 Faraday's Law

d B
 Rate of change of magnetic flux is proportional to induced emf e  
dt
 Magnetic Flux ()
 Number of magnetic line of forces passing
through a area perpendicular is known as
magnetic flux.
 
 Magnetic flux ()  NB. A  NBA cos  ( is
 
angle between A and B )

 Lenz Law
 Direction of induced current is such that
it oppose the change in flux through the
loop.
 Motional EMF

     
e  B  ( d   v ), e  B.( LBA  v )
 
Note: Direction of positive terminal is in the direction of v  B
1
  e  Bv
T
1
  e  Bv sin 
T
When rod is rotating about its one end

VMC | Revision Booklet | Physics 1 Class – XII | Electromagnetic Induction



If angle between area vector and magnetic field changes

  d
  B. A cos  ; e  BA sin t
dt
Note : When ring related about its axis e  zero
When ring rotated about its diameter then e  NBA sin t emax  NBA

 Self induction
Ldi
 Phenomena of inducing emf due to change in its own current   Li emf  
dt
 Self inductance (L) for solenoid
0 N 2 A
 L  0 n2 A

 N = number of turns; n = number of turns/length
 Combination of inductors
1 1 1
 Series L  L1  L2 Parallel  
L L1 L2
Note: In parallel combination L1I1  L2 I 2
 Energy stored in inductor:
1 2 2 i
 U Li  
2 2L 2
 Mutual induction:
 Phenomena of including emf in a coil due to change in current in another coil is known
as mutual induction.
 Flux linked to coil -1 in the filled of coil -2 is 1  Mi2 and vice versa.
di
  Mi emf   M
dt
VMC | Revision Booklet | Physics 2 Class – XII | Electromagnetic Induction
 Mutual inductance between 2 solenoids
 0 N1N 2 A
M

 Relation between self-inductance and mutual inductance
Real Ideal

M  k L1L2 k = coupling factor M  L1L2 (k  1)

air gap soft iron

0  k 1 k 1
 Transformer
 Works only for AC
 Principle: Mutual induction
 For ideal transformer
(1) Power loss = 0
 efficiency = 100%
(2) Flux loss = 0
But practicaly Pout  Pin
 efficiency < 100%

VS N S i p i2 R
   turn ratio  (efficiency)  s  100
VP N P is VP i p

Transmissions are done at high voltage and low current by using step up transformer.

VMC | Revision Booklet | Physics 3 Class – XII | Electromagnetic Induction

 Induced electric field :
 Produced due to change in magnetic field and is non-conservative in nature
  d
 .d    dtB
E

 Growth of a Current in an L – R Circuit

E
I (1  e  Rt / L ). [If initial current = 0]
R
I  I 0 (1  e t /  ) ( I 0 is steady state current through inductor)
L
  time constant of the circuit.
R
E
I0  .
R
 L behaves as open circuit at t = 0 [as if I = 0]
 L behaves as short circuit at t   always.

L L
 Curve (1)  Large Curve (2)  Small
R R
 Decay of Current
 Initial current through the inductor  I 0 ; Current at any instant i  I 0 e Rt / L

 Key Points
 An emf is induced in a closed loop where magnetic flux is varied. The induced electric
 
field is not conservative field because for induced electric field, the line integral  E.d 
around a closed path is non-zero.
 Acceleration of a magnet falling through a long solenoid decrease because the induced
current produced in a circuit always flows in such direction that it opposes the change or
the cause that produces it.
 The mutual inductance of two coils is doubled if the self inductance of the primary and
secondary coil is doubled because mutual inductance M  L1L2 .
VMC | Revision Booklet | Physics 4 Class – XII | Electromagnetic Induction