Scribd
Upload
37 views

Digital Logic Design Combinational Logic

This document provides an overview of combinational logic circuits. It discusses the basic components and functions of combinational logic, including AND-OR logic circuits, multiplexers, decoders, encoders, adders, comparators, and demultiplexers. The key aspects covered are: 1) Combinational circuits perform operations based only on the present input combinations, without any internal stored state, unlike sequential circuits. 2) Basic combinational circuits include AND-OR logic, exclusive-OR, and adders. 3) Decoders detect specified input codes and indicate their presence with outputs. Encoders convert codes like decimal to formats like BCD. 4) Multiplexers select one of

Uploaded by

sfd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views

Digital Logic Design Combinational Logic

This document provides an overview of combinational logic circuits. It discusses the basic components and functions of combinational logic, including AND-OR logic circuits, multiplexers, decoders, encoders, adders, comparators, and demultiplexers. The key aspects covered are: 1) Combinational circuits perform operations based only on the present input combinations, without any internal stored state, unlike sequential circuits. 2) Basic combinational circuits include AND-OR logic, exclusive-OR, and adders. 3) Decoders detect specified input codes and indicate their presence with outputs. Encoders convert codes like decimal to formats like BCD. 4) Multiplexers select one of

Uploaded by

sfd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Digital Logic Design

Chapter V
Combinational logic
Addis Ababa Science and Technology
College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
Lecturer: Ambasa Aklilu (MSc)
Introduction
• Logic circuit for digital systems maybe combinational or sequential.
• A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any
time are determined from only the present combination of inputs.
• A combinational circuit performs an operation that can be specified
logically by a set of Boolean functions.
• In contrast, sequential circuits employ storage elements in addition
to logic gates.
• The outputs of sequential circuits are a function of the input and the
state of the storage elements.
Basic combinational logic circuits
• AND-OR logic circuit
➢Directly implements an SOP expression.
• AND-OR-Inverter logic circuit
➢This kind of implementation leads to POS expression.
• Exclusive-OR logic circuit
➢A combination of two AND gates, one OR gate and two inverters.
• Exclusive-NOR logic circuit
➢Implemented by simply inverting the output of an exclusive-OR.
Functions of combinational logic circuit
• A combinational circuit consists of an interconnection of logic gates.

• For n inputs variables, there are 2n possible combination of the binary


inputs. For each possible input combination, there is one possible
value for each output variable.

• A combinational circuit also can be described by m Boolean functions,


one for each output variable. Each output function is expressed in
terms of the n output variables.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
• The design of combinational circuits starts from the specification of
the design objectives and is converted to a set of Boolean functions
from which the logic diagram can be obtained.
• The procedure involves the following steps;
1. Determine the required number of inputs and outputs and assign a symbol
to each.
2. Derive the truth table that defines the required relationship between inputs
and outputs.
3. Obtain the simplified Boolean functions for each output as a function of the
input variables.
4. Draw the logic diagram and verify the correctness of the design.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• Adders are important in computers and also in other types of digital
systems in which numerical data are processed.
• An understanding of the basic adder operation is fundamental to the
study of digital systems.
• The Half-Adder
➢.

➢The operations are performed by a logic circuit called a half-adder


BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The half-adder accepts two binary digits on its inputs and produces
two binary digits on its output, a sum bit and a carry bit.

• Expressions can be derived for the sum and the output carry as
functions of the inputs. Notice that the output carry is a 1 only when
both A and B are 1. so Cout = AB
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• Observe that the sum output is a 1 only if the input variables A and B
are not equal. The sum can therefore be expressed as the XOR of the
input variables.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The Full-Adder
• The second category of adder is the full-adder
• The full-adder accepts two inputs bits and an input carry and generates a sum
output and an output carry. The basic difference between a full-adder and a
half-adder is that the full-adder accepts an input carry.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
• The full adder must add the two inputs bits and the input carry.
• From the half-adder you know that the sum of the inputs bits A and B
is the XOR of those two variables.
• For the input carry to be added to the input bits, it must be XORed
with
• For the input carry (Cin) to be added to the input bits, it must be
XORed with . This means that to implement the full-adder sum
function , the 2-input XOR gate can be used.
BASIC ADDERS (Arithmetic Binary Adder)
Parallel Binary Adders
• Two or more full-adders are connected to form parallel binary adders.

• To add two binary numbers, a full-adder is required for each bit in the
numbers. So,
• For 2-bit numbers, two adders are needed
• For 4-bit numbers, four adders are used and so on

• The carry output of each adder is connected to the carry input of the
next higher-order adder.
4-bit Parallel Adders
• A group of four bits a called nibbles.
Magnitude Comparators
• The basic function of a comparator is to compare the magnitude of
two binary quantities to determine the relationship of those
quantities.
• Example 2-bit comparator;

• In order to compare binary numbers containing two bits each, an


additional XOR gate is necessary
Decoders
• A decoder is digital circuit that detects the presence of a specified
combination of bits (code) on its inputs and indicates the presence of
that code by a specified output level.

• In its general form, a decoder has n inputs lines to handle n bits and
from 1 to 2n output lines to indicate the presence of one or more n-
bit combinations.

• Decoder can be developed using AND logic gates.


Decoder
• Black box with n inputs lines and 2n output lines.
• Only one output is a 1 for any given input.
2-to-4 Binary Decoder
Decoder with an enable input
• Decoders include one or more enable inputs to control the circuit
operation.
4-to-16 line decoder (using two 3-to-8 decoder)
• In order to decoder all possible combination of four bits, 16th
decoding gates are required.
• Decoders with enable inputs can be connected together to form a
larger decoder circuit.
Decoder - Applications
• The BCD-to-Decimal Decoder
• 4-line-to-10-line decoder
Decoder - Applications
• The BCD-to-7-Segement Decoder
Encoder
• An encoder accepts an active level on one of its inputs representing a
digit, such as a decimal or octal digit, and converts it to a coded
output, such as BCD or binary.
• The process of converting from familiar symbols or numbers to a
coded format is called encoding.
Encoder - Application
• The Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
• This is a basic 10-line-to-4-line encoder
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)
• A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that allows digital information from
several sources to be routed onto a single line for transmission over
that lines to a common destination.
• The basics multiplexer has several data-input lines and a single output
line.
• It has data-select inputs, which permit digital data on any one of the
inputs to be switched to the output line.
Multiplexers (Data Selectors)
Demultiplexers (Data Distributor)
• A demultiplexer (DEMUX) basically reverse the multiplexing function.
• It takes digital information form one line and distributes it to a given
number of output lines.
• Data goes from one line to several lines.
End of Chapter V

You might also like