B. Sc.

Part – II CBCS Syllabus

DSC -1005 C Semester: III Electronics-Paper- III
Electronics Communication and Microprocessor
8085
Section II: Microprocessor 8085
UNIT 1: Microcomputer Organization

Presented By:
Dr. C. B. Patil
Vivekanand College, Ichalkaranji
Syllabus

Unit 1: Microcomputer Organization:

Basic components of microcomputer(CPU, Program
memory, Data memory, input and output ports,
idea of RAM (SDRAM,DRAM) Types of ROM Memory
organization & addressing. Memory Interfacing,
Memory Map.
Chapter –I
Microcomputer Organization
1.1 Introduction:
Microcomputer: It is a small, relatively
inexpensive Computer with a microprocessor as
its Central Processing Unit (CPU). It includes a
microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output
(I/O) circuitry mounted on a single Printed Circuit Board
(PCB).
Microcomputer is designed for individual use and is
smaller in size than a mainframe or a minicomputer.
Microcomputers can be referred as, simply,
computers, or personal computers (PC).Desktop
computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA),
tablets & Smart-phones are all types of
microcomputers.
1.2 Organization of Microcomputer:-
i) Microprocessor ii) Memory iii) Input unit iv)Output unit
1.2.1 Microprocessor:
Microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logical device
that reads binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as
an input & processes the data according to those instructions and
provides the result as an output.
Microprocessor has 3 minimum components:
a) ALU [Arithmetic Logical Unit]:-In this area of
microprocessor, various computing functions are performed on
data. It performs arithmetic operations as well as logical
operations.
b) Register Array:-It consists of various registers. These
registers are primary used to store the data temporarily during the
execution of the program.
c) Control unit [CU]: - provides the necessary timing &
control signals to all the operations in the microprocessor system.
1.2.1.1 Evolution of the Microprocessors:
1st Generation: (1971 to 1973)
The first µP was introduced in 1971 by Intel (Integrated Electronics)
Corporation. This was the Intel 4004, a processor on a single chip. It had the
capability of performing simple arithmetic and logical operations. For
example, addition, subtraction, comparison, logical AND and OR operations. It
also had a control unit which could perform various control functions like
fetching an instruction from the memory, decoding it and generating control
signals to execute it.
During this period, the other microprocessors were launched in the
market such as Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL-8008 and National
semiconductors IMP-16.INTEL-8008 was the first 8 bit µP, which would
perform arithmetic and logic operations on 8 bit words, was introduced in
1973, by Intel. Then its improved version- INTEL 8080 was introduced.
The First generation microprocessors were designed using the PMOS
(P-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology. This technology was cost
effective, but with slow device speed, low output currents and compatible
only with TTL family.
2nd Generation: (1973 to 1978)
very efficient 8-bit microprocessors were implemented like
INTEL-8085, Motorola 6800 and 6801 and Zilogs-Z80, which were
among the most popular ones. Owing to their superfast speed,
they were costly as they were based on NMOS (N-channel MOS)
technology fabrication.
3rd Generation: (1979 to 1980 )
During this period 16 bit processors were designed using
HMOS(High-performance n-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL 8086/80186/80286 and
Motorola 68000 and 68010 were introduced.
Speeds of those processors were four times better than the
2nd generation processors.
Later, Intel introduced a high speed version of the 8085A
called 8085AH using HMOS technology. One of the most popular
16-bit µP introduced by Intel was 8088. The 8088 has the same
instruction set as the 8086. However, it has only an 8 bit data bus.
The 8088 was the µP used in the IBM PC and its clones.
4th Generation: ( 1981 to 1995)
developed 32 bit microprocessors by using
HCMOS (High-performance Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor) fabrication. INTEL-80386/80486,
Motorola’s 68020/68030/68040 and National
semiconductor NS 32032 were the popular processors.
These microprocessors have on-chip RAM called the
cache memory to speed up program execution.
5th Generation: From 1995 to until now
high-performance and high-speed processors
that make use of 64-bit processors. Such processors
include Pentium, Celeron, Dual and Quad core ,
i3,15,17 processors.
Table 1.1: Evaluation of major µP characteristics from Intel
1.2.1.2 Applications of Microprocessors:
It is used in two different ways.
1. as a programmable logic device to control the
process.
e. g -in home appliances, wireless
communication equipments, office publication and
automation, consumer electronics, calculators,
accounting system, video games, industrial controllers
and data acquisition systems.

