System Languages

Combinational and Sequential Circuits

Prof. Dr. ir. Meshia Cédric OVENEKE

Institut Supérieur d’Informatique et de Gestion (ISIG) de Goma
Département d’Informatique de Gestion

[email protected]
What is Digital Electronics?

➢ Digital Electronics: “A branch of electronics that represents information

using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s. Digital circuits
manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR, NOT gates) to
perform various operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
logical operations”

Informatics

Logic
Circuits
Electronics

2
What is Combinational Logics?

➢ Combinational Logics: “A branch of electronics that represents

information using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s.
Digital circuits manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR,
NOT gates) to perform various operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and logical operations”

Static Functionalities 3
What is Combinational Logics?

➢ Combinational Logics: “A branch of electronics that represents

information using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s.
Digital circuits manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR,
NOT gates) to perform various operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and logical operations”

4-Bit Equality Comparator 4

What is Combinational Logics?

➢ Combinational Logics: “A branch of electronics that represents

information using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s.
Digital circuits manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR,
NOT gates) to perform various operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and logical operations”

4-Bit Equality Comparator 5

What is Combinational Logics?

➢ Combinational Logics: “A branch of electronics that represents

information using discrete states, typically binary states, such as 0s and 1s.
Digital circuits manipulate these binary signals using logic gats (like AND, OR,
NOT gates) to perform various operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and logical operations”

4-Bit Equality Comparator 6

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

2-to-4 Line Decoder 7

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

2-to-4 Line Decoder 8

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

2-to-4 Line Decoder with Enabler 9

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

2-to-4 Line Decoder with Enabler 10

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

2-to-4 Line Decoder with Enabler 11

What is a Decoder?

➢ Decoder: “a combinational circuit that converts of an n-bit input code to an

m-bit output code, such that each valid input code word produces a unique
output code. ”

3-to-8 Line Decoder 12

What is a Multiplexer?

➢ Multiplexer: “A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary

information from one of many input lines and directs the information to a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set
of input variables, called selection inputs.”

Selection Inputs

2-to-1 Line Multiplexer 13

What is a Multiplexer?

➢ Multiplexer: “A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary

information from one of many input lines and directs the information to a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set
of input variables, called selection inputs.”

2-to-1 Line Multiplexer 14

What is a Multiplexer?

➢ Multiplexer: “A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary

information from one of many input lines and directs the information to a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set
of input variables, called selection inputs.”

2-to-1 Line Multiplexer 15

What is a Multiplexer?

➢ Multiplexer: “A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary

information from one of many input lines and directs the information to a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set
of input variables, called selection inputs.”

4-to-1 Line Multiplexer 16

What is a Multiplexer?

➢ Multiplexer: “A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that selects binary

information from one of many input lines and directs the information to a
single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled by a set
of input variables, called selection inputs.”

64-to-1 Line Multiplexer 17

What is a Half-Adder?

➢ Half-Adder: “Arithmetic circuit that generates the sum of two binary

digits. The circuit has two inputs and two outputs. The input variables are the
augend and addend bits to be added, and the output variables produce the
sum and carry.”

Half-Adder 18
What is a Half-Adder?

➢ Half-Adder: “Arithmetic circuit that generates the sum of two binary

digits. The circuit has two inputs and two outputs. The input variables are the
augend and addend bits to be added, and the output variables produce the
sum and carry.”

Half-Adder 19
What is a Full-Adder?

➢ Full-Adder: “combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three

input bits. Besides the three inputs, it has two outputs. Two of the input variables,
denoted by X and Y, represent the two significant bits to be added. The third input,
Z, represents the carry from the previous lower significant position.

Full-Adder 20
What is a Full-Adder?

➢ Full-Adder: “combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three

input bits. Besides the three inputs, it has two outputs. Two of the input variables,
denoted by X and Y, represent the two significant bits to be added. The third input,
Z, represents the carry from the previous lower significant position.

Full-Adder 21
What is a Full-Adder?

➢ Full-Adder: “combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three

input bits. Besides the three inputs, it has two outputs. Two of the input variables,
denoted by X and Y, represent the two significant bits to be added. The third input,
Z, represents the carry from the previous lower significant position.

Full-Adder 22
What is a Full-Adder?

➢ Full-Adder: “combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three

input bits. Besides the three inputs, it has two outputs. Two of the input variables,
denoted by X and Y, represent the two significant bits to be added. The third input,
Z, represents the carry from the previous lower significant position.

Full-Adder 23
What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

Parallel Binary Adder 24

What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

A
B

Parallel Binary Adder 25

What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

Parallel Binary Adder 26

What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

Invert + 1

2’s Complement Binary Subtraction 27

What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

S=0 → Adder | S=1 → Subtractor

Controller

Parallel Binary Adder-Subtractor 28

What is a Parallel Binary Adder?

➢ Parallel Binary Adder: “digital circuit that produces the arithmetic sum of
two binary numbers using only combinational logic. The parallel adder uses n full
adders in parallel, with all input bits applied simultaneously to produce the sum.

Overflow

V=0 → No Overflow | V=1 → Overflow

Overflow Detection 29
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Dynamic Functionalities 30
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Dynamic Functionalities 31
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”
A storage element can maintain a binary state
indefinitely (as long as power is delivered to the circuit),
until directed by an input signal to switch states

Latches and Flip-Flops 32

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

SR Latch with NOR Gates 33

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

S=0, R=0 → Q=0: Initial state

S=1, R=0 → Q=1: Set state
S=0, R=0 → Q=1: Set state
S=0, R=1 → Q=0: Reset state Memorization
S=0, R=0 → Q=0: Reset state

SR Latch with NOR Gates 34

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

SR Latch with NAND Gates 35

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

SR Latch with NAND Gates 36

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

SR Latch with NAND and Control Inputs 37

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Control input that

determines when the
state of the latch can
be changed

SR Latch with NAND and Control Inputs 38

What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

D = Data
C = Control

D Latch 39
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Ensure that inputs S and

R are never equal to 1 at
the same time

D Latch 40
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Clock

Clocked Latches 41
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”
Master Slave

Clock

Negative-Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop 42
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

The left latch, the master, changes its value based

upon the input while the clock is high. That value is
then transferred to the right latch, the slave, when
the clock changes to low

Negative-Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop 43
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”
Master Slave

Clock

Positive-Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop 44
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Synchronous and Asynchronous operation

D Flip-Flop with Direct Set and Reset 45
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Synchronous and Asynchronous operation

D Flip-Flop with Direct Set and Reset 46
What is Sequential Logics?

➢ Sequential Logics: “A branch of electronics that defines circuits that can

store binary information between the operations. These circuit receives binary
information from its environment via the inputs. These inputs, together with
the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the
outputs. ”

Standard Graphic Symbols 47

What are Registers?

➢ Registers: “Registers are circuits particularly useful for storing information

during the processing of data, and counters assist in sequencing the
processing. Register transfers move information between registers, between
registers and memory, and through processing logic”

4-Bit Register
Registers and Register Transfers 48
What are Registers?

➢ Registers: “Registers are circuits particularly useful for storing information

during the processing of data, and counters assist in sequencing the
processing. Register transfers move information between registers, between
registers and memory, and through processing logic”

4-Bit Register
Registers and Register Transfers 49
What are Registers?

➢ Registers: “Registers are circuits particularly useful for storing information

during the processing of data, and counters assist in sequencing the
processing. Register transfers move information between registers, between
registers and memory, and through processing logic”

The control variable X

selects the operation,
and the control
variable K1 loads the
result into R1.

Registers and Microoperations 50

Thank Your for
Your Attention

Questions?