave generator source is a
+/- 5 V square wave.

Figure Q 2(c)

Obtain the equation and sketch the plot of the voltage measured between points A and B below the
plot of the input signal.

Question 3

A. Draw the block diagram of a regulated dc power supply. Sketch the output waveform of each block

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B. Design a regulated dc power supply to charge a cell phone with battery capacity of 5000 mAH using
a dc voltage of 5 V and a constant charging voltage to charge from empty to full charge within 10
hours. The maximum allowed ripple in your design should be 3 V pp.
Note:
• Use Nigeria´s AC mains standard voltage and frequency in your design. State all
assumptions.
• Select a suitable IC voltage regulator from the data shown in Table Q1
• Draw the final circuit diagram and obtain the designed values of the components

Table Q1: Input – Output of 7800 IC series

C. What are clippers and clampers circuits?

D. Draw the output waveform of the circuit for the input waveform shown in Figure Q3 and briefly
explain how the output waveform was obtained. Assume the diode is ideal.

Figure Q3

Question 4

A. The circuit shown in Figure Q4 (A) is used to charge a 12-V battery from a 30-V peak amplitude
sinusoidal source (vs). Assume the diode is ideal, determine the following diode ratings required for
the circuit.

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id

500 Ω
vs 12 V

Figure Q4(A)
i. The maximum diode current
ii. The fraction of each cycle during which the diode conducts
iii. The peak inverse voltage of the diode

B. A nonlinear resistor having terminal voltage vNR and terminal current iNR is connected to an external
network as shown in Figure Q4(B-i). The terminal characteristics of the nonlinear resistor are given
graphically on Figure Q4(B-ii).

Carefully note the scales of the graph (Figure Q2(B-ii), volts and milliamps, and the location of its
origin. Use only pencil to draw on the graph where necessary. Detach the copy of the graph on page
8 and use it. Attach your graph to your answer sheet.

R i
+
iNR
V Nonlinear Resistor
vNR

Figure Q4(B-i)

i. Assume that V = 2 V and R = 4 kΩ in Figure Q2(B-i). Using the graphical analysis of the
nonlinear resistor terminal characteristics, determine vNR and iNR with appropriate units.

ii. Assume now that V = (2 + 0.1sin(ωt)) V and R = 4 kΩ in Figure Q2(B-i). In this case, vNR
will be given approximately as vNR ≈ A + B sin(ωt). Using the terminal characteristics of the
nonlinear resistor, determine A and B with appropriate units.

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Figure Q4(B-ii): Graph of the i-v characteristic of the nonlinear resistor

C. Design a full-wave bridge rectifier to produce a peak output voltage of 12 V and deliver 120 mA to
the load, with a ripple of not more than 5 percent from an input line voltage of 220 V (rms), 50 Hz.

Question 5

1kΩ IL +
i

V RL Vo

Figure Q5(A)

A. The supply voltage V in Figure Q5(A) is nominally 12 V but can vary by ± 1 V which is then
regulated by a zener diode specified to have 𝑉𝑍 = 6.8 𝑉 at 𝐼𝑍 = 5 𝑚𝐴, 𝑟𝑍 = 20 Ω, and 𝐼𝑍𝐾 =
0.2 𝑚𝐴.

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i. Determine the output voltage 𝑉𝑜 with 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 (𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑), and V at its nominal
value.
Δ𝑉 mV
ii. Determine the line regulation ( Δ𝑉𝑜 ) expressed in , resulting from ± 1 V variation input
V
voltage V.
Δ𝑉 mV
iii. Determine the load regulation ( Δ𝐼 𝑜 ) expressed in , resulting from connecting a load
𝐿 mA
resistance 𝑅𝐿 that draws a current 𝐼𝐿 = 1𝑚𝐴.

iv. Determine Δ𝑉𝑜 when 𝑅𝐿 = 2 𝑘Ω

v. Determine Δ𝑉𝑜 when 𝑅𝐿 = 0.5 𝑘Ω

Figure Q5(B)

B. The i-v characteristic of the diode in the circuit shown in Figure Q5(B) is modeled as:

i. Find the relationship between the output voltage and the input voltage for this circuit, assuming
that the op amp is ideal, the diode acts as modeled above, and the input voltage is greater than
zero.

ii. Design an analog multiplier circuit using the building block provided in Figure Q3(B). This
multiplier should take three positive input signals (𝑉1, 𝑉2, and 𝑉3) and produce an output
voltage proportional to their product (𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 × 𝑉2 × 𝑉3 ). Determine the values of the resistors
required. Assume the op-amp is ideal and 𝐼𝑆 = 10−9 𝐴.

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