2. as a data processing unit or a computing units

of a computer like Desktop computers, laptops.
1.2.2Memory: -
to store program/ instructions and data.
The semiconductor memories are of two types ROM and
RAM.
ROM is a non-Volatile memory while RAM is Volatile memory.
To store program/instructions, the system should have permanent
(non-Volatile) memory, because program should not get erased due
to any reason. It should remain intact even if power supply is
switched off. Such a memory is called as “Program Memory”. Its
examples are EPROM or Flash memories. Now- a- days flash
memories are most widely used.
Also system should require another type of memory to store data
temporarily. So once data is used, it can be over written by new data.
Thus we use this memory as “scratch pad”. Such a memory is also
called as “Data Memory”. Its examples are SRAM (Static RAM) and
DRAM (Dynamic RAM).
Fig. 1.2 Types of semiconductor Memories
1.2.2.1ROM (Read-only memory): ROM is a type of memory that does not
lose its contents when the power is turned off, hence ROM is called
nonvolatile memory. There are different types of read- only memory. They are
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash and masked ROM.
PROM (Programmable Read only Memory):In a PROM for every bit there
exist a fuse. PROM is programmed by blowing the fuses. Once the fuses are
burned we can’t change data hence PROM is some time known as OTP (One
time programmable)
EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read only Memory) :
Widely used EPROM is UV-EPROM i.e. Ultra-Violet Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory. This memory IC have a quartz window on it. When this IC
is exposed with ultra violet light through this window for about 15 to 20
minutes then all the contents of this memory are erased. Upon erasing it can
be reprogrammed by using EPROM programmer. Such ICs has a part number
27XX. e.g. 27128 where 27 refers UV-EPROM with capacity 128 K bits or 16 K
bytes. The program/erase cycle for EPROM is 1,000 times.
Disadvantages : 1) It can’t be programmed when it is in system board.
2) Single bit or byte can’t be erased.
EEPROM or E2PROM: (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory):This is similar to EPROM except that the erasing
is done by electrical signals instead of UV light. Advantage of
EEPROM is it can be erased and reprogrammed without
removing it from board. Its single location can be erased. The
program/erase cycle for EPROM is 1,00,000 times.
Flash EPROM: Now a days this is most popular Erasable
Programmable ROM. It is widely used in mobile card, camera,
even hard disk of computer. It is similar to EEPROM, but with
small electrical pulse or flash (less than 1 sec.) all contents of
memory are erased. This memory can be reprogrammed while it
is in its socket. The program/erase cycle for flash is 1,00,000
times.
Mask ROM: Contents or data on this ROM is programmed by IC
manufacturer; hence it is not user-programmable ROM. It is
costly and used only when large quantity is required.
1.2.2.2RAM (Random access Memory):
RAM is type of memory that loses its contents when power is
turned off, hence RAM is called volatile memory; sometimes it is
also called as Read-write memory. There are two types of RAMs,
1) SRAM and 2) DRAM.
SRAM (Static RAM): In this type of memory 1 or 0 are stored on
memory cell in the form of voltage. Memory cell is constructed
using flip-flop and each flip-flop requires about 6 transistors, so
such memories are bulky.
DRAM(Dynamic RAM):
In this type of memory, data (i.e.1 and 0) is stored in the
form of charge on capacitor instead of voltage. Because of this
number of transistors required to store data are reduced as
compare to static RAM. Due to this size of memory cell is also
reduced. However this type of memory requires constant
refreshing due to leakage of charge on capacitor.
1.2.2.3 Memory structure and its requirements:
Fig. 1.5 : 4  8-bit register
Pin connections to memory devices:
(i) Address connections : All memory devices have
address inputs that select a memory location within the memory
device. Address inputs are labelled from A0 to An.
(ii) Data connections : All memory devices have a set
of data outputs or input/outputs.
(iii) Selection connection : Each memory device has
an input that selects or enables the memory device. This kind of
input is most often called a chip select (CS ), chip enable (CE ) or
simply select (S ) input.
(iv) Control connections : A ROM usually has only one
control input, while a RAM often has one or two control inputs.
The control input most often found on the ROM is the output
enable (OE ) or gate (G ), this allows data to flow out of the
output data pins of the ROM. A RAM has two control inputs, they
are usually labelled (write enable) or and (output enable) OR
read enable
(a) R/W Memory model (b) ROM Memory model
Table 1.2 : Summarizes capacity of memory and required
address lines
Some of EPROM ICs:

2732 : In this IC 27 indicates it is EPROM and 32 belong to

8 bit data on each location and totally 4k locations
(8  4k = 32) hence this IC is of 4 kbyte

2764 : In this IC 27 indicates it is EPROM and 64 belong to

8 bit data on each location and totally 8k locations
(8  8k = 64) hence this IC is of 8 kbyte

27128 : In this IC 27 indicates it is EPROM and 128 belong

to 8 bit data on each location and totally 16k locations
(8  16k = 128) hence this IC is of 16 kbyte.
1.2.2.4EPROM INTERFACING
i) Interfacing EPROM 2764 memory chip
Interfacing of EPROM 27128 memory chip using NAND gate as Decoder
Interfacing of EPROM 27128 memory chip using Decoder IC
1.2.3 Input unit:- This section supplies the data and
instructions in binary form to the system. e.g.-
keyboard.
1.2.4. Output Unit:- This section transfers the data
from microprocessor to the O/P devices such as 7-
segment display, CRT screen, printer etc.
Address Bus:- It is unidirectional bus which carries
addresses from microprocessor to peripheral devices.
Data Bus:- It is a bidirectional bus which transfers the
data between microprocessor and peripherals.
Control Bus:- Control bus consists of control signals
which are given out by control unit of microprocessor
to peripheral.
Memory Read Operation
Exercise
Q. Select most correct alternative:
1) Microcomputer system is built using--------
a) Microprocessor b) Memory
c) Input-Output Devices d) all of these
2) …….is/are the example/s of ROM.
a) EPROM b) MASK c) EEPROM d) all of these
3) Memory IC 2764 is of ---------Byte
a) 2K b) 4K c) 8 K d) 16 K
4) To interface IC 2764 with 8085, it requires -----address lines.
a) 11 b) 12 c) 13 d) 14
5) Memory IC 27128 is of ---------Byte
a) 2K b) 4K c) 8 K d) 16 K
6)To interface IC 27128 with 8085, it requires -----address lines.
a) 11 b) 12 c) 13 d) 14
Q. Long answers questions:
1. Draw a block diagram of Microcomputer system and
explain its various parts.
2. What are semiconductor memories? Explain them.
3. Draw the neat schematic showing the interface
between 8085 microprocessor and 2764 EPROM. Also
explain memory map indicating the address and range.
4. Draw the neat schematic showing the interface
between 8085 microprocessor and 27128 EPROM. Also
explain memory map indicating the address and range.
5. Interface 27128 EPROM chip to 8085 microprocessor
and explain its memory map.
6. How 2764 EPROM chip is interfaced to 8085
microprocessor? Find its memory map